Jaundice is a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high bilirubin levels in the blood. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of red blood cells and processed by the liver; jaundice can occur when there is excessive bilirubin production, impaired liver function, or blockage of bile flow from the liver. The document discusses the causes, types, signs, tests, and treatments for jaundice.
Gallstones are small, pebble-like substances that develop in the
gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped sac located below
your liver in the right upper abdomen. Gallstones form when liquid
stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-like material.
The liquid—called bile—helps the body digest fats. Bile is made in the
liver, then stored in the gallbladder until the body needs it. The
gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a tube—called the common
bile duct—that carries it to the small intestine, where it helps with
digestion.
Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and
bilirubin—a waste product.
Bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a
yellowish-brown color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol,
bile salts, or bilirubin, it can harden into gallstones.
The two types of gallstones are cholesterol stones and pigment
stones. Cholesterol stones are usually yellow-green and are made
primarily of hardened cholesterol. They account for about 80 percent of
gallstones. Pigment stones are small, dark stones made of bilirubin.
Gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf
ball. The gallbladder can develop just one large stone, hundreds of tiny
stones, or a combination of the two.
It is characterized by a yellow appearance of the (1) Skin (2) Mucous membranes and (3) Sclera caused by bilirubin deposition. It is the most specific clinical manifestation of Hepatic dysfunction.
Jaundice is usually present clinically when the plasma bilirubin concentration reaches 2 to 3 mg/dl.
When bilirubin clearance from the Liver to the Intestinal tract is impaired (as in acute hepatitis and bile duct obstruction) it may be accompanied by alcoholic (Gray coloured) stools.Solubility increases in water , soluble conjugated bilirubin leads to Tea coloured urine.
Jaundice otherwise called icterus, which may occurs due to high bilirubin level in blood. The slides here explains the epidemiology, metabolism of bilirubin, types of jaundice, their etiology, risk factors involved, symptoms diagnosis and treatment.
Explanation of what splenomegaly is in relation to its dimension deviation from normal spleen.Classification of splenomegaly according to it's size in adult and pediatric. The causes of splenomegaly along with the symptom that would manifest as a result of this anomaly. Lastly, diagnosis of splenomegaly
Gallstones are small, pebble-like substances that develop in the
gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped sac located below
your liver in the right upper abdomen. Gallstones form when liquid
stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-like material.
The liquid—called bile—helps the body digest fats. Bile is made in the
liver, then stored in the gallbladder until the body needs it. The
gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a tube—called the common
bile duct—that carries it to the small intestine, where it helps with
digestion.
Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and
bilirubin—a waste product.
Bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a
yellowish-brown color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol,
bile salts, or bilirubin, it can harden into gallstones.
The two types of gallstones are cholesterol stones and pigment
stones. Cholesterol stones are usually yellow-green and are made
primarily of hardened cholesterol. They account for about 80 percent of
gallstones. Pigment stones are small, dark stones made of bilirubin.
Gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf
ball. The gallbladder can develop just one large stone, hundreds of tiny
stones, or a combination of the two.
It is characterized by a yellow appearance of the (1) Skin (2) Mucous membranes and (3) Sclera caused by bilirubin deposition. It is the most specific clinical manifestation of Hepatic dysfunction.
Jaundice is usually present clinically when the plasma bilirubin concentration reaches 2 to 3 mg/dl.
When bilirubin clearance from the Liver to the Intestinal tract is impaired (as in acute hepatitis and bile duct obstruction) it may be accompanied by alcoholic (Gray coloured) stools.Solubility increases in water , soluble conjugated bilirubin leads to Tea coloured urine.
Jaundice otherwise called icterus, which may occurs due to high bilirubin level in blood. The slides here explains the epidemiology, metabolism of bilirubin, types of jaundice, their etiology, risk factors involved, symptoms diagnosis and treatment.
Explanation of what splenomegaly is in relation to its dimension deviation from normal spleen.Classification of splenomegaly according to it's size in adult and pediatric. The causes of splenomegaly along with the symptom that would manifest as a result of this anomaly. Lastly, diagnosis of splenomegaly
Liver function tests and interpretation is a very important topic for students of medical and allied fields. It is essential for efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. What is Jaundice?
• Jaundice is yellowish discoloration of the
skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to
hyperbilirubinemia and deposition of bile
pigments .
• Equilibrium between bilirubin production and
clearance is disturbed .
• Serum bilirubin level greater than 2mg/dL
• Jaundice is NOT a disease, but rather a sign that
can occur in many different diseases.
3.
4. What is bilirubin?
•Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in
bile, a fluid made by the liver.
•The breakdown product of Hgb from
injured RBCs and other heme containing
proteins.
