The document discusses several methods for producing synthetic petrol/fuel from sources like coal, natural gas, and biomass. It describes the polymerization, Fischer-Tropsch, and Bergius processes. The polymerization process combines smaller hydrocarbon molecules into heavier ones resembling gasoline using either thermal or catalytic polymerization. The Fischer-Tropsch process uses synthesis gas from sources like coal and biomass to produce fuels and chemicals. The Bergius process directly converts coal to liquids using hydrogenation at high temperatures and pressures.

1. 4 Applied Chemistry
Helwan university

2. Introduction
 Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel obtained from
coal , natural gas , oil shale , or biomass .
 It may also refer to fuel derived from other solids such
as plastics or rubber waste.

3. Methods of producing synthetic
petrol
Polymerization
Fischer-Tropsch
Bergius process

4. Polymerization
 In this method, smaller molecules of hydrocarbons
are combined to form heavier molecule resembling
gasoline , it is of two type:
A. Thermal polymerization
B. Catalytic polymerization

5. Thermal polymerization
 Thermal polymerization is carried out at temperature
about 500-600 C and pressure about 70-350 Kg/cm2

6. Catalytic polymerization
 It is carried out at lower temperature of 150-200 C , in
low pressure and in presence of catalyst like posphoric
acid.
 The rate of reaction is increased.
 The gasoline obtained is of inproved quality and
posses high antiknock properties than the gasoline
obtained from thermal polymerization process.

7. Fischer-Tropsch Process
 It is indirect coal liquefaction.
 It is a set of chemical reaction that can be used to
produce fuels and chemicles from synthesis gas.
 synthesis gas is mixture of Co and H2 , which can be
derived from natural gas , coal , or biomass.

8. Optimum conditions:
Feed stock
water gas +
H2
Catalyst
cobalt(100
parts)
magnesia(8
parts)
thoria(5
parts)
Temperature
250 C
Pressure
5-10 atm

9. It involves two steps:
Production of
synthesis gas.
Hydrogenation
of synthesis gas.

10. 1) Production of synthesis
gas
1. C + H2o [CO + H2]
(coal) (steam) ( water gas)
2. [CO + H2] + H2 [CO + 2H2]
( water gas) (synthesis gas)
The synthesis gas is fed into converter which contains catalyst
under temperature , then occurs it hydrogenation.

11. 1) Hydrogenation of synthesis gas
1. n[CO + (2n+1)H2] Cn H2n+2 + H2o
(synthesis gas ) (Alkanes)
After produce alkanes is fed into fractional
distillation column to produce (The synthetic
petrol)

13. Disadvantages
1. As implemented today , it is dirty , wastes energy ,
complicated.
2. Burns almost one ton of coal for every ton converted
to liquid fuel

14. Bergius process
 One of the main methods of direct conversion of coal
to liquids by hydrogenation process is Bergius process.
 In this process , the finely powdered coal is completed
keen on a paste through heavy oil ang a catalyst
powder (tin or nickel oleate) is mixed with it. The
paste is pumped along with hydrogen gas into the
converter. Where the synthetic paste is heated to 400-
450 C under a pressure of 200-250 atm.

15. Continue……
 During this process hydrogen combines with coal to
form saturated higher hydrocarbons , which
experience additional decay at superior temperature to
acquiesce combination of lesser hydrocarbons.
 The mix is led to a condenser , where the crude oil is
attained . The crude oil then fractionated to yield
A. Gasoline B. Middle oil C. Heavy oil