The document discusses the common uses of several chemical elements. It provides the symbol, atomic number, basic description and 3-4 key uses for each of the following elements: aluminum, argon, barium, beryllium, boron, bromine, cadmium, calcium, carbon, chlorine, chromium, copper, fluorine, gold, helium, hydrogen, iodine, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, neon, nickel, nitrogen, and oxygen. The elements have a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications including in materials, manufacturing, energy, healthcare and more.
The document discusses various topics related to iron making and steel production, including:
1. It defines metallurgy and divides it into extractive metallurgy, physical metallurgy, and other subfields. Extractive metallurgy involves separating and concentrating raw materials.
2. It describes the production of pig iron using a blast furnace, which involves heating iron ore with coke to produce a molten iron alloy containing 3-4% carbon.
3. It then discusses the various processes for producing steel from pig iron, including the Bessemer process, open hearth furnace, and basic oxygen furnace, which reduce the carbon and impurity levels in pig iron
This document provides an overview of a lecture on aluminium alloys. It discusses the subjects that will be covered, including the production, properties, and applications of aluminium alloys. The production of aluminium is explained, outlining the Bayer process and Hall–Héroult process. The physical properties of aluminium are presented. Methods of extracting aluminium from bauxite and other sources are summarized.
The document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron while non-ferrous metals do not. It provides examples of common ferrous metals like steel alloys and non-ferrous metals like aluminum and copper. It then describes characteristics and common uses of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, noting ferrous metals are strong but prone to rust while non-ferrous metals are lighter, more corrosion-resistant and non-magnetic. Mild steel specifically is discussed as being ductile, malleable and commonly used in building structures.
Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is widely used due to its properties and extraction process. It can be extracted from bauxite ore through the Bayer process, which involves dissolving the aluminum-containing minerals in sodium hydroxide to produce alumina, which is then electrolyzed to produce aluminum metal. Aluminum is commonly used in alloys to improve strength and is applied in transportation and construction due to its corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and high strength to weight ratio.
This document summarizes the extraction process of aluminium. It begins by describing how aluminium is commonly found combined with other elements in rocks. It then discusses bauxite, the main ore for aluminium, which forms from the weathering of aluminium-containing rocks in tropical areas. The summary describes the two main steps to extract aluminium as purifying bauxite into high purity alumina using the Bayer process, and then reducing the alumina using carbon in an electrolysis process to produce molten aluminium metal. It concludes by listing some key uses of aluminium such as in transportation and electrical applications due to its light weight, conductivity, and corrosion resistance.
This document discusses the properties and applications of aluminum and its alloys. It outlines that aluminum is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and electrically and thermally conductive. However, in its pure form aluminum is soft and has a low melting point. The document then discusses how aluminum is commonly alloyed with other metals like copper, magnesium, and manganese to increase its strength and maximum operating temperature. These aluminum alloys have many applications in transportation, infrastructure, consumer goods, and oil and gas due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document discusses non-ferrous alloys, beginning with an introduction on the limitations of ferrous alloys and advantages of using non-ferrous alloys. It then covers various non-ferrous metals and their alloys including copper and copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, and titanium and its alloys. For each metal/alloy, it describes common compositions, properties, and applications. It also discusses bearing materials and includes detailed information on composition and uses of various copper, aluminum, and magnesium alloys.
The document discusses various topics related to iron making and steel production, including:
1. It defines metallurgy and divides it into extractive metallurgy, physical metallurgy, and other subfields. Extractive metallurgy involves separating and concentrating raw materials.
2. It describes the production of pig iron using a blast furnace, which involves heating iron ore with coke to produce a molten iron alloy containing 3-4% carbon.
3. It then discusses the various processes for producing steel from pig iron, including the Bessemer process, open hearth furnace, and basic oxygen furnace, which reduce the carbon and impurity levels in pig iron
This document provides an overview of a lecture on aluminium alloys. It discusses the subjects that will be covered, including the production, properties, and applications of aluminium alloys. The production of aluminium is explained, outlining the Bayer process and Hall–Héroult process. The physical properties of aluminium are presented. Methods of extracting aluminium from bauxite and other sources are summarized.
The document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron while non-ferrous metals do not. It provides examples of common ferrous metals like steel alloys and non-ferrous metals like aluminum and copper. It then describes characteristics and common uses of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, noting ferrous metals are strong but prone to rust while non-ferrous metals are lighter, more corrosion-resistant and non-magnetic. Mild steel specifically is discussed as being ductile, malleable and commonly used in building structures.
Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is widely used due to its properties and extraction process. It can be extracted from bauxite ore through the Bayer process, which involves dissolving the aluminum-containing minerals in sodium hydroxide to produce alumina, which is then electrolyzed to produce aluminum metal. Aluminum is commonly used in alloys to improve strength and is applied in transportation and construction due to its corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and high strength to weight ratio.
This document summarizes the extraction process of aluminium. It begins by describing how aluminium is commonly found combined with other elements in rocks. It then discusses bauxite, the main ore for aluminium, which forms from the weathering of aluminium-containing rocks in tropical areas. The summary describes the two main steps to extract aluminium as purifying bauxite into high purity alumina using the Bayer process, and then reducing the alumina using carbon in an electrolysis process to produce molten aluminium metal. It concludes by listing some key uses of aluminium such as in transportation and electrical applications due to its light weight, conductivity, and corrosion resistance.
