biogas plant discuss

2. Group Member : H.M.Shurjeel Amjad(2kx5-mech-109)
Umair Mehmood(2kx5-mech-113)
Muhammad Hamza(2kx5-mech-133)

3.  Biomass.
 Biomass Energy Conversion Method.
 Description of Synthesis Gas.
 Biodiesel.

4.  Plant matter created by the process of
photosynthesis is called biomass.
 Biomass is biological material derived from living,
or recently living organisms.
 Photosynthesis is a naturally occurring process
which derives its energy requirement from solar
radiation
H2O + CO2 CH2O +O2
In this process water and carbon dioxide are
converted into organic material.[1]

6.  Thermochemical process.
 Biochemical process.
 Advanced technologies.
 Integrated biomass production conversion system.

7.  These processes do not necessarily produce useful
energy directly, but under controlled temperature
and oxygen conditions are used to convert the
original biomass feedstock into more convenient
forms of energy carriers, such as producer gas, oils
or methanol .
a) Pyrolysis.
b) Carbonisation.
c) Gasification.
d) Catalytic Liquefaction .

8. 1-PYROLYSIS:
Pyrolysis is the application of heat to a feedstock in the absence of
oxygen to break down the long chain molecules into short chain
molecules .[3]
2-CARBONISATION:
During carbonisation most of the volatile components of the wood are
eliminated; this process is also called” dry wood distillation."
3-GASIFICATION:
Gasification is the partial oxidation of an organic feedstock to produce
a syngas (a mixture of hydrogen, volatile short chain organic
compounds, and carbon monoxide).
4- CATALYTIC LIQUEFACATION:
Catalytic liquefaction is a low temperature, high pressure
thermochemical conversion process carried out in the liquid phase. This
technology has the potential to produce higher quality products of
greater energy density.

9.  Microbial engineering has encouraged the use of
fermentation technologies (aerobic and anaerobic)
for use in the production of energy (biogas) and
fertilizer.
a) Anaerobic Fermentation.
b) Methane Production in Landfills.
c) Ethanol Fermentation.

10. ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION:
Anaerobic digestion is the microbial digestion of
feedstock releasing heat, methane, hydrogen sulphide,
carbon dioxide and under specific conditions hydrogen
gas. [7]
METHANE PRODUCTION IN LANDFILLS:
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, with
substantial amounts being derived from unutilized
methane production from landfill sites.
FERMENTATION:
Fermentation is the process in which a complex
substance breaks down into a simpler substance.

11. * Advanced bio refinery system designs for the
sustained production of multiple product
slates.
* Zero-emissions waste biomass combustion
systems for combined disposal-energy
recovery and recycling.
* Catalysts for thermo chemical gasification of
biomass feed stocks to product gases for
conversion to preselected chemicals in high
yields.
* Advanced biomass gasification processes for
the high-efficiency production of medium-
energy content fuel gas and power.

12.  Synthesis gas (various mixtures of CO/H2) Some (
about 16%) made from coal, but most from natural
gas and oil in the presence of steam.
 -CH2- + 0.5O2 CO + H2
 CO/H2 ratio adjusted by varying the amount of O2
and H2O.[9]

13.  The first route generally requires temperatures as
high as 1300°C and generally involves an entrained
flow gasifier. The second route includes a fluidised
bed gasifier and a downstream catalytic reformer,
both operating at approximately 900°C.

14.  The hydrocarbon feed is mixed with steam and fed to
the reforming furnace. The nickel catalyst is packed
in vertical tubes of 3-4 inches in diameter and about
20-25 feet long. Heat for the endothermic reaction is
supplied by combustion gas. The reaction
temperature must be maintained in the range of 700-
1000oC . The process takes three alternates
depending on the end products.
Synthesis Gas:
The effluent reformer gas is cooled to 35oC and
pumped to a hot potassium carbonate scrubbing
system to remove CO

15. • Chemical feedstock - source of
CO and H2.
• Production of methanol.
• Synthesis of aldehydes/alcohols from
olefins via hydroformylation .
• Manufacture of hydrocarbons .

16.  Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel
engines derived from fats and oils such as
soybeans and animal fats.
 Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with
petroleum-based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines
with little or no modification.

17. 1)- The methanol and catalyst are placed
in a controlled reaction chamber to
undergoes transesterification.
2)- The initial product is placed in a
separator to remove the glycerine by
product.
3)- The excess methanol is recovered from
the methyl esters through evaporation.
4)- The final biodiesel is rinsed with
water and pH neutralized.

18. 1)- Direct mixing and micro emulsion:
These two physical methods can lower the viscosity of
vegetable oil, but they can not solve the problem of carbon
deposits and lube pollution, and the high temperature pyrolysis
cracking is hard to be controlled by its reactant at high
temperature.
2)- Ester exchange:
In contrast, ester exchange is a more advanced method. The
triglyceride can be transformed into monoester.
3)- Transesterification:
Transesterification is the chemical reaction between
triglycerides and short-chain alcohol in the presence of a
catalyst to produce mono-esters.

19.  Environmentally friendly.
 Can help reduce dependence on oil.
 Helps lubricate the engine, reducing wear.
 Safer than conventional diesel.
 Fewer emissions, biodegradable, renewable.
 Is the only biofuel that has successively
completed emissions testing in accordance
with the Clean Air Act.
 Non-toxic.

20. THANK YOU