Genomic conflict-It arises when genes inside a genome are not transmitted by the same rules
Genes that cause such genomic conflict are called selfish genetic elements (also selfish DNA, ultra-selfish genes, genetic parasites) and can be harmful to the individual.
So selfish gene can be defined as stretches of DNA (genes, fragments of genes, noncoding DNA, portions of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes) that act narrowly to advance their own interests—in other words, replication at the expense of the larger organism.
Here it also presented about what is genomic conflict, types of it, cytoplasmic inheritance, its relation with genomic conflict, ABC model, Molecular mechanism of CMS, Pollen hypothesis, ATP hypothesis, etc.
Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity in DrosophillaRiya R Gautam
Cytoplasmic/ Meternal inheritence (of sigma factor) in drosophila which trigger paralytic reactions in some drosophilas when exposed to the presence of Carbon Dioxide.
Genomic conflict-It arises when genes inside a genome are not transmitted by the same rules
Genes that cause such genomic conflict are called selfish genetic elements (also selfish DNA, ultra-selfish genes, genetic parasites) and can be harmful to the individual.
So selfish gene can be defined as stretches of DNA (genes, fragments of genes, noncoding DNA, portions of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes) that act narrowly to advance their own interests—in other words, replication at the expense of the larger organism.
Here it also presented about what is genomic conflict, types of it, cytoplasmic inheritance, its relation with genomic conflict, ABC model, Molecular mechanism of CMS, Pollen hypothesis, ATP hypothesis, etc.
Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity in DrosophillaRiya R Gautam
Cytoplasmic/ Meternal inheritence (of sigma factor) in drosophila which trigger paralytic reactions in some drosophilas when exposed to the presence of Carbon Dioxide.
Basic genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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Basic genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Genes, Chromosomes, and Genetic Code: Relevance and ImplicationsJen Gragera
Genes are the thing that determines your unique traits from the inside out. They play an important role in your overall health but they can also make you more susceptible for certain health problems and diseases, in the first place those that run in your family. Most diseases are a result of a combination of multiple factors including dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors. However, it is also possible to develop health problems exclusively due to genetic abnormalities and mutations.
cell division & physiology of cell division, types, binary fission, meiosis, mitosis, regulation of cell cycle, cell cycle checkpoints, what is cyclin-dependent kinases and its importance
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Biology Finals Study Guide
1. Chapter 10 Study Guide
Limits to cell size
An organism gets larger because it produces more cells (in most cases). Most cells divide after
growing to a certain point.
What are some of the difficulties a cell faces as it increases in size? The larger a cell
becomes, the more demands a cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient
in moving nutrients & waste materials across the cell membrane.
Information "overload" >> is when a cell increases in size, its DNA does not. If a cell were to
grow too large, an "information crisis would occur.
pluripotent , such cell as a fertilized egg and the first few cells in an embryo are able to form
any kind of cell and tissue
what are iPs cells? induced pluripotent stem cells
multipotent are adult stem cells which means they can produce many, but not all, types of
differentiated cells
produce many of differentiated cells
totipotents are the fertilized egg and the 1rst few cells from embryonic development. They are
literally able to everything to form all the tissues in the body. (wow)
embryonic vs. adult stem cells (which is which? differences?)
embryonic stem cells are found in the inner cell mass of the early embryo,
pluripotent, researchers have grown stem cells isolated from human embryos in
culture
adult stem cells are adult organisms contain some types of stem cells, multipotent
produce many differentiated cells, ASC of a given organ or tissue usually produce that type of
tissue
Chromosomes
Human cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 come from mom and 23 come from dad. The same
chromosomes means that the set of genes are the same. The 2 sets of chromosomes are
homologous.
Role of chromosomes is to have our genetic info or carrier of our genes. Genes are
also located in specific positions on chromosomes.
