The document discusses alkylation, which is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. It specifically discusses alkylation processes used in oil refineries, where iso-butane is alkylated with olefins. It describes nucleophilic, electrophilic, and carbene alkylating agents and their mechanisms. It also discusses sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid alkylation units used in refineries, and how cracking and polymerization can be combined with alkylation to increase gasoline yields from crude oil.

1. Made by adeeba shamim
Student of petroleum technology department
5/1/2012

2. ALKYLATION
 Alkylation is the transfer of alkyl group from one molecule
to another
 Alkyl group may transferred an alkyl carbocation free
readical a carbanion or a carbene (or their equipment)
Alkylation process used in many aspect of chemistry
In oil refineries:
in oil refineries alkylation process
refers to a particular alkylation of iso butane with olefins it is a
major aspect of up grating of petroleum

3. Alkylation

5. ALKYLATION AGENTS
 NUCLEOPHILIC ALKYLATING AGENTS
 ELECTRO ALKYLATING AGENTS
 CARBENE ALKYLATING AGENTS

6. NUCLEOPHILIC ALKYLATING
AGENTS
 Nucleophilic alkylation (carbanion) e.g. include the
use of organometallic compound such as Grignard
(organo magnesium)agent. organoithm and
organosidium reagent .these compound typically can
add to an electro deficient carbon atom such as to
carbonyl group they are also alkyl ate alkyl and aryl
halides as exemplified by suzuki couplings.
 Where Grignard is the chemical process in which
alkyl may halide add to a carbonyl group for sale are
in production plant.

7. ELECTROPHILIC ALKYLATING
PROCESS
 Electrophilic alkylating agent deliver the equivalent of
an alkylation
 Electrophilic soluble alkylating agent are often very
toxic ,due to their ability to alkylate DNA. they should
be handled by proper ppe. the mechanism of toxicity
is also responsible for the ability of some alkylating
agent to perform as anti –cancer drug in the form of
alkylating antineoplastic agent.

8. CARBENE ALKYLATING AGENT
 Carbene are extremely reactive and are known to
attack even un- activated c-h bend carbenes can be
generated by elimination of a diazo group
 Where diazo group is a type of organic compound
called diazo compound heat with nitrogen atom

9. IN OIL REFINERIES USES OF
ALKYLATION
 In standard oil refining process ,iso butane is
alkylated with low molecular weight.
 Alkenes (primarily a mixture of propane and butane)
in the presence of a strong and catalyst, either sulfuric
Acid or hydro fluoric acid.
In an oil refinery it is referred as sulfuric acid alkylation
unit (SAAU) or hydrofluoric alkylation unit .(HFAU)
refinery worker may simply referred it the alkyl unit .

10. SAAU
plant required lower temp so water medium
need to be chilled for catalytic process
HFAU
normal refinery cooling water will suffice
“ Since crude oil generally contain only up to 10 to 40% of
hydrocarbon refineries use fluid catalytic cracking process
to convert high molecular weight hydrocarbon
Into smaller and more metallic compound which are then
converted in to liquid gasoline size hydrocarbon”.

12. COMBINING CRACKING
POLYMERIZATION
 Combining polymerization ,and alkylation can result in
gasoline yield represent 70# of the starting crude oil, more
advanced process such as cyclization of paraffin's and
dehydration of naphthenic forming aromatics hydrocarbon
in a catalytic reformer ,have also been developed to
increase the action rating of gasoline.
 Refineries examine whether it makes sense economically
to install alkylation units. in addition to a suitable quantity
of feed stock the price spread by the value of alkylate
product and value must be large enough to justify the
installation

13. HF- ALKYLATION PROCESS
 Primary process technique
1.Alkylation occurs in the presence of a highly acidic
catalyst process step
2.Olefins from fcc are combined with iso butane and
feed to the hf reaction where alkylation occur
3.Acid settler separates the free hf from hydrocarbons
and recycles the acid back to the reactor.
4. A portion of the hf is generation remove acid oil
formed by feed contamination of hydrocarbon
polymerization.

14. 5. Hydro carbon from settler to the delso- butinizer for
fractionating the propane and iso –butane from n-
butane and alkylate
6. Propane is fractionated from the iso –butane
,propane as a product and iso –butane to be recycled to
the reactor
7. N-butane and alkylate deflourized in a bed of solid
adsorb and fractionated as separate particles ,