•Produced by reticuloendothelial system
•Released to plasma bound to albumin
•Hepatocytes conjugate it and extrete
through bile channels into small intest.
6. What causes bilirubin?
1. Overproduction by reticuloendothelial system
2. Failure of hepatocyte uptake
3. Failure to conjugate or excrete
4. Obstruction of biliary excretion into intestine
Normal Range of Bilirubin
It is normal to have some bilirubin in your blood. Normal levels
are:
•Direct (also called conjugated) bilirubin: 0 to 0.3 mg/dL
•Total bilirubin: 0.3 to 1.9 mg/dL
7. TYPES OF JAUNDICE
PRE HEPATIC HEPATIC POST HEPATIC
Excessive amount of Impaired cellular Impaired excretion due
bilirubin is presented uptake, defective to mechanical
to the liver due to conjugation or obstruction to bile flow
excessive hemolysis abnormal secretion
of bilirubin by the
liver cell
Elevated Both conjugated and Elevated conjugated
unconjugated bilirubin unconjugated bilirubin in serum
in serum bilirubin may be
elevated in serum
8. TYPES OF JAUNDICE
PRE HEPATIC POST
HEPATIC HEPATIC
Hemolytic Hepatitis, Gallstone,
Anemia cirrhosis, Crigler- malignancy,
Najjar Syndrome, inflammation
Dubin-Johnson
Syndrome,
Rotor’s
Syndrome
9. TYPES OF JAUNDICE
TYPE PRE HEPATIC POST
HEPATIC HEPATIC
Urine color normal dark dark
Stool color normal normal acholic
Pruritus no No yes
10. There are other types of Jaundice :
Pathologic Jaundice
Pathologic jaundice can occur in children and adults and is diagnosed when
jaundice presents a health risk. Several forms of hepatitis, cirrhosis of the
liver and other liver diseases, bile duct blockage, along with infections and
medications, can also cause pathological jaundice.
Gilbert Syndrome Jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome is a harmless hereditary condition that
results in mild jaundice. During times of illness or stress, people
with Gilbert's syndrome will experience low levels of some
bilirubin-processing enzymes in their livers, according to
LabTestsOnline.com. Once diagnosed, Gilbert's syndrome does
not require further medical treatment.
11. Neonatal Jaundice
•Jaundice is clinically detectable in the newborn when
the serum bilirubin levels are greater than 85 μmol/L.
This occurs in approximately 60% of term infants and
80% of preterm infants.
•Neonatal jaundice first becomes visible in the face
and forehead. Blanching reveals the underlying
colour. Jaundice then gradually becomes visible on
the trunk and extremities.
12. Signs and Symptoms of Neonatal Jaundice
Newborns, as the bilirubin level rises, jaundice will typically
progress from the head to the trunk, and then to the hands
and feet. Additional signs and symptoms that may be seen in
the newborn include:
1. poor feeding
2. lethargy
3. changes in muscle tone
4. high-pitched crying
5. seizures.
13. Obstructive Jaundice
Obstructive jaundice is a condition in which there is blockage of the flow of
bile out of the liver
INTRAHEPATIC
EXTRAHEPATIC
15. CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE: EXTRAHEPATIC
• Choledocholithiasis
• Malignancy : Pancreatic (head of pancreas) carcinoma
Choledocholithiasis
Malignancy : Pancreatic (head of pancreas) carcinoma
16. REMOVAL OF OBSTRUCTION JAUNDICE
• Non-surgical
– Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy
• Non-invasive
• successive shock wave pressure pulses
– fragment the stones into smaller pieces so they can easily pass
through the duct
– Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangionpancreatography
• insertion of the endoscope up into the ducts in a direction opposite to
or against the normal flow of bile down the ducts (retrograde)
17. • Surgical
– Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
• aka minimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery, keyhole
surgery, or pinhole surgery
• small incisions, usually 0.5-1.5 cm
• Laparoscope: a telescopic rod lens system, that is usually
connected to a video camera.
• fiber optic cable system connected to a light source and cannula
or trocar for view of the operative field
18. Causes of Jaundice
Jaundice occurs when there is:
1. too much bilirubin being produced for the liver to remove
from the blood (for example, patients with hemolytic anemia
have an abnormally rapid rate of destruction of their red
blood cells that releases large amounts of bilirubin into the
blood)
1. a defect in the liver that prevents bilirubin from being
removed from the blood, converted to bilirubin/glucuronic
acid (conjugated) or secreted in bile; or
19. 3- blockage of the bile ducts that decreases the flow of bile
and bilirubin from the liver into the intestines. For
example, the bile ducts can be blocked by
cancer, gallstones, or inflammation of the bile ducts. The
decreased conjugation, secretion, or flow of bile that can
result in jaundice is referred to as cholestasis:
however, cholestasis does not always result in jaundice.