Apoptosis
is programmed cell death that plays a key role in the development of tissue and organs
Benign vs. malignant
Benign are non cancerous cells...
malignant are cancerous cells
Importance of stem cells
Stem cells are unspecialized from which differentiated cells develop.
2. Potential benefits of stem cell research include the repair or replacement of damaged cellss and
tissues. It is also controversial because it involves ethical issues of life and death.
embryonic stem cells
found in the inner cell mass of the early embryo
pluripotent
researchers have grown stem cells isolated from human embryos in culture
adult stem cells
adult organisms contain some types of stem cells
multipotent produce many types of differientiated cells
ASC of a given organ or tissue usually produce that type of tissue
Differentiation and specialization
differentiation is when individual cells become specialized in both form and function through this
process
once cells of a certain type, such as nerve cells or muscle cells, have formed, the
cells cannot develop into a different type of cell
Definition of cancer
cancer is a disorder in which cells divide uncontrollably, forming a mass of cells called a tumor.
How cancer cells are different than normal cells? Similar?
Telomerase can be activated, enabling cells to grow and profilerate rapidly.
What causes cancer
caused by defects in genes that regulate cell growth
treatments: removal of cancerous tumors, radiation, chemotherapy
Chapter 11 Study Guide
How does an organism pass its characteristics on to its offspring?
An individual's characteristics are determined by factors that are passed from one parental
generation to the next.
Describe Mendel’s studies and conclusions about inheritance
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who founded the modern science of genetics. He used
ordinary garden peas that he was growing in his garden, as a model system, because it was
convenient to study & can tell us how other organisms function.
Explain how Mendel’s principles apply to all organisms
Summary of Mendel's principles:
1. inheritance of biology characteristics is determined by genes; passed from parent to offspring
2. When there are 2 or more alleles of the gene for a trait; some alleles may be dominant or
recessive
3. 3. Each organism has 2 copies of each gene - 1 from mom, 1 from dad. These genes
segregate during meiosis.
4. Alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of each other.
Know how to fill out a Punnett square (monohybrid) and interpret it
Punnett squares use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype
combinations in a genetic cross. It is a diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and
phenotype combinations of a genetic cross.
Genotype vs. phenotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype is the physical characteristics of an organism.
Homozygous vs. heterozygous
Explain the relationship between genes and the environment
-how the genes actually unfold depends on the environment
- "phenotype is largely determined by the genotype" but environment also plays a role
- an individuals actual phenotype is determined by its environment as wel as its genes
- environmental conditions can affect gene expression and influence gentically determined traits
List the exceptions to Mendel’s principles
Incomplete dominance: situation in which 1 allele is not completely dominat over
another allele
Codominance :situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are
completely expressed
Multiple alleles:genes with more than 2 alleles
Polygenic traits: traits controlled by two or more genes
Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes
the diploid cells of most adult organisms contain 2 complete sets of inherited chromosomes &
adult organisms contain 2 complete sets of inherited chromosomes and 2 complete sets of
genes
Human cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 come from mom and 23 come from dad
Summarize the events of meiosis (in each division; focus on the chromosomes – number
and location)
Contrast meiosis and mitosis
4. meiosis is the process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the
separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
- form of cell division by which games (sex cells) are reprodcued
- sexual reproduction (genetically different cells)
- two divisions (meiosis 1 and meiosis )
Meiosis
-chromosomes line up and then move to separate daughter cells
- reduces the chromosome # by half
-produces 4 genetically different haploid cells
Mitosis
-when 2 sets of genetic material separate, each daughter cell recieves 1 complete set of
chromosomes
-does not normally change the chromosome # of the original cell
-results in the production of genetically identical diploid cells
Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together
Alleles of different genes tend to be inherited together from 1 generation to the next when those
genes are located on the same chromosome.
Define homologous, diploid, haploid, tetrad, crossing over
homologous: term used to refer to chromosomes in which 1 set comes from the male parent
and 1 set comes from the female parent
diploid:
haploid: term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes, gametes are
hapoid
tetrad:
crossing over:chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over one another, crossed
sections are exchanged
Where does crossing over happen?
