Molecular Genetics
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This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution through genetics concepts. It discusses key concepts like natural selection, genes, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, mutations, and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next through cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis. It also summarizes DNA structure and function, how DNA is replicated, and how proteins are synthesized through transcription and translation of genetic code.
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This document discusses lethal alleles, which are alleles that cause death in an organism. It defines lethal alleles and provides a brief history of their discovery through early studies of coat color inheritance in mice. The document outlines four types of lethal alleles: early onset alleles that cause death early in life, late onset alleles that cause death late in life, conditional alleles that only cause death under certain environmental conditions, and semi-lethal alleles that only kill some individuals, not all. It provides the example of the Y gene in mice, which causes a yellow coat color but is lethal when present in the homozygous dominant state (YY), though not in the heterozygous or recessive states.
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Mechanisms of evolution-I
This document discusses the mechanisms of evolution, including natural selection and genetic variation. It explains how Darwin and Wallace proposed that evolution occurs through natural selection, where individuals with traits best suited to the environment leave more offspring, changing allele frequencies over time. The modern synthesis in the mid-1900s combined Mendelian genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The document also introduces key concepts like fitness, gene pools, allele frequencies, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Mechanisms of evolution-II
The document discusses several mechanisms of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. It explains the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how these mechanisms can lead to changes in allele frequencies over time and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Examples are given of genetic drift, founder effects, bottlenecks, migration, and natural selection acting on populations.
Chapter 14 The Origin of Species
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Classical Genetics Lecture
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Rolling Circle Model of DNA Replication
slide describes the phenomenon of Rolling circle model of DNA replication completely..... Watch & enjoy......
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This document covers molecular genetics and genetic engineering, including DNA structure and replication, protein synthesis through transcription and translation, the genetic code, the human genome and its uses for diagnosis, therapy and research. It also discusses genetic engineering techniques like PCR and their uses in research, forensics and testing, as well as risks and applications in biotechnology for agriculture like GMOs and in biomedicine like gene therapy and production of human substances.
Molecular Genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of biology and the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes key experiments that showed DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new complementary daughter strand. The process of DNA replication requires several enzymes including DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase and primase to unwind, copy and join new DNA strands.
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Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 1 - Structure of DNA
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Overview of ;Genetics and Cell Division
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in genetics, evolution, and cell division including chromosomes, genes, mitosis, and meiosis.
2. It explains that mitosis produces somatic cells while meiosis produces gametes through processes that reduce the chromosome number and allow for genetic variation.
3. The summary describes the stages of mitosis and meiosis, including how chromosomes replicate and are divided between daughter cells through cytokinesis.
Meiosis Notes
Meiosis is the process by which germ cells are produced with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. This ensures genetic variation between parents and offspring and maintains chromosome number from one generation to the next. Errors during meiosis can result in gametes with an extra or missing chromosome, leading to disorders like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome.
Mitosis(cell division)
Chromosomes form through coiling and condensing of chromatin during cell division. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, for a total of 46. Each chromosome contains DNA and genes. The cell cycle involves interphase and mitosis, resulting in two identical daughter cells through cytokinesis. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cancer occurs when cell cycle controls are lost, allowing uncontrolled cell division and tumor formation.
Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells and occurs in somatic cells for growth and repair. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes involved in sexual reproduction, where the union of male and female gametes leads to fertilization and the formation of a new individual with a mix of genetic material.
Cellular Basis of Heredity.pptx
The document discusses the cellular basis of inheritance through cell division. It compares asexual and sexual reproduction, with sexual reproduction involving the fusion of gametes from two parents to create offspring with unique combinations of genes. The human life cycle is described, alternating between fertilization and meiosis. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid, going through two divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) to produce four haploid cells from one diploid cell, increasing genetic variation.
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
1) Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in two stages, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the chromosome number.
2) During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and crossover can occur, separating the parental chromosomes. This reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
3) Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four unique haploid daughter cells that can fuse during fertilization.
Meiosis notes
Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a trait. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes to maintain chromosome number from generation to generation. In cats with 2n=38 chromosomes, the gametes will have n=19 chromosomes. Telophase I separates the homologous chromosomes while Telophase II separates the sister chromatids.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as eggs and sperm, which contain half the number of chromosomes found in regular body cells. It involves two rounds of cell division without an intervening DNA replication phase. In the first round, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. The homologous chromosomes then separate, reducing the chromosome number. The second round separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. This process ensures genetic variation in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis I.
