Super capacitors# synthesis# material# analysis#cv#gcd#fra#xrd#ftir#metail oxide#chemical # nano# METLERGY#chemical synthesis# chemical technology#petrolium# renewable energy sources# power storage
Super capacitors# synthesis# material# analysis#cv#gcd#fra#xrd#ftir#metail oxide#chemical # nano# METLERGY#chemical synthesis# chemical technology#petrolium# renewable energy sources# power storage
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
Refining Process.pdf
1. The refining process
Every refinery begins with the separation of crude oil into different fractions by
distillation.
Cracking
The fractions are further treated to convert them into
mixtures of more useful saleable products by various
methods such as;
These mixtures of new compounds are then separated using methods such as;
Reforming
Isomerisation
Alkylation
Polymerisation
Dehydration
Fractionation Solvent extraction
Impurities are removed by various methods, e.g.
Desalting
Hydrotreating
Sulphur removal
2. 2
Cracking takes large hydrocarbons and breaks them into smaller ones
Cracking
There are several types of cracking:
Thermal - Heating large hydrocarbons at high temperatures (sometimes high
pressures as well) until they break apart.
Steam - High temperature steam (816 C) is used to break ethane, butane and
naphtha into ethylene and benzene, which are used to manufacture chemicals.
3. 3
Visbreaking - Residual from the distillation tower is heated (482 C), cooled with
gas oil and rapidly burned (flashed) in a distillation tower. This process reduces the
viscosity of heavy weight oils and produces tar.
Visbreaking is a non-catalytic thermal process that converts atmospheric or vacuum
residues via thermal cracking to gas, naphtha, distillates, and visbroken residue.
Atmospheric and vacuum residues are typically charged to a visbreaker to reduce
fuel oil viscosity and increase distillate yield in the refinery.
A visbreaker thermally cracks large hydrocarbon molecules in the oil by heating in a
furnace to reduce its viscosity and to produce small quantities of light hydrocarbons (
LPG and gasoline).
4. 4
Visbreaking
• Atmospheric and vacuum residues are fed to the visbreaker heater where it is
heated to a high temperature, causing partial vaporization and mild cracking. The
heater outlet stream is quenched with gas oil to stop the cracking reaction. The vapor-
liquid mixture enters the fractionator to be separated into gas, naphtha, gas oil and
visbroken resid (tar).
5. 5
Coking - Residual from the distillation tower is heated to temperatures above 482 C
until it cracks into heavy oil, gasoline and naphtha. When the process is done, a heavy,
almost pure carbon residue is left (coke); the coke is cleaned from the cokers and sold.
6. 6
NOTE: After various hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller hydrocarbons, the
products go through another fractional distillation column to separate them.
Catalytic - Uses a catalyst to speed up the cracking reaction. Catalysts include
zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, bauxite and silica-alumina.
Fluid catalytic cracking - A hot, fluid catalyst (538 C) cracks heavy gas oil into
diesel oils and gasoline.
Hydrocracking - Similar to fluid catalytic cracking, but uses a different catalyst,
lower temperatures, higher pressure, and hydrogen gas. It takes heavy oil and cracks it
into gasoline and kerosene (jet fuel).
7. Reforming is a process which uses heat, pressure and a catalyst (usually containing
platinum) to bring about chemical reactions which upgrade naphthas into high octane
petrol and petrochemical feedstock.
The naphthas are hydrocarbon mixtures containing many paraffins and naphthenes.
Reforming converts a portion of these compounds to isoparaffins and aromatics,
which are used to blend higher octane petrol.
Paraffins are converted to isoparaffins
Paraffins are converted to naphthenes
Naphthenes are converted to aromatics
A significant by-product of this reactions is hydrogen gas, which is then either used
for hydrocracking or sold.
2
8
7
16
7 4
Hydrogen
Toluene
Heptane
H
H
C
H
C Catalyst
Catalyst
2
6
6
12
6 3
Hydrogen
Benzene
e
Cyclohexan
H
H
C
H
C Catalyst
Catalyst
Reforming
8. 8
Olefins such as propylene and butylene are produced by catalytic and thermal
cracking.
Alkylation refers to the chemical bonding of these light molecules (propylene and
butylene) with isobutane to form larger branched-chain molecules (isoparaffins) that
make high octane petrol.
Olefins and isobutane are mixed with an acid catalyst (hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric
acid) and cooled. They react to form alkylate ( mixture of high octane parafinic
hydrocarbons, mostly isopentane and isooctane), plus some normal butane, isobutane
and propane. The resulting liquid is neutralised and separated in a series of distillation
columns. Isobutane is recycled as feed and butane and propane sold as liquid
petroleum gas (LPG).
Alkylation
18
8
8
4
10
4
isooctane
butylene
isobutane
H
C
H
C
H
C Catalyst
Catalyst
9. 9
Olefins and isobutane are mixed with an acid catalyst (hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric
acid) and cooled. They react to form alkylate, plus some normal butane, isobutane and
propane. The resulting liquid is neutralised and separated in a series of distillation
columns. Isobutane is recycled as feed and butane and propane sold as liquid
petroleum gas (LPG).
Alkylation
10. 10
Isomerisation refers to chemical rearrangement of (paraffins) to (isoparaffins). This
is done for two reasons:
1. They create extra isobutane feed for alkylation
2. They improve the octane of straight run pentanes and hexanes and hence make
them into better petrol blending components.
Isomerisation is achieved by mixing normal butane with a little hydrogen and
chloride and allowed to react in the presence of a catalyst to form isobutane, plus a
small amount of normal butane and some lighter gases. Products are separated in a
fractionator. The lighter gases are used as refinery fuel and the butane recycled as
feed.
TABLE: ISOMERIZATION PROCESSES
Feedstock From Process Typical products . . . To
n-Butane Rearrangement Isobutane . . . . . . . Alkylation
n-Pentane Isopentane . . . . . . Blending
n-Hexane
Various
Processes
Isohexane . . . . . . . Blending
Gas . . . . . . . . . . . Gas Plant
Isomerisation
12. 12
Polymerization in the petroleum industry is the process of converting light
olefin gases including ethylene, propylene, and butylene into hydrocarbons of
higher molecular weight and higher octane number that can be used as gasoline
blending stocks.
Polymerization combines two or more identical olefin molecules to form a
single molecule with the same elements in the same proportions as the original
molecules. Polymerization may be accomplished thermally or in the presence of a
catalyst at lower temperatures.
Feedstock From Process Typical products . . . . . . To
Olefins Cracking
processes
Unification High octane naphtha . . Gasoline blending
Petrochem. feedstock . . Petrochemical
Liquefied petro. gas . . . Storage
TABLE: POLYMERIZATION PROCESS
Polymerisation
14. 14
A number of contaminants are found in crude oil. As the fractions travel through
the refinery processing units, these impurities can damage the equipment, the
catalysts and the quality of the products. There are also legal limits on the contents
of some impurities, like sulphur, in products.
Hydrotreating is one way of removing many of the contaminants from many of the
intermediate or final products.
In the hydrotreating process, the entering feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and
heated to 300 – 380 oC. The oil combined with the hydrogen then enters a reactor
loaded with a catalyst which promotes several reactions:
Hydrogen combines with sulphur to form hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
Nitrogen compounds are converted to ammonia.
Any metals contained in the oil are deposited on the catalyst.
Some of the olefins, aromatics or naphthenes become saturated with hydrogen to
become paraffins and some cracking takes place, causing the creation of some
methane, ethane, propane and butanes.
Hydrotreating