This document discusses the properties and applications of aluminum and its alloys. It outlines that aluminum is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and electrically and thermally conductive. However, in its pure form aluminum is soft and has a low melting point. The document then discusses how aluminum is commonly alloyed with other metals like copper, magnesium, and manganese to increase its strength and maximum operating temperature. These aluminum alloys have many applications in transportation, infrastructure, consumer goods, and oil and gas due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
The document discusses non-ferrous alloys, beginning with an introduction on the limitations of ferrous alloys and advantages of using non-ferrous alloys. It then covers various non-ferrous metals and their alloys including copper and copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, and titanium and its alloys. For each metal/alloy, it describes common compositions, properties, and applications. It also discusses bearing materials and includes detailed information on composition and uses of various copper, aluminum, and magnesium alloys.
Aluminum is a silvery white metal that is a very good conductor of heat and electricity. It has a low specific weight of 2.7g/cm3, about one third that of steel, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Aluminum is 100% recyclable without any loss to its qualities, and maintains strength at high temperatures when alloyed.
information collected from various sources available on the internet
advanced ceramics are very useful and contains various properties that traditional ceramics do not have.
general classification
classification on the bases of application
classification on the bases of composition
+ electro ceramics
+ advanced structural ceramics
Bioi ceramics
piezoelectric ceramics
dielectric ceramic
Megnetic ceramics
Nuclear Ceramics
Automotive ceramics
optical ceramics
nitrides ceramics
silicate ceramics
carbides ceramics
oxide ceramics
Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. It has two stable isotopes and exists in native and mineral forms, with the most important ores being sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. Copper is extracted from its ores through a series of chemical, physical, and electrochemical processes including crushing, roasting, smelting, and electrolysis. It has many useful properties and practical applications as a building material, electrical conductor, and in metal alloys like brass and bronze used for plumbing, wiring, cookware, and more. Copper consumption is highest in the building industry, electronics, transportation, and consumer products.
Alloys are mixtures of metals or a metal combined with another element that are created by melting metals together. Alloys are important for their increased hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance compared to pure metals. This document outlines the types of alloys like cast alloys and bearing alloys and their various applications. Common alloys used in industry include steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, and magnesium alloys, which are used in automotive components, aircraft, machinery, and other applications due to their desirable properties and ability to lower costs.
This document discusses aluminium and its alloys. Key points include:
- Aluminium is a lightweight metal that is abundant, corrosion resistant, and highly conductive. It is extracted from bauxite via electrolysis.
- Aluminium alloys include heat treatable alloys like duralumin that can be strengthened via precipitation hardening as well as non heat-treatable alloys.
- Common fabrication methods for aluminium include casting, rolling, extrusion, and welding. Various heat treatments can further influence the properties of aluminium alloys.
- Applications of aluminium alloys span transportation, infrastructure, packaging, and more due to its combination of properties like strength, conductivity, and corrosion resistance
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
This document provides information about metals, including ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It discusses various metal types and their properties, uses, and melting points. Key metals mentioned include steel, cast iron, high carbon steel, high speed steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, lead, silver, gold, magnesium, brass, bronze and solder. The document also covers metal shapes and metals used in everyday objects like bicycles.
3.1 Types of cast irons as white, gray, nodular, malleable
3.2 Specifications of cast Iron.
3.3 Selection of appropriate cast iron for engineering applications.
3.4 Designation and coding (as per BIS, ASME, EN, DIN, JIS) of cast iron, plain and alloy steel.
The document summarizes the process of primary aluminum production. It involves two main steps:
1) Production of alumina (Al2O3) from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, which involves leaching the ore with sodium hydroxide followed by precipitation and calcination.
2) Electrolytic decomposition of the alumina in a cryolite bath using the Hall-Héroult process, where the alumina dissolves and aluminum plates out on the cathode. Large amounts of electric power are required. Additives such as calcium fluoride are used to reduce the melting point of the cryolite electrolyte.
This document discusses magnesium alloys, including their properties, common alloying elements, types of alloys, and applications. Some key points:
- Magnesium alloys are lightweight, machinable, and environmentally friendly. Common uses include aircraft and missile industries.
- Common alloying elements include aluminum, manganese, zinc, and zirconium. Alloying affects properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and castability.
- Major types of alloys include AZ alloys containing aluminum and zinc, rare earth alloys for sand casting, and zirconium alloys for high temperature performance. Applications vary depending on alloy composition and properties.
The document discusses various non-ferrous metals, including their properties and common applications. It describes how aluminum, titanium, magnesium and refractory metals are used in structural applications requiring strength and heat resistance. It also explains that precious metals like gold, silver and platinum are chosen for electrical applications, jewelry and their luster, while base metals such as copper, tin, zinc, chromium and nickel are often used for plating, coatings and alloys to imbue other materials with properties like conductivity, corrosion resistance and hardness.
The document discusses the two primary processes used to produce aluminum: the Bayer process and the Hall-Héroult process. The Bayer process extracts alumina (aluminum oxide) from bauxite ore. The Hall-Héroult process then uses electrolysis to reduce alumina into molten aluminum metal. It involves dissolving alumina in a molten cryolite bath and using carbon anodes and iron cathodes to apply a current and separate the aluminum ions from oxygen. This produces pure aluminum metal at the cathode and consumes the carbon anode.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, making up about 8%. It is lightweight yet durable, corrosion-resistant, and malleable. Aluminum is widely used in building construction for doors, windows, siding, and curtain walls due to its strength, low maintenance needs, and ability to be fabricated into various forms. Curtain walls are non-structural outer walls that provide weather protection while allowing natural light, and are often made of aluminum frames filled with glass.
