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ORGANIZATION MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
The document summarizes the organization and properties of the modern periodic table. It is organized into blocks that include metals, nonmetals, metalloids, representative elements, transition metals, and inner transition metals. Key points about the properties and common uses of elements in each block are provided, such as lithium used in batteries, calcium essential for bones, and the noble gases being colorless and nonreactive.
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ORGANIZATION MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
- 1. Organization of theModern Periodic Table QBA Miguel A. Castro Ramírez
- 2. Metals, Nonmetals, andMetaloids metals- those elements on the left side of the chart. high luster, electrically conductive Malleable
- 3. nonmetals- those elementson the right side of the chart. no luster brittle, nonmalleable non conductive metaloids- elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals.
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- 7. Hydrogen Although inGroup 1A, hydrogen shares few properties with other elements in the group. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Over 90% of the mass in the universe is hydrogen. Hydrogen can behave like a metal or a non- metal.
- 8. The Alkali Metals Alkali (arabic al-qili – meaning “ashes of a saltwort plant”) These Group 1A elements react with water to form alkaline (basic) solutions. Most are soft enough to cut with a knife
- 9. Lithium Least reactivein group. Similar to Magnesium Common Compounds: Lithium Hydride – Batteries Lithium Carbonate – treat bipolar disorder.
- 10. Sodium and Potassium Most abundant of the Group 1A elements Both react “vigorously” with water. Common Compounds Sodium chloride – table salt Potassium chloride – “salt” substitute.
- 11. The Alkali EarthMetals Alchemy used the word “earth” to describe elements that did not melt in fire. Most compounds of this group do not dissolve in water.
- 12. Beryllium Used tocontrol nuclear reactions Used to make tools for the petroleum industry
- 13. Calcium Essentialin humans for bones and teeth. Calcium Carbonate – antacid, major component of limestone, chalk, and marble. Lime – calcium oxide. Magnesium Useful in the construction of strong and lightweight alloys. Magnesium oxide – high melting point
- 14. Strontium Fireworks “red”color Barium Used to color glass. Some compounds used for medical diagnostics. Radium Highly radioactive – once used to paint the hands on watches to glow in the dark.
- 15. The Boron Group These elements are always found combined with other elements in nature. Boron Least representative. Borax – Borosilicate glass – withstands high temperature differences.
- 16. Aluminum Most abundantmetal in the earth’s crust. Bauxite – ore of aluminum oxide. It is used as an abrasive. Gallium Gallium Arsenide – converts solar energy from electricity. Gallium based laser – “blue-ray” DVD
- 17. The Carbon Group Wide range of properties within one group. Carbon Organic and biological chemistry. Inorganic compounds.
- 18. Compounds of itself. Graphite, Coal, Diamond. Allotropes – same elements in the same state with different structures and properties.
- 19. Silicon Usedin computer chips and solar cells. Silca – silicon dioxide. Major component of sand. Lead Lead was one of the first metals separated from ore. Once used for plumbing, now known to cause brain damage. Car batteries.
- 20. The Nitrogen Group Nitrogen- colorless, odorless gas; makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere. Common element in explosives. Phosphorus – essential for plant growth. Antimony, Arsenic, and bismuth Arsenic sulfide – toxic but used at one time to treat illness
- 21. Antimony sulfide –makeup to darken eybrows. Bismuth- “Pepto-bismol” and in Wood’s alloy (fire sprinklers)
- 22. The Oxygen Group(Chalcogens) Oxygen Two common allotropes O2 – 21% of the earth’s atmosphere O3 – unstable gas that decomposes under heat and UV radiation The most abundant element in earth’s crust.
- 23. Sulfur Yellowwith multiple allotropes Sulfur dioxide – emission responsible for acid rain Hydrogen sulfide – “rotten egg” smell. Silver sulfide – silver tarnish
- 24. Selenium SodiumSelenate - found in multivitamins. Works with Vitamin E to prevent cell damage. Locoweed – contains toxic concentrations of selenium. Used in solar panels, photocopiers, and microprocessors
- 25. Polonium Rare Radioactive Extremely Toxic Discovered by Marie and Piere Curie (1898). Named for her homeland (Poland)
- 26. The Halogens Flourine The most reactive nonmetal. Added to toothpaste and drinking water to prevent decay. Chlorine Although a toxic gas, is used to disinfect sewage and drinking water.
- 27. Bromine and Iodine Sodium Bromide, and Sodium Iodine coat photographic film. Goiter – condition where body is deprived of iodine. Ex: Iodized salt. Water purification tablets.
- 28. The Noble Gases Colorless and non reactive Helium Used by divers to prevent the bends. Found on earth in Natural gas wells. Texas is a leading supplier of Helium.
- 29. Neon, Argon, andKrypton Light displays Argon is used in high temperature welding to prevent combustion.
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- 31. Transition Metals “B” Groups Most are solids at room temperature with high melting points. The more unpaired electrons the greater the hardness and higher the melting point. Can vary in their loss of electrons
- 32. Inner Transition Metals Lanthanide Series “Silvery” metals with high melting points. Typically found mixed together in nature and very difficult to refine. Neodymium and Praseodymium – Welder’s Glasses Yttrium oxide and europium oxide – TVs and CRTs
- 33. Actinide Series Radioactive Only 3 exist in nature Transuranium element – synthetic elements exist beyond Atomic number 92. Plutonium – nuclear “fuel” for power plants. Americium – smoke detectors.