The document discusses various processes for producing synthesis gas (syngas), which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, from natural gas through reforming reactions. It describes the main reforming processes - steam reforming, partial oxidation, autothermal reforming, dry reforming, and their operating conditions. Catalysts used and reactor designs for the different reforming reactions are also summarized.
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
This is a report on the design of a plant to produce 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
Methanol most flexible chemical commodities and energy sources produced from convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas and also by catalytic synthesis of methanol
This is a report on the design of a plant to produce 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
A detailed Powerpoint presentation on the steps in the manufacturing of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber process (including the production of the starting materials and manufacturing conditions and applying the principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics), the uses of ammonia and the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
Methanol most flexible chemical commodities and energy sources produced from convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas and also by catalytic synthesis of methanol
PRESENTATION ON PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGENPriyam Jyoti Borah
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is conducted in a reformer vessel where a high pressure mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations due to high operating temperature. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application.
Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer. The fuel can be a solid, liquid, or gas, although for airplane propulsion the fuel is usually a liquid. The oxidizer, likewise, could be a solid, liquid, or gas.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. Course Title: Project
Course Code: ACCE 408
Submitted By
Md. Habibur Rahman
Student ID:
20121107042
Session: 2012-2013
4th Year 1st Semester
Submitted To
Dr. Md. Nurunnabi
Assistant Professor
Applied Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering Faculty of Engineering
3. Syngas (synthesis gas) is a mixture of H2 and CO is
produced by the steam reforming and partial oxidation of
hydrocarbons or a combination of both processes.
It is also called as coal bedded methane gas. Syngas is
the condensation for Synthesis gas.
The name syngas is derived from the use as an
intermediate in generating synthetic natural gas and to
create ammonia or methanol.
Syngas main products:
Fuel gas (C1-C2)
Gasoline
Kerosene
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Soft and Hard Wax
4. The syngas contain-
30 to 60% CO, carbon monoxide
25 to 30% hydrogen (H2),
0 to 5% methane (CH4),
5 to 15% carbon dioxide (CO2),
A lesser or greater amount of water vapor,
smaller amounts of the sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
carbonyl sulfide (COS),
Finally some ammonia and other trace contaminants
5. There are seven reforming processes available for the production of
syngas from natural gas, whose major component is methane. These
are-
Steam Reforming (SMR),
Partial Oxidation (POX),
Auto Thermal reforming, (ATR),
Dry Reforming of methane (DMR),
Combined Reforming of methane (CMR),
Reforming with Membrane,
Tri-reforming of Methane (TMR).
6. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is the reaction
where steam and hydrocarbons, such as natural gas or refinery feed
stock, react in a reformer at temperature of 800˚C - 900˚C and
moderate pressure in the presence of metal based catalyst for the
production of syngas .
Syngas reacts further to give more hydrogen and carbon dioxide via
the water gas shift reaction, which is a side reaction in steam
reforming. Steam reforming of natural gas produces syngas with a
H2:CO molar ratio close to 3.
7. Partial oxidation is an exothermic reaction and, thus, considered
more economic than the processes of steam reforming or dry
reforming, because it requires a smaller amount of thermal energy.
On the other hand, the partial oxidation is considered an expensive
process because it requires a flow of pure oxygen.
In non-catalytic partial oxidation, the production of syngas depends
on the air-fuel ratio at operating temperature of 1200˚C - 1500˚C
without a catalyst .
CH4 +1/2 O2 = CO+H2
8. The purpose of the auto-thermal reforming is the production of syngas.
By proper adjustment of oxygen to carbon and steam to carbon
ratios, the partial combustion in the thermal zone supplies the heat
for completing the subsequent endothermic steam and CO2
reforming reactions .
The product gas composition at the exit of the reactor results very
close to the thermodynamic equilibrium of an adiabatic reactor
9. In Dry Reforming CO2 can be used in place of steam for
reforming.CO2 reforming of methane shows significant environmental
and economic benefits by consuming two major greenhouse gases,
carbon dioxide and methane to produce synthesis gas .
It offers advantages such as the production of syngas with a lower
H2 /CO ratio and it obviates a water vaporization step to produce
steam, an energy consumer process and eliminate CH4 and CO2.
10. Combined steam and CO2 reforming of CH4 has attracted interest
from both industrial and environmental perspectives.
Firstly, from an environmental point view, the two most abundant
carbon containing greenhouse gases, methane and carbon dioxide,
can be utilized effectively in this reaction and converted into useful
chemical products.
Secondly, from an industrial perspective, the reaction produces
syngas (H2/CO) with a ratio about 2, which is suitable for Fischere-
Tropsch and methanol synthesis.