This document discusses applications of advanced ceramics. It begins by defining ceramics as inorganic crystalline materials composed of metals and non-metals. Ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline. Glass-ceramics share properties of both glasses and ceramics, having advantages of glass fabrication and special ceramic properties. Advanced ceramics have superior properties to traditional ceramics like mechanical strength, corrosion and heat resistance, making them suitable for automotive, electronics, medical, energy and aerospace applications where these properties are important. Examples discussed include heat-resistant engine parts, dental implants, water treatment components, and rocket nozzles.
The document discusses corrosion of metals and its various types. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with the environment. Corrosion occurs via oxidation and causes metal loss. The main factors influencing corrosion are the metal composition, environmental chemicals, temperature, and design. Corrosion can be uniform, galvanic, pitting, intergranular or stress-related. Electrochemical corrosion involves the formation of anodes and cathodes on a metal surface.
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
This document provides an overview of aluminium, including its discovery, properties, production processes, applications, grades, and the aluminium market. It discusses that aluminium is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The production process involves mining bauxite ore, refining alumina, and smelting alumina into aluminium. Major applications include transportation, packaging, and construction. China is the leading producer and consumer of aluminium globally. The document also compares aluminium to steel, noting advantages such as aluminium's lighter weight and better corrosion resistance. It outlines both the benefits and limitations of aluminium, as well as recent developments and future aspects of the aluminium industry.
This document discusses the uses of electrolysis in industries, including the purification of metals, electroplating of metals, and extraction of metals. It provides examples of how electrolysis is used to purify copper, electroplate metals like tin onto cans, and extract reactive metals like aluminum from ores. The document also notes some of the potential pollution problems caused by electrolysis in industry, such as releasing heavy metals and altering the pH of water resources.
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds and their structures, properties, and reactions. Carbon exists in several allotropes with unique properties. The most common crystalline forms are diamond and graphite, while amorphous forms include charcoal, lampblack, and coke. Diamond has a tetrahedral lattice structure and is extremely hard. Graphite is layered and can conduct electricity. Charcoal is a lightweight residue from burning wood and is used as a fuel and soil amendment. Coal is a fossil fuel formed from ancient plant matter. Organic compounds and carbon dioxide are produced through combustion reactions, while carbon monoxide is a toxic byproduct.
This document discusses several important mineral resources found in Mexico and around the world. It provides details on the chemical symbol, atomic number, descriptions and common uses of gold, iron, lead, zinc, aluminum, uranium, mercury, silver, copper, platinum, carbon, nickel, nitrate, diamond, antimony, and titanium. The major producing countries of each mineral are also listed.
Aluminum is a silvery white metal that is a very good conductor of heat and electricity. It has a low specific weight of 2.7g/cm3, about one third that of steel, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Aluminum is 100% recyclable without any loss to its qualities, and maintains strength at high temperatures when alloyed.
information collected from various sources available on the internet
advanced ceramics are very useful and contains various properties that traditional ceramics do not have.
general classification
classification on the bases of application
classification on the bases of composition
+ electro ceramics
+ advanced structural ceramics
Bioi ceramics
piezoelectric ceramics
dielectric ceramic
Megnetic ceramics
Nuclear Ceramics
Automotive ceramics
optical ceramics
nitrides ceramics
silicate ceramics
carbides ceramics
oxide ceramics
Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. It has two stable isotopes and exists in native and mineral forms, with the most important ores being sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. Copper is extracted from its ores through a series of chemical, physical, and electrochemical processes including crushing, roasting, smelting, and electrolysis. It has many useful properties and practical applications as a building material, electrical conductor, and in metal alloys like brass and bronze used for plumbing, wiring, cookware, and more. Copper consumption is highest in the building industry, electronics, transportation, and consumer products.
Alloys are mixtures of metals or a metal combined with another element that are created by melting metals together. Alloys are important for their increased hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance compared to pure metals. This document outlines the types of alloys like cast alloys and bearing alloys and their various applications. Common alloys used in industry include steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, and magnesium alloys, which are used in automotive components, aircraft, machinery, and other applications due to their desirable properties and ability to lower costs.
This document discusses aluminium and its alloys. Key points include:
- Aluminium is a lightweight metal that is abundant, corrosion resistant, and highly conductive. It is extracted from bauxite via electrolysis.
- Aluminium alloys include heat treatable alloys like duralumin that can be strengthened via precipitation hardening as well as non heat-treatable alloys.
- Common fabrication methods for aluminium include casting, rolling, extrusion, and welding. Various heat treatments can further influence the properties of aluminium alloys.
- Applications of aluminium alloys span transportation, infrastructure, packaging, and more due to its combination of properties like strength, conductivity, and corrosion resistance
This document discusses aluminum alloys, including their types, heat treatment, and common alloying elements. It covers casting and wrought alloys, with casting alloys further divided based on their alloying elements like copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, and tin. Heat treatable alloys can be strengthened through heat treatment to form precipitates, while non-heat treatable alloys rely on solid solution strengthening. Common alloying elements are discussed along with their effects on properties and example commercial alloys.
This document provides information about metals, including ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It discusses various metal types and their properties, uses, and melting points. Key metals mentioned include steel, cast iron, high carbon steel, high speed steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, lead, silver, gold, magnesium, brass, bronze and solder. The document also covers metal shapes and metals used in everyday objects like bicycles.
3.1 Types of cast irons as white, gray, nodular, malleable
3.2 Specifications of cast Iron.
3.3 Selection of appropriate cast iron for engineering applications.
3.4 Designation and coding (as per BIS, ASME, EN, DIN, JIS) of cast iron, plain and alloy steel.
The document summarizes the process of primary aluminum production. It involves two main steps:
1) Production of alumina (Al2O3) from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, which involves leaching the ore with sodium hydroxide followed by precipitation and calcination.