20. Signs and Symptoms of Jaundice
Common signs and symptoms seen in
individuals with jaundice include:
1. yellow discoloration of the skin
2. mucous membranes
3. the whites of the eyes
4. light-colored stools
5. dark-colored urine
6. itching of the skin.
7. nausea and vomiting
8. abdominal pain
9. fever
10.weakness
11.loss of appetite
12.headache
13.confusion
14.swelling of the legs and abdomen.
21. Diagnosis of Jaundice
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may
reveal liver swelling.
•A bilirubin blood test will be done.
Other tests vary, but may include:
•Hepatitis virus panel to look for infection of the liver
•Liver function tests to determine how well the liver is working
•Complete blood count to check for low blood count or anemia
•Abdominal ultrasound
•Abdominal CT scan
•Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
•Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTCA)
•Liver biopsy
•Cholesterol level
•Prothrombin time
22. Imaging tests
If intra-hepatic jaundice or post-hepatic jaundice is suspected, it's often
possible to confirm the diagnosis using imaging tests to check for any
abnormalities inside the liver or bile duct systems
23. Table of diagnostic tests
Function test Pre-hepatic Jaundice Hepatic Jaundice Post-hepatic Jaundice
Total bilirubin Normal / Increased Increased
Conjugated bilirubin Normal Increased Increased
Unconjugated bilirubin Normal / Increased Increased Normal
Urobilinogen Normal / Increased Increased Decreased / Negative
Dark (urobilinogen + Dark (conjugated
Urine Color Normal
conjugated bilirubin) bilirubin)
Stool Color Normal Normal/Pale Pale
Alkaline phosphatase
Increased
levels
Alanine transferase and Normal
Aspartate transferase Increased
levels
Conjugated Bilirubin in
Not Present Present
Urine
Splenomegaly Present Present Absent
24. What about jaundice in pregnancy?
Most of the diseases discussed previously can affect women during pregnancy,
but there are some additional causes of jaundice that are unique to pregnancy.
1- Cholestasis of pregnancy.
Cholestasis of pregnancy is an uncommon condition that occurs in
pregnant women during the third trimester. The cholestasis often is
accompanied by itching but infrequently causes jaundice. The itching can
be severe, but can be treated with drugs (ursodeoxycholic acid or
ursodiol [Actigall, Urso]).
There also is an association between cholestasis of pregnancy and
cholestasis caused by oral estrogens, and it has been hypothesized that it
is the increased estrogens during pregnancy that are responsible for the
cholestasis of pregnancy.
25. 2- Pre-eclampsia.
Pre-eclampsia, previously called toxemia of pregnancy, is a disease that occurs
during the second half of pregnancy and involves several systems within the
body, including the liver. It may result in high blood pressure, fluid retention, and
damage to the kidneys as well as anemia and reduced numbers of platelets
(thrombocytopenia) due to destruction of red blood cells and platelets. It often
causes problems in the fetus. Although the bilirubin level in the blood is elevated
in pre-eclampsia, it usually is mildly elevated, and jaundice is uncommon.
3- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy.
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a very serious complication of
pregnancy. The cause of AFLP is unclear, but is often associated with pre-
eclampsia. It occurs late in pregnancy and results in failure of the liver. It
can almost always be reversed by immediate delivery of the fetus. There
is an increased risk of infant death. Jaundice is common, but is not always
present in AFLP.
27. Can we prevent Jaundice?
Due to the wide range of potential causes, it's not possible to prevent all cases of
jaundice. However, there are four main precautions that you can take to
minimise your risk of developing jaundice. They are:
1. ensuring that you stick to the recommended daily amount (RDA) for alcohol
consumption
2. maintaining a healthy weight for your height and build
3. if appropriate, ensuring that you're vaccinated against a hepatitis A or B
infection, vaccination would usually only be recommended depending on
where in the world you're travelling .
4. minimizing your risk of exposure to hepatitis C because there's currently no
vaccine for the condition .
28. Jaundice Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause of the underlying condition leading to jaundice
and any potential complications related to it. Once a diagnosis is made, treatment
can then be directed to address that particular condition, and it may or may not
require hospitalization.
1. Treatment may consist of expectant management (watchful waiting) at home
with rest.
2. Medical treatment with intravenous fluids, medications, antibiotics, or blood
transfusions may be required.
3. If a drug/toxin is the cause, these must be discontinued.
4. In certain cases of newborn jaundice, exposing the baby to special colored
lights (phototherapy) or exchange blood transfusions may be required to
decrease elevated bilirubin levels.
5. Surgical treatment may be required in case of obstruction jaundice.