Crossing over happens during Meiosis, prohase 1
or it happens when nonsister chromatids exchange genes
Chapter 12 Study Guide
Franklin and Watson/Crick
Role of DNA
Dna makes up gene..must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic info in a
cell. Genes, made up of DNA carry chemical codes for biological processes. It is chemical
code that stores genetic info, is copied when a cell divides, and transmits info from 1 generation
to the next.
What is a nucleotide?
5. made up of 3 basic components:
(1) a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
(2) a phosphate group
(3) nitrogenous bases (contains nitrogen)
- all nucleotides do not have protein
Base pairs (4 bases; spelling does count)
base pairs us the principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine & thymine and
between guanine & cytosine.
DNA has 4 covalent bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
Bonds (hydrogen vs. covalent)
Covalent bonds =strong, In a strand that are joined by covalent bonds formed between the
sugar and one of the nucleotides and phosphate group of the next
Components of DNA
Structure of DNA
RNA, like DNA consists of a long cain of nucleotides, and is made up of the same things as
DNA (a5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base) except for 1 small
difference: the sugar group in RNA is ribose. RNA also differs in DNA in the fact that is single
stranded, and has the base uracil instead of thymine (therefore, in RNA A bonds with U.)
Chargaff’s rule
the double helix model explains chargaff's model rule of base pairing & how the 2 strands of
DNA are held together.
Antiparallel strands
What is the double helix model?
- the double helix structure of DNA explains how it can be copied but it does not explain how a
gene works
Nitrogenous bases
Why do we need DNAreplication
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic replication
Prokaryotic
occurs in the cytolasm, DNA is arranged in a single circular chromosome
Eukaryotic
occurs in the nucleus, Begins at several points on the DNA molecule
Both
DNA polymerase joins ncleotides, new strands are complementary to the strands they were
made from
6. What happens when there is damaged DNA?
You need to be able to explain the process of replication
The Steps of Replication
(1) DNA unwind
(2) DNA is "unzipped", allowing 2 replication forks to form
(3) New bases are added to unwound DNA strands following base pair rules (A -T) , (G-G)
(4) The DNA molecules are composed of 1 new strand and one old
**During replication, the double helix separates into 2 strands , produces 2 new complementary
strands, each strand of DNA serves as a template for the new strand.
Results of replication
2 DNA molecules identical to each other and to the original molecule. New DNA molecules
have one original and one new strand.
How to do base pairing sequencing? Filing in complementary strand
Chapter 13
Know how RNA differs from DNA
(1) the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
(2) RNA is generally single- stranded and not double -stranded
(3) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine
Know how the cell makes RNA
Know the three different types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
- mRNA carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to
the rest of the cell
- rRNA makes up the major part of ribosomes, proteins are assembled on ribosomes
-tRNA transfers or moves, amino acds to ribosomes during protein synthesis
What is the importance of mRNA?
- not sure
- could produce different forms of RNA
-may play role in evolution
-small changes = dramatic effects
Where does transcription take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Transcription is when DNA is transcribed into message in nucleus.
eukaryotes: cytoplasm
What RNA molecules are involved in transcription?
7. transcription requires an enzyme known as RNA polymerase which binds to the DNA and
separates the DNA strands...it then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble
nucleotides into a strand of RNA
RNA polymerase does not bind DNA just anywhere, it only binds to regions of DNA known as
Promoters, which have specific base sequences
What is transcription?
Transcription is when DNA is transcribed into message , RNA molecules are produced by
copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA
Know the central dogma of molecular biology and understand why it is important
the central dogma is that information is transferred from DNA to RNA proteins
-useful generalization
Know how to use the Amino Acid Decoding chart
What is translation?