2) Electrolytic decomposition of the alumina in a cryolite bath using the Hall-Héroult process, where the alumina dissolves and aluminum plates out on the cathode. Large amounts of electric power are required. Additives such as calcium fluoride are used to reduce the melting point of the cryolite electrolyte.
This document discusses magnesium alloys, including their properties, common alloying elements, types of alloys, and applications. Some key points:
- Magnesium alloys are lightweight, machinable, and environmentally friendly. Common uses include aircraft and missile industries.
- Common alloying elements include aluminum, manganese, zinc, and zirconium. Alloying affects properties like strength, corrosion resistance, and castability.
- Major types of alloys include AZ alloys containing aluminum and zinc, rare earth alloys for sand casting, and zirconium alloys for high temperature performance. Applications vary depending on alloy composition and properties.
The document discusses various non-ferrous metals, including their properties and common applications. It describes how aluminum, titanium, magnesium and refractory metals are used in structural applications requiring strength and heat resistance. It also explains that precious metals like gold, silver and platinum are chosen for electrical applications, jewelry and their luster, while base metals such as copper, tin, zinc, chromium and nickel are often used for plating, coatings and alloys to imbue other materials with properties like conductivity, corrosion resistance and hardness.
The document discusses the two primary processes used to produce aluminum: the Bayer process and the Hall-Héroult process. The Bayer process extracts alumina (aluminum oxide) from bauxite ore. The Hall-Héroult process then uses electrolysis to reduce alumina into molten aluminum metal. It involves dissolving alumina in a molten cryolite bath and using carbon anodes and iron cathodes to apply a current and separate the aluminum ions from oxygen. This produces pure aluminum metal at the cathode and consumes the carbon anode.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, making up about 8%. It is lightweight yet durable, corrosion-resistant, and malleable. Aluminum is widely used in building construction for doors, windows, siding, and curtain walls due to its strength, low maintenance needs, and ability to be fabricated into various forms. Curtain walls are non-structural outer walls that provide weather protection while allowing natural light, and are often made of aluminum frames filled with glass.
This document discusses applications of advanced ceramics. It begins by defining ceramics as inorganic crystalline materials composed of metals and non-metals. Ceramics can be crystalline or non-crystalline. Glass-ceramics share properties of both glasses and ceramics, having advantages of glass fabrication and special ceramic properties. Advanced ceramics have superior properties to traditional ceramics like mechanical strength, corrosion and heat resistance, making them suitable for automotive, electronics, medical, energy and aerospace applications where these properties are important. Examples discussed include heat-resistant engine parts, dental implants, water treatment components, and rocket nozzles.
The document discusses corrosion of metals and its various types. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with the environment. Corrosion occurs via oxidation and causes metal loss. The main factors influencing corrosion are the metal composition, environmental chemicals, temperature, and design. Corrosion can be uniform, galvanic, pitting, intergranular or stress-related. Electrochemical corrosion involves the formation of anodes and cathodes on a metal surface.
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
This document provides an overview of aluminium, including its discovery, properties, production processes, applications, grades, and the aluminium market. It discusses that aluminium is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The production process involves mining bauxite ore, refining alumina, and smelting alumina into aluminium. Major applications include transportation, packaging, and construction. China is the leading producer and consumer of aluminium globally. The document also compares aluminium to steel, noting advantages such as aluminium's lighter weight and better corrosion resistance. It outlines both the benefits and limitations of aluminium, as well as recent developments and future aspects of the aluminium industry.
This document discusses the uses of electrolysis in industries, including the purification of metals, electroplating of metals, and extraction of metals. It provides examples of how electrolysis is used to purify copper, electroplate metals like tin onto cans, and extract reactive metals like aluminum from ores. The document also notes some of the potential pollution problems caused by electrolysis in industry, such as releasing heavy metals and altering the pH of water resources.
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds and their structures, properties, and reactions. Carbon exists in several allotropes with unique properties. The most common crystalline forms are diamond and graphite, while amorphous forms include charcoal, lampblack, and coke. Diamond has a tetrahedral lattice structure and is extremely hard. Graphite is layered and can conduct electricity. Charcoal is a lightweight residue from burning wood and is used as a fuel and soil amendment. Coal is a fossil fuel formed from ancient plant matter. Organic compounds and carbon dioxide are produced through combustion reactions, while carbon monoxide is a toxic byproduct.
This document discusses several important mineral resources found in Mexico and around the world. It provides details on the chemical symbol, atomic number, descriptions and common uses of gold, iron, lead, zinc, aluminum, uranium, mercury, silver, copper, platinum, carbon, nickel, nitrate, diamond, antimony, and titanium. The major producing countries of each mineral are also listed.
The document summarizes the common elements aluminum, carbon, chlorine, copper, helium, hydrogen, gold, iron, mercury, neon, nitrogen, sodium, and sulfur. It provides their uses which include making cans, fuels, chemicals, electronics, medical equipment, catalysts, jewelry, construction materials, lighting, and more.
Carbon exists in several allotropes with different properties. Diamond and graphite are two major allotropes. Diamond is very hard while graphite is soft and slippery. Other allotropes include nanotubes, graphene, buckminsterfullerene, and amorphous carbon. Carbon undergoes substitution, addition, and oxidation reactions. It is essential for life but can also have harmful health effects if inhaled in certain forms like coal dust. Applications of carbon include uses in jewelry, lubricants, batteries, and tires due to its various properties.
