This PowerPoint presentation is an introduction to the microscopic and macroscopic structures of the body, the role of genetic in the formation of these structures and the related anomalies.

1. BODY
STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION
Prepared by Mickelder Kercy, MD - Instructor

2.  Anatomist : Specialist in anatomy
 Anatomy : Study of the structure and morphology
of the human body
 Physiology : Study of how the human body
functions normally
 Pathophysiology : Study of how diseases happen
in the body and how the body functions when
these diseases occur

3.  Homeostasis : Ability of the human body to remain
stable at all times. Negative Feedback (when the
body tries to create the opposite effect to remain
normal)

4. Positive Feedback (When the body
tries to get more of the effect happening to the body)

5. THE HUMAN BODY : LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Systems
Human
Body

6.  Atoms : Most basic level of organization

7.  Molecules : Combination of two or more atoms. Can
be in solid/liquid/gas form. Ex : Water, sugar and
proteins. Water contains two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom. Water makes up 57% of the body
weight

8.  Electrolytes : Molecules or atoms that are positively
charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions
(anions). Electrolytes conduct electricity in the neurons
and the specialized heart muscle cells by crossing the
cell membranes. Found in the blood, plasma and
interstitial fluid. Examples are Na+ (atom), K+ (atom),
CL- (atom), Ca²+ (atom), Mg²+ (atom), HCO³ˉ
(molecule), PO³₄ˉ (molecule)

9.  Cells : Most basic unit of life

10. - Cell membranes : Help maintain the cell’s shape,
selectively permeable, contain cilia in the respiratory
system and flagella in the sperm. Nutrients and wastes
are transported to and from the cell through the cell
membrane by Passive Transport / Diffusion[particles] /
Osmosis[water] / Filtration[mechanical pressure] /
Active Transport[ATP] as in Phagocytosis and
Pinocytosis[water]

12. - Cytoplasm (Gel-like substance with 80%
water. Contains organelles such as endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
liposomes and centrioles)
- Nucleus (contains 23 pairs of chromosome
composed of DNA + proteins. Also contains mRNA +
tRNA to interpret the DNA message for the synthesis
of protein)

13. - Mitosis(cell divides into two daughter cells. Also
the 46 Chromosomes in the nucleus double up (92) before
they split into 46 chromosomes going into a daughter cell
and another 46 chromosomes going into another daughter
cell)

15. - Meiosis (sexual cell divides into two daughter
cells. In tandem, the 46 Chromosomes in the nucleus
double up (92) before they split into 46 chromosomes
going into one daughter cell and the other 46
chromosomes going into another daughter cell during
meiosis I. Then the two daughter cells divide again into
a total of 4 sperm/ova. Simultaneously the 46
chromosomes in one daughter cells split into 23
chromosomes that get into the 1st gamete/sperm/ova
and the other 23 chromosomes that get into the 2nd
sperm/ova. The 46 chromosomes in the other daughter
cells also split into 23 chromosomes in the 3rd
sperm/ova and 23 chromosomes in the 4th sperm/ova

16. Meiosis I
Meiosis II

18.  Tissues : Composed of specialized cells

19. Epithelial Tissue – found on the outer
layer of skin and the surface of organs. Lining the
walls of body cavities

20. Connective Tissue – Most abundant, liquid or
gel-like matrix filling spaces between the cells, make
up the bones, connect the muscles to the bones and
bones to joints etc..

22. Muscle Tissue – skeletal (Voluntary +
Striated), Cardiac (Involuntary + Striated), Smooth
muscle tissue like the stomach/uterus/bladder
(Involuntary + Non-Striated)

23. Nerve Tissue – Composed of neurons
that transmit impulses and coordinate activities in
the body

25.  Organ : Composed of tissues

26.  System : Composed of organs

38.  Human Body : Composed of 11 systems

39. ANATOMICAL POSITIONS

40. ANATOMICAL REGIONAL TERMS

44. CAVITIES OF THE BODY

46. GENETICS AND HEREDITY
 Genetics : The study of genes in the DNA found in the
chromosomes of an organism
 Genetic Engineering : Changes that happen naturally
or artificially when created by humans in the genes
 Genetic fingerprinting : DNA patterns/sequences
determined upon analysis of a sample of hair/ blood/
saliva etc.. to identify someone or determine paternity
 Heredity : Genetic transmission from parent to child
of certain traits

47.  Albinism : Genetic disorder causing the
melanocytes to secrete little or no melanin

48.  ADHD : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
 Cleft Palate : Failure of the palatine bones to close
properly before birth

49.  Color Deficiency : Decreased ability to see
color/perceive color differences
 Color Blindness : Inability to see color/perceive
color differences

50.  Cystic Fibrosis : Disease passed down through
families that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up
in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the
body

51.  Down Syndrome : Trisomy 21

53.  Fragile X Syndrome : Inherited mental retardation
and other signs

54.  Hemochromatosis : Excessive accumulation of iron
in diverse organs causing them to function
improperly

55.  Hemophilia : Blood coagulation time is greatly
increased

56.  Klinefelter’s Syndrome : Congenital endocrine
disorder with the following characteristics

57.  Muscular Dystrophy : Atrophy and weakening of the
muscle

58.  Phenylketonuria : Accumulation of phenylalanine
causing brain damage leading to mental retardation.
Due to a defective enzyme in the liver

59.  Sickle Cell Anemia : Anemia often found in people
of African origin. RBC have a sickle shape that can
lead them to obstruct the blood flow

60.  Spina Bifida : Posterior vertebral arch does not fuse
causing the spinal cord and its membrane to
protrude

63. THE END