The document discusses the differences between phrases and clauses, with phrases being fragments containing more than one word that lack a subject and predicate, while clauses are larger fragments that can form a complete sentence. It also examines independent clauses that can stand alone versus dependent or subordinate clauses that cannot. The document analyzes examples of subordinate clauses and their function as complements or adverbials in complex sentences.
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This the fifth part of sentence transformation and in this slide we are going to learn how to transform simple to compound, compound to complex and complex to simple sentences ans vice-versa without changing the meaning of the sentences. You can practice by clicking on the following link. https://forms.gle/6psD62Y2N6MGC8jw9
Professional editor's corner punctuation quirkspolishedpaper
Polished Paper provides our clients with on-demand professional English language editing and proofreading services designed to meet all of your needs. Whether your goals are academic, professional, or creative, you can rest assured that Polished Paper will be with you as your partner in success, today, tomorrow, and beyond.
Know more: https://polishedpaper.com/
This the fifth part of sentence transformation and in this slide we are going to learn how to transform simple to compound, compound to complex and complex to simple sentences ans vice-versa without changing the meaning of the sentences. You can practice by clicking on the following link. https://forms.gle/6psD62Y2N6MGC8jw9
"Reduced adverb clauses include present or past participles with or without prepositional (or adverbial) phrases and/or adverb clause markers, external/peripheral to the independent clause structure, for example, The professor looked at me, smiling broadly, or While walking to class that night, I noticed this poster, or After releasing her first CD, she made a hit movie. With full or reduced adverb clauses, the independent clause retains its structure and meaning if the subordinate construction is completely omitted. In academic texts, reduced adverb clauses integrate information compactly, while retaining the meanings and functions of full adverb clauses.
Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. Reduced relative clauses can modify the subject NOT the object of a sentence. Let's quickly review relative clauses to learn more. Once you understand the rules, take the reduced relative clauses quiz to test your understanding. Relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns much like adjectives.
"Reduced adverb clauses include present or past participles with or without prepositional (or adverbial) phrases and/or adverb clause markers, external/peripheral to the independent clause structure, for example, The professor looked at me, smiling broadly, or While walking to class that night, I noticed this poster, or After releasing her first CD, she made a hit movie. With full or reduced adverb clauses, the independent clause retains its structure and meaning if the subordinate construction is completely omitted. In academic texts, reduced adverb clauses integrate information compactly, while retaining the meanings and functions of full adverb clauses.
Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. Reduced relative clauses can modify the subject NOT the object of a sentence. Let's quickly review relative clauses to learn more. Once you understand the rules, take the reduced relative clauses quiz to test your understanding. Relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, modify nouns much like adjectives.
Tree diagrams
- Wh question
I. DEFINITION OF WH-QUESTION
Wh question is a question asks for information by using the question word such as
what, who, where, why, when, whom, whose, which , and how
Structure:
Q + aux + subject/object/complement?
Ex:
What do you do ?
Who did you meet last night?
II.TREE DIAGRAM
1) Simple tenses
Why are you (t) working hard these days?
Why was it (t) snowing in the summer?
3. Perfect tenses
Exercise
Analyzing the following sentences by using tree diagram.
1) How long have you learned English ?
2) Why will students be absent tomorrow?
THANKs FOR your ATTENTION
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
1. Phrases, clauses and the complex sentence Think? What is the difference between a phrase and a clause? We have covered so far different types of phrases: NP, VP, AdjP, AdvP, PossP. A phrase is a sentence fragment containing more than one word and lacking the subject and predicate structure typical of clauses (traditional grammar definition) (e.g. VP: pick up) A clause is a sentence fragment, larger than a phrase.
2. Syntax part 5: Phrases and clauses Types of clauses: Independent Dependent or subordinate Independent clauses can stand alone, whereas dependent clauses cannot. e.g. When I got home, I ate dinner.
3. Syntax part 5: Phrases and clauses 2. Subordinate clauses Consider the following examples: Ziyad inquired of Ahmed if she liked car racing. Someone mentioned to me that Peter has a massive social problem. I no longer have a social life because I am writing a demanding article. Think? What do you notice about the underlined constituents?
4. Syntax part 5: Phrases and clauses Features of Subordinate clauses: They are part of a COMPLEX SENTENCE A clause is basically a sentence. We use this term mainly when talking about one of the sentences within a complex sentence. The underlined constituents, mentioned earlier, are said to be subordinate clauses or embedded clauses because they are part of a larger sentence, which is called the main clause.
5. Syntax part 5: Phrases and clauses Think? Are the underlined constituents complements or adjuncts? Ziyad inquired of Ahmed if she liked car racing. Someone mentioned to me that Peter has a massive social problem. I no longer have a social life because I am writing a demanding article. These constituents are complements for the following reasons: They are obligatory elements. For instance the sentence: *Ziyad inquired of Ahmed is not a complete sentence
6. Syntax part 5: Phrases and clauses However, what happens if we omit the first word used in the underlined constituent (i.e. if, that, because) Answer: These constituents form a complete sentence. These words are called COMPLEMENTIERS
7. Syntax part 5: Phrases and clauses Not all clauses require complementisers, as shown in the following examples: Mary thought Harry was a good drummer. Christine said Peter should go home. In the examples above, no complimentisers exist, but we still can say that the underlined constituents are subordinate clauses because they act like complement of the verbs think and say. Because we cannot omit complimentisers, therefore these play the role as heads of the Complementiser Phrase (CP) and the Complementiser bears the symbol of C.
8. Syntax part 5: Phrases and clauses Drawing the tree: CP C S That she should go
9. Various uses of CPs: VP cp v asked whether she should go. n’ cp n idea that he was a genius Exercice: draw trees for the following sentences: She said John lied, they asked if they can sing, I fell asleep because I became bored
10. Function of subordinate clauses Function