This document discusses the uses of aluminum in building construction. It begins with an introduction to aluminum, including its history, properties, and production. It then outlines various applications of aluminum in buildings, such as for external and internal components, equipment, industrial structures, prefabricated buildings, and finishes. The document concludes by noting aluminum's prevalence in the construction industry due to its light weight, corrosion resistance, workability, and recyclability.
This document discusses the uses of aluminum in building construction. It begins with an introduction to aluminum, including its history, properties, and production. It then outlines various applications of aluminum in buildings, such as for external and internal components, equipment, industrial structures, prefabricated buildings, and finishes. The document concludes by noting aluminum's prevalence in the construction industry due to its light weight, corrosion resistance, workability, and recyclability.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It was first extracted in small amounts in 1825 but commercial production only began in 1854. In the 1880s, Hall and Héroult independently invented an electrolytic process for extracting aluminum from aluminum oxide which greatly reduced its cost. This along with the Bayer process for extracting aluminum oxide from bauxite led to aluminum becoming widely used. Today, aluminum is highly recycled due to its light weight, durability, conductivity, workability and versatility in applications like transportation, packaging and construction.
Metals can be classified as ferrous or non-ferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron and include steel, cast iron, and stainless steel. They are used widely in construction and industry. Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron and include aluminum, copper, lead, tin, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and others. Each metal has different physical properties and common applications. For example, copper is used for electrical wiring and plumbing due to its high conductivity, while lead is commonly used for roofing and pipes.
This document discusses common materials used in orthotics, including aluminum, rubber, plastics, adhesives, plaster of paris, leather, and fabrics. It provides details on the properties and uses of metals, specifically noting that metals like aluminum, iron, and alloys like steel are widely used due to their strength, conductivity, and other material properties. The document also summarizes properties of other materials commonly used in orthotics, such as rubber, plastics, adhesives, plaster of paris, and leather.
This document provides information on non-ferrous materials, focusing on aluminum, copper, and magnesium. It defines non-ferrous materials as those without a significant iron content. Key points include:
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It is extracted from bauxite ore using caustic soda. Its properties make it durable, flexible, lightweight and corrosion resistant. Major applications are in construction.
Copper is extracted via pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy from ores like chalcopyrite. It has good conductivity, corrosion resistance and is easy to alloy. Major applications are in electrical, electronics and energy industries.
Magnesium is the lightest structural
This document summarizes information about aluminium, titanium, biochips, and biosensors. It describes aluminium and titanium as lightweight metals that are abundant in nature. Aluminium is a silvery white metal commonly used in transportation, construction, and packaging. Titanium is stronger than steel and highly corrosion resistant, making it useful in aerospace applications and implants. The document also notes that biochips can perform many biochemical reactions simultaneously for screening and detection, while biosensors combine biological and physical elements to detect analytes.
This presentation discusses copper chemicals. Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. It is commonly found in minerals like chalcopyrite and chalcocite. Copper has many applications including in heterogeneous catalysis, pigments, organic synthesis, electroplating, and the electrical industry. The main feedstocks for copper chemicals are scrap materials like wire choppings, mill scale, scrapped brass and bronze. The presentation provides links to databases on copper chemicals and describes how copper works as a fungicide by denaturing enzymes and proteins on plant leaves.
Aluminum (Al) or alumium, chemical element, silvery-white metal of Group 13 of periodic table uses widely due to its exclusive properties and cheap in price
This document provides an overview of chemistry topics relevant to engineering, including:
- The chemistry of engineering materials, which classifies materials as metals (ferrous, non-ferrous) and non-metals (synthetic, natural). It describes common materials like steel, aluminum, plastics, ceramics, composites, wood, and rubber.
- Basic concepts of crystal structure, including crystalline vs amorphous structure and lattice structures.
- Polymers, including classifications based on source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), thermal response (thermoplastic, thermosetting), and the polymerization process.
- Engineered nanomaterials, defined as having at least one dimension
Aluminum and titanium are described along with their properties and common uses. Aluminum is a light, silvery metal that is abundant in nature and commonly used in electricity, transportation, construction and packaging. It can be recycled infinitely without loss of properties. Titanium is also described with its discovery, properties as a transition metal, and common uses in alloys, aerospace, surgery and other industries. Biochips and biosensors are also summarized, with biochips enabling simultaneous biochemical reactions for screening and detection, while biosensors combine a biological component with a transducer and detector for analytical purposes.
This document discusses static and dynamic analysis of Al-alloy-7075 composite material with different manufacturing systems. It begins with an abstract describing how damping capacity is important for structural materials to eliminate damage from mechanical vibration. Aluminum composites play a significant role as lightweight machine components. The study aims to analyze the vibration characteristics and modal behavior of different aluminum alloy compositions using finite element analysis (FEA) software. After design and analysis, the most suitable manufacturing process will be selected for each material based on their individual physical properties. Cad and cae tools like Creo and Ansys will be used.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Metals are highly valuable materials used in many products. They have properties like strength, conductivity, and malleability due to their metallic bonding structure. Metals are found naturally combined with other elements in ores and must be extracted through processes like electrolysis or using carbon, depending on the metal's reactivity. Recycling metals provides benefits like reduced energy use and environmental impacts compared to extracting virgin materials from ores.
The document discusses the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. It describes the iron triad elements of iron, cobalt, and nickel which have similar properties. It also discusses the platinum group elements ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum which have similar properties and do not combine easily with other elements. The actinides are all radioactive and have unstable nuclei that decay to form other elements.