Steam reforming reaction:
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2
11. Carbon dioxide reforming of methane produces synthesis gas with a
low hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio, which is desirable for many
industrial synthesis processes.
This reaction also has very important environmental implications
since both methane and carbon dioxide contribute to the greenhouse
effect. Converting these gases into a valuable feedstock may
significantly reduce the atmospheric emissions of CO2 and CH4.
Natural gas mainly contains methane, but also ethane; propane,
butane and even higher hydrocarbons. It is converted into H2,CO.
Carbon dioxide reforming:
CH4 + CO2 → 2CO + 2H2
12. Catalytic partial oxidation is an exothermic reaction, so it tends to
form hot spots in catalyst beds. It is difficult to control, particularly in
a large scale operation .
The process of combination of CO2 reforming and partial oxidation
of methane to produce syngas couples the advantages of DMR and
POX .
The following advantages:
1) Energy coupling,
2) Controllable product ratio of H2/CO according to the
need of the post-process,
3) A safer operating environment.
13. Generally, the catalysts used for the reforming reactions are
categorized into two groups:
1)Supported noble metals, and
2)Non-noble transition metals.
There has been extensive research work on steam reforming,
catalytic partial oxidation and dry reforming catalysts including
rhodium , ruthenium [and platinum, Palladium , Iridium , catalysts.
14. Steam reforming catalysts are almost always based on nickel as the
active metal on a ceramic carrier such as Al2O3 or MgAl2O4.
The very high temperatures in the ATR require the installed catalyst
has excellent thermal stability.
ATR catalysts is the development of high pressure drops across the
catalyst bed.
15. The process uses steam methane to reform a hydrocarbon feed in
catalyst-filled tubes heated by a top-fired furnace.
16. Autothermal Reforming (ATR) is a process for producing syngas,
composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, by partially oxidizing a
hydrocarbon feed with oxygen and steam .
The pre-reformer widens the range of hydrocarbons suitable for
reforming. It also takes over some duty from the primary reformer,
inorder that it can operate under less severe conditions.
17. The feedstock for ATR can be natural gas, refinery off gas, pre-
reformed gas, Fischer Tropsch tail-gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG) or naphtha.
In the first reaction step, the feed gas reacts with oxygen (partial
combustion) and steam to produce syngas. This gas mixture enters
then, inside the same reactor, a catalyst bed for further reforming in
order to achieve a high yield reaching thermodynamic equilibrium.
The syngas can be used as feedstock for various synthesis
processes, mainly methanol and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
21. The synthesis gas, produced by the reaction, has a high CO content
which is effective for the synthesis of valuable oxygenated
chemicals.
Nickel based catalysts and noble metal-supported catalysts (Rh, Ru,
Pd, Pt,) were found to have promising catalytic performance .
The major source of synthesis gas, which is mainly used as natural
gas and Fischer Tropsch conversions, is from the steam reforming
reaction.
22. The ATR reactor consists of a burner, a combustion chamber, and a
fixed catalyst bed within a refractory lined pressure shell. Natural gas
or a similar hydrocarbon feed is directed to the fuel side of the burner
inlet and oxygen to the oxidant side.
In the combustion chamber, a large number of combustion reactions
proceed along with the steam reforming and shift reactions.
The reaction takes place-
23. A preheated mixture of natural gas, steam and oxygen is
fed through the top of the reactor. In the upper zone,
partial oxidation proceeds at a temperature of around
1200°C.
After that, the mixture is passed through a catalyst bed,
where final reforming reaction takes place .The catalyst
destroys any carbon formed at the top of the reactor. The
outlet temperature of the catalyst bed is between 850
and 1050°C.
24. Heat Exchange Reformers Basically, a heat exchange reformer is a
steam reformer where the heat required for the reaction is supplied
predominantly by convective heat exchange.
The heat can be supplied from flue gas or process gas or in principle
by any other available hot gas.
Fig : Steam Reformer
29. 1. C.H. Bartholomew, Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 24 (1982) 67.
2. J. Rostrup-Nielsen, Catalysis Science and Technology, Vol. 5,
Catalytic Steam Reforming, Springer, New York, 1984.
3. A.P. Steynberg, M.E. Dry, FT Technology: Studies in Surf. Science
and Catalysis, vol. 152, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004.
4. X. Song, Z. Guo, Technologies for direct production of flexible H2/CO
synthesis gas, Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 560–
569
5. De Groote, A. M. and G. F. Froment, “Simulation of the Catalytic
Partial
6. Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas”, accepted for publication in
Appl. Catal. (1996).
7. Samuel, P. (2003) GTL Technology Challenges and Opportunities in
Catalysis. Bulletin of the Catalysis Society of India, 2, 82-99.
8. A.M.De groote and G.F. Froment, Fuel Processing Technology 42
(1995) 109-12
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