Translation is converting the genetic code into proteins. the sequence of nucleotides from
mRNA are coded instructions for amino acids that will form a polypeptide. The decoding of
mRNA message into a protein is called translation.
Where does translation take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
in prokaryotic cells it occurs in the cytoplasm
in eukaryotic cells it occurs in the cytoplasm
What RNA molecules are involved in translation?
tRNA and rRNA
rRNA molecules help hold ribosomal proteins in place and help locate the beggining of the
mRNA strand and also helps carry out the joining of amino acid
tRNa carries and delivers the correct amino acid called on by each codon
**all 3 RNA molecules are used
What is an anticodon?
3 unpaired bases that is complementary to the mRNA codon...
***each three letter "word" is known as codon
example: mRNA codon is AUG so the tRNA anticodon is UAC
Explain how the codon and anticodon is like a “lock and key” situation.
What are mutations?
Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information i.e. gene mutations, chromosomal
mutations
Understand how mutations affect genes?
small changes in words can directly alter it's meaning. and the overall sentence. Same theory
goes with how one gene can affect the whole body of an organism.
8. Be able to understand, explain, and identify point mutations (substitution, insertion,
deletion (frameshift)) and chromosomal mutations
Point mutations: involves changes in 1 or a few nucleotides that occur at a single point in the
DNA sequence...happens during replication...can be passed on from cell to cell.
Substition: 1 base is changed to another base..
affects no more than 1 amino acid, sometimes none at all
Inertions and deletions: 1 bases is inserted or removed from DNA
frameshift mutation: still read 3 bases at a time, so reading from the genetic message is shifted.
Chapter 16 Study Guide
Charles Darwin’s contribution to science
Explain how other scientists’ work helped Darwin develop his theory of natural selection
Who was Hutton and Lyell? Why were they important?
Artificial vs. Natural selection
3 situations in which natural selection occurs
Explain the principle of common descent
What does fitness mean?
What is natural selection? (be able to give examples)
Link fossils, embryology, anatomy (homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures) and
molecular biology to evidence of evolution
Charles Darwin’s contribution to science
Darwin developed a scientific theory of biological evolution that explains how modern organisms
evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors.
Explain how other scientists’ work helped Darwin develop his theory of natural selection
Darwin realized that Malthus's reasoning applied even more to other organisms than it did to
humans. Meaning most offspring die before reaching maturity, and only a few of those that
survive manage to reproduce. This was important because he needed a mechanism to why
and how evolution occured.
Who was Hutton and Lyell? Why were theyimportant?
Hutton and Lyell contributed ideas about the age of Earth and the processes that shape the
planet. Hutton and Lyell concluded that Earth is extremely old & that the processes that that
changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present. For example,
they explained the formation of the Grand Canyon is from forces beneath Earth's surface can
push rock layer upward, tilting, twisting them in the process.
Artificial vs. Natural selection
Artificial selection is also known as the the selective breeding of domesticated organisms by
humans to enhance useful traits. Nature provides the variations and humans select those they
find useful (this was a recognition of natural variation)
9. 3 situations in which natural selection occurs
Natural selection occurs in any situation:
Struggle for existence in which more individuals are born than can survive,
Variation and adaptation in which there is natural heritable variation,
Survival of the fittest in which there is variable fitness among individuals.
What is natural selection? (be able to give examples)
Natural selection acts only on inherited traits. Natural selection is the process by which
organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most sucessfully
also called survival of the fittest.
Explain the principle of common descent
Darwin proposed that over many generations, adaptation could cause sucessful species to
evolve into new species. Darwin's theory implies that life has been on Earth for a long time-long
enough for descent with modification to offcu Every organisms alive today us descended from
parents who survived and reproduced. All species (living & descent ) are descended from
ancient common ancestors- decent with modification.
What does fitness mean?
Fitness is how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment.
Link fossils, embryology, anatomy (homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures)
and molecular biology to evidence of evolution