Cell cycle & cell division
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis AND meiosis presentation by omer ghaffar
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during normal cell growth and reproduction, while meiosis results in four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes, used to produce gametes like eggs and sperm. Meiosis has two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This ensures genetic diversity in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis I.
Mitosis And Meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells and is used for somatic cell replication and asexual reproduction. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes and involves two cell divisions; it is required for sexual reproduction. Both processes occur through interphase and cell cycle stages including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, but meiosis includes two rounds of division and genetic recombination through crossing over.
Chromosomal basis of heredity
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and reduces the chromosome number by half, and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in the gametes and maintains the chromosome number between generations.
Cikgu bio
This document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division. It explains that the cell cycle includes interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, and cell division which includes mitosis of the nucleus and cytokinesis of the cytoplasm. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes like sperm and egg cells through two cell divisions. Fertilization restores the full chromosome number in the zygote.
Cell division
Cell division occurs through mitosis or meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell during growth and repair. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes from one diploid cell during gametogenesis. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic diversity among gametes. The two divisions of meiosis and the independent assortment of chromosomes ensure each gamete has a unique combination of the parental chromosomes.
Lesson-4-Meiosis-and-Human-Life-Cycle.pptx
The human life cycle involves both mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis occurs during development and tissue repair, producing genetically identical cells. Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction and reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, generating genetically diverse gametes through independent assortment and crossing over. Fertilization of an egg and sperm fuses their haploid cells to form a diploid zygote, continuing the life cycle.
Mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during somatic cell division, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells during gamete formation. Meiosis involves two rounds of division (meiosis I and meiosis II) that halve the number of chromosomes to maintain ploidy levels between generations. The key stages of mitosis and meiosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Unit2 cell cycle
The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses that DNA is tightly packaged in the nucleus and describes the stages of interphase where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. It then explains the two main types of cell division: mitosis, where two identical daughter cells are produced for growth and tissue repair, and meiosis, the two cell divisions involved in sexual reproduction to produce gametes with half the normal chromosome number. The stages of mitosis and meiosis are outlined in detail. The document emphasizes that genetic recombination during meiosis contributes to genetic variability between offspring that is important for evolution.
mitosis roslyn in biotechnology Engineering.ppt
Mitosis is a process of cell division that produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. It occurs somatically for growth and tissue repair. During interphase, the cell grows and DNA duplicates. Mitosis then begins with prophase, where chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the center. In anaphase, chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Telophase ends with two identical daughter nuclei forming. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division.
Mitosis final
Cells undergo mitosis or meiosis to divide. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell during normal cell growth and repair. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes from one diploid cell for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange DNA segments through crossing over, introducing genetic variation into the gametes. The first meiotic division separates homologous chromosomes, while the second division separates sister chromatids to produce four unique haploid cells.
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Human biological and cultural evolution 2
To understand human culture, we must examine our biological evolution and capacity for culture. Our large brains enabled complex thinking, language, and tool use. Our dexterous hands and opposable thumbs allowed for precision grips needed for toolmaking. Our ability to walk upright on two legs freed our hands for tasks while traveling. These biological adaptations formed the basis for advanced cognition and culture that distinguishes humans from other primates.
Human biological and cultural evolution
Human Biological and Cultural Evolution discusses key aspects of human evolution, including our biological capacity for culture. It examines our taxonomy, comparing human and chimp anatomy and brains. Key human adaptations like bipedalism, tool-making abilities, and increased brain size allowed for the development of culture over generations, from Australopithecus to Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens. Understanding our evolutionary history provides context for how and why human culture emerged.
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Primate social behavior is complex, with primates forming social groups for defense, cooperation, and raising young. Social behaviors include grooming to maintain social bonds, territoriality where groups defend core areas, and dominance hierarchies. Communication occurs through calls, gestures, and reconciliation behaviors after conflicts. While tool use is most advanced in chimpanzees, other primates also exhibit social learning behaviors that provide clues about early human societies. Comparing behaviors of chimpanzees and bonobos offers insights into how nature and nurture have shaped human social evolution.
HUman Biological and Cultural Evolutioj
The document discusses human biological and cultural evolution from an anthropological perspective. It covers taxonomy and how humans fit within the animal kingdom as primates. It then examines human anatomy compared to chimpanzees, including brain structure, hands, bipedalism, and other features that enabled human culture and tool use. The document also reviews early models of human origins, fossils of hominins, and trends in human evolution from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens.
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Fossil Hominins: From Australopithecus to Homo
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Greece and the Arts
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Mesopotamia and the Near East: Foundation of Western Culture
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Mesopotalia and the Near East: The Roots of Western Culture
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