The document provides background information on the Indian aluminum industry. It discusses how aluminum was discovered in 1886 and how the Aluminum Corporation of India was founded in 1937 as the first attempt to manufacture aluminum in India. The Indian aluminum industry is represented by the Aluminum Association of India. The primary market structure of the Indian aluminum industry is oligopolistic, dominated by three major producers - Hindalco, Vedanta Aluminum, and Nalco. The secondary aluminum sector is larger and more fragmented with around 3,500 smaller producers. The document goes on to provide details on the aluminum extraction process, types of primary and secondary aluminum products, and the market structure of the aluminum extrusion industry in India.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. USES
• It is used in packaging, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames,
beer kegs and aero plane parts.
• It is used in the transportation of railway, trucks, automobiles as
castings.
• Al compounds are observed in the reactions of Al metal with
oxidants.
Aluminum is a silvery-white metal, with the symbol Al, and
atomic number 13. It is the 13 element in the periodic
table and the most widespread metal on Earth, making up
more than 8% of the Earth's core mass. It's also the third
most common chemical element on our planet after
oxygen and silicon.
3. USES
• It is used when an inert atmosphere is needed. It is used in this way
for the production of titanium and other reactive elements.
• It is also used by welders to protect the weld area and in
incandescent light bulbs to stop oxygen from corroding the
filament.
• Argon is also used in fluorescent tubes and low-energy light bulbs.
Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and
atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table
and is a noble gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in
the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934%.
4. USES
• It is often used for spark-plug electrodes and in vacuum tubes as a
drying and oxygen-removing agent. As well as fluorescent lamps:
impure barium sulfide phosphorescence after exposure to light.
• It is used in drilling fluids for oil and gas wells.
• Barium compounds are also used to make paint, bricks, tiles, glass,
and rubber.
• Barium nitrate and chlorate give fireworks a green color.
Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and
atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is
a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high
chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a
free element. …
5. USES
• It is used in alloys with copper or nickel to make gyroscopes, springs,
electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes and non-sparking tools.
Mixing beryllium with these metals increases their electrical and
thermal conductivity.
• As a structural materials for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft
and communication satellites.
Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and
atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and
brittle alkaline earth metal. It is a divalent element that
occurs naturally only in combination with other elements
to form minerals. Notable gemstones high in beryllium
include beryl and chrysoberyl.
6. USES
• Amorphous boron is used as a rocket fuel igniter and in pyrotechnic
flares.
• Sodium borate or borax is used to insulate fiber glass and sodium
perborate bleach.
• Boric acid is used in textile products. Boron compounds are also
used in organic synthesis, a particular type of glass manufacture and
as a wood preservative.
• Borax used to be used to make bleach and as a food preservative.
Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and
atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark,
lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown
powder.
7. USES
• Bromine is used in many areas such as agricultural chemicals,
dyestuffs, insecticides, pharmaceuticals and chemical intermediates.
• It also liberates free iodine from iodide- containing solutions and
sulfur from hydrogen sulfide.
• Sulfurous acid is oxidized to sulfuric acid by bromine water.
Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and
atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest halogen, and is a
fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that
evaporates readily to form a similarly colored vapor. Its
properties are intermediate between those of chlorine
and iodine.
8. USES
• Cadmium is a poison and is known to cause birth defects and cancer.
As a result, there are moves to limit its use.
• Cadmium and its compounds are used in several consumer products
such as in nickel-cadmium batteries and for electroplating other
metals.
• Cadmium is also used in various industrial processes such as
printing, textiles, photography, lasers and solar cells.
Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and
atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is
chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group
12, zinc and mercury.
9. USES
• Calcium metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals
such as thorium and uranium.
• It is also used as an alloying agent.
• Several calcium compounds find use in the food industry and the
pharmaceutical industry.
• Calcium is essential to all living things, particularly for the growth of
healthy teeth and bones.
Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and
atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a
reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when
exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are
most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and
barium.
10. USES
• Amorphous carbon is used to make inks and paints. It is also used in
batteries.
• One of the most important uses is carbon dating. We can actually
use carbon to measure the age of things.
• Carbon is used for fuel in the form of coal, methane gas, and crude
oil (which is used to make gasoline).
• Carbon in its diamond form is used in jewelry.
Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and
atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—
making four electrons available to form covalent chemical
bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table.
Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's
crust.
11. USES
• Chlorine kills bacteria – it is a disinfectant, used to treat drinking
water and swimming pool water.
• It is also used to make hundreds of consumer products from paper
to paints, and from textiles to insecticides.
• About 20% of chlorine produced is used to make PVC, which is used
in window frames, car interiors, electrical wiring insulation, and
water pipes.
Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and
atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it
appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic
table and its properties are mostly intermediate between
them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room
temperature.
12. USES
• Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel
and to produce several alloys.
• Chromium plating can be used to give a polished mirror finish to
steel.
• Chromium compounds are used as industrial catalysts and
pigments.
• It is also used in paint and dyes and chemical makeup that is used
for fabrics.
Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and
atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a
steely-grey, lustrous, hard, and brittle transition metal.
Chromium is the main additive in stainless steel, to which
it adds anti-corrosive properties.
13. USES
• Copper is used in electrical wiring, roofing, plumbing, and industrial
machinery.
• Copper is an essential component in the motors, wiring, radiators,
connectors, brakes, and bearings used in cars and trucks.
• Copper wires are used in power generation, power distribution,
power transmission, and electronic circuits. In fact, more than half
of all mined copper is used in electrical wiring.
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and
atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile
metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-
orange color.
14. USES
• Molecular fluorine and Atomic fluorine are used in semiconductor
manufacturing for plasma etching, MEMs fabrication, and flat panel
display production.
• Chlorofluorocarbons are used in air conditioners and refrigerators.
• Fluorides are also added to toothpaste to prevent dental cavities.
Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and
atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at
standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic
gas. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely
reactive, as it reacts with all other elements, except for
argon, neon, and helium.
15. USES
• The metal is mainly used to manufacture jewelry, glass and different
parts in electronics items.
• Gold can be made into thread and used in embroidery.
• A thin layer of this metal can be used in art, for decoration and as
architectural ornament.
• It is also used in medicine. Its radioactive isotope Au-198 is used for
the treatment of the tumor.
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic
number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number
elements that occur naturally. In a pure form, it is a bright,
slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile
metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group
11 element.
16. USES
• Helium is used to provide an inert protective atmosphere for
making fiber optics and semiconductors, and for arc welding.
• Helium is also used to detect leaks, such as in car air-conditioning
systems, and because it diffuses quickly it is used to inflate car
airbags after impact.
• It is also often used to fill decorative balloons.
• Liquid helium is also used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
systems.
Helium is a chemical element with the symbol He and
atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless,
non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas
group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting point
are the lowest among all the elements.
17. USES
• Hydrogen is used in the synthesis of ammonia and the manufacture
of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, or power
and heat.
• It is also used to remove sulfur from fuels during the oil-refining
process.
• Large quantities of hydrogen are used to hydrogenate oils to form
fats, for example to make margarine.
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and
atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At
standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic
molecules having the formula H₂. It is colorless, odorless,
non-toxic, and highly combustible.
18. USES
• It is used in pharmaceutical industry, printing industry and in the
manufacturing of animal feed.
• Iodine is used by the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones that
control many functions in the body including growth and
development.
• It is used in medicines that aid in cleaning wounds.
• Iodine is also used to make polarizing filters for LCD displays.
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic
number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists
as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard
conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114
degrees Celsius, and boils to a violet gas at 184 degrees
Celsius.
19. USES
• Iron is used to make alloy steels like carbon steels with additives
such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, and manganese.
• It is used to manufacture steel and also used in civil engineering like
reinforced concrete, girders etc.
• Uses of iron in daily life include machinery and tools, as well as
vehicles, hulls of ships, and structural elements.
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe and atomic
number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition
series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the
most common element on Earth, right in front of oxygen,
forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.
20. USES
• Lead is widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable
sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal
glass, radiation protection and in some solders.
• It may be used as a pure metal, alloyed with other metals, or as
chemical compounds.
• It is also used as electrodes in electrolysis processes.
Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb and atomic
number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most
common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also
has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead
is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color
when exposed to air.
21. USES
• Lithium is used in rechargeable batteries.
• Lithium oxide is used in special glasses and glass ceramics.
• Lithium chloride is used in air conditioning and industrial drying
systems (as is lithium bromide).
• Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature
lubricant. Lithium carbonate is used in drugs to treat manic
depression.
• Lithium hydride is used as a means of storing hydrogen for use as a
fuel.
Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and
atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal.
Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the
lightest solid element.
22. USES
• Magnesium is used in products that benefit from being lightweight,
such as car seats, luggage, laptops, cameras and power tools.
• It is also added to molten iron and steel to remove sulfur.
• As magnesium ignites easily in air and burns with a bright light, it’s
used in flares, fireworks and sparklers.
• Magnesium sulfate is used as a mordant for dyes.
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg
and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears
a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in
the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of
the periodic table.
23. USES
• Manganese is used to make clear glass, to desulfurize and deoxidize
steel in steel production and to reduce the octane rating in gasoline.
• It also is used as a black-brown pigment in paint and as filler in dry
cell batteries.
• Manganese steel is used for railway tracks, safes, rifle barrels and
prison bars.
Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn
and atomic number 25. It is a hard brittle silvery metal,
often found in minerals in combination with iron.
Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array
of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.
24. USES
• Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial
chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications.
• It is used in some liquid-in-glass thermometers, especially those
used to measure high temperatures.
• A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in fluorescent
lamps, while most of the other applications are slowly being
phased out due to health and safety regulations.
Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and
atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver
and was formerly named hydrargyrum.
25. USES
• Neon is largely used in making the ubiquitous ‘neon signs’ for
advertising. In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows a reddish
orange color. Only the red signs actually contain pure neon. Others
contain different gases to give different colors.
• Neon is also used to make high-voltage indicators and switching
gear, lightning arresters, diving equipment and lasers.
• It is also used in lightning arrestors, high-voltage indicators,
television tubes and meter tubes.
Neon is a chemical element with the symbol Ne and
atomic number 10. It is a noble gas. Neon is a colorless,
odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions,
with about two-thirds the density of air.
26. USES
• Nickel resists corrosion, even when red hot, so is used in toasters
and electric ovens.
• A copper-nickel alloy is commonly used in desalination plants,
which convert seawater into fresh water.
• Nickel steel is used for armor plating. Other alloys of nickel are used
in boat propeller shafts and turbine blades.
• It is also used in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-
metal hydride batteries.
Nickel is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and
atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with
a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition
metals and is hard and ductile.
27. USES
• It is used in the manufacture of ammonia, to produce nitric acid
and subsequently used as a fertilizer.
• Nitric acid salts include important compounds like potassium
nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and nitric acid.
• Liquid nitrogen is utilized as a refrigerant for transporting foodstuff
and freezing purposes.
• Preservation of bodies and reproductive cells and stable storage of
biological samples also makes use of liquid nitrogen.
Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and
atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by
Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.
28. USES
• Oxygen is used in production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing,
welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant,
oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines,
spaceflight and diving.
• Special oxygen chambers are used in case of high pressure to
increase the partial pressure of oxygen around the patient.
Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and
atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group
in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an
oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most
elements as well as with other compounds.
29. USES
• Phosphorus is a vital plant nutrient and its main use – via
phosphate compounds – is in the production of fertilizers.
• It is also used in the manufacture of safety matches (red
phosphorus), pyrotechnics and incendiary shells.
• Phosphorus is also used in steel manufacture and in the production
of phosphor bronze.
• It is also used to make light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and
atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two
major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but
because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as
a free element on Earth.
30. USES
• Platinum is used extensively for jewelry.
• It is also used as a catalyst for the production of nitric acid, silicone
and benzene.
• Platinum is also used for computer hard disks and thermocouples,
to make optical fibers and LCDs, turbine blades, spark plugs,
pacemakers and dental fillings.
• Platinum compounds are important chemotherapy drugs used to
treat cancers.
Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and
atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly
unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its
name is derived from the Spanish term platino, meaning
"little silver".
31. USES
• It can be used as a medium of heat exchange and are used in
nuclear power plants because of this reason.
• It is one of the essential nutrients of the human body.
• Potassium chloride (KCl) is used in fertilizers, as a salt substitute and
to produce other chemicals.
• Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used to make soaps, detergents and
drain cleaners.
• Potassium chloride is also used in injections.
Potassium is a chemical element with the symbol K and
atomic number 19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that
is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force.
Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen
to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of
exposure.
32. USES
• Silicon is a major constituent in ceramics and bricks.
• It is widely used in computer chips and solar cells.
• Being a semiconductor, the element is put into use for making
transistors.
• It is a vital component of Portland cement.
• It is used in the production of fire bricks.
• Several waterproofing systems employ silicones as a component.
• Silicon is used in much mold release agents and molding
compounds.
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and
atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid
with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a tetravalent
metalloid and semiconductor.
33. USES
• Silver is used for jewelry and silver tableware, where appearance is
important.
• Silver is used to make mirrors, as it is the best reflector of visible
light known, although it does tarnish with time.
• It is also used in dental alloys, solder and brazing alloys, electrical
contacts and batteries.
• Silver has antibacterial properties and silver nanoparticles are used
in clothing to prevent bacteria from digesting sweat and forming
unpleasant odors.
Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag and
atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition
metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity,
thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal.
34. USES
• It is used in improving the structure of certain alloys; soaps,
purification of molten metals and in sodium vapor lamps.
• Sodium is used as a heat exchanger in some nuclear reactors, and
as a reagent in the chemicals industry.
• The most common compound of sodium is sodium chloride
(common salt). It is added to food and used to de-ice roads in
winter.
• Solid sodium carbonate is required in making glass.
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and
atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly
reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1
of the periodic table. Its only stable isotope is ²³Na.
35. USES
• Strontium is best known for the brilliant reds its salts give to
fireworks and flares.
• It is also used in producing ferrite magnets and refining zinc.
• Modern ‘glow-in-the-dark’ paints and plastics contain strontium
aluminate. They absorb light during the day and release it slowly for
hours afterwards.
• Strontium chloride hexahydrate is an ingredient in toothpaste for
sensitive teeth.
Strontium is the chemical element with the symbol Sr and
atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a
soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly
chemically reactive. The metal forms a dark oxide layer
when it is exposed to air.
36. USES
• Sulfur is used in the vulcanization of black rubber, as a fungicide
and in black gunpowder.
• It is also used in production of sulfuric acid. The most important of
sulfuric acid’s many uses is in the manufacture of phosphoric acid,
to make phosphates for fertilizers.
• Sulfites are used to bleach paper and as preservatives for many
foodstuffs.
Sulfur is a chemical element with the symbol S and
atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and
nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form
cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S₈.
Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at
room temperature.
37. USES
• It is used in tin plating, coating and polishing as it has a high
resistance to corrosion.
• It is used in soldering of steel as it possesses high magnetic
strengths and lower melting points.
• It is also used in the manufacture of other alloys such as Bronze and
copper.
• It is used as a reducing as well as a dyeing agent for glass, ceramics,
and sensors.
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic
number 50. Tin is a silvery metal that characteristically has
a faint yellow hue. Tin is soft enough to be cut with little
force.
38. USES
• Uranium is a very important element because it provides us with
nuclear fuel used to generate electricity in nuclear power stations.
• It is also the major material from which other synthetic
transuranium elements are made.
• The leftover waste, depleted uranium, can be used as ballast for
ships and counterweights for aircraft.
• It is also used in ammunition and armor.
Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and
atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide
series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92
protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence
electrons.
39. USES
• Xenon is used in certain specialized light sources. It produces a
beautiful blue glow when excited by an electrical discharge.
• Xenon lamps have applications as high-speed electronic flash bulbs
used by photographers, sunbed lamps and bactericidal lamps used
in food preparation and processing.
• Xenon ion propulsion systems are used by several satellites to keep
them in orbit, and in some other spacecraft.
Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and
atomic number 54. It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble
gas found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.
40. USES
• Zinc is used to galvanize other metals, such as iron, to prevent
rusting. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die-castings. It
is also used in alloys such as brass, nickel silver and aluminum
solder.
• It is used for manufacturing like creating roofing materials or
making zinc oxide, which is an additive to the rubber used to make
automobile tires.
• It also helps in maintaining the balance of enzymes in the human
body.
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic
number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room
temperature and has a silvery-greyish appearance when
oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 of
the periodic table.
41. Submitted By:
Gennica Anne Cabrigas Grade 7-STE
Science Performance Task #2
Submitted To:
Mrs. Jennelyn L. Rafales
Class Adviser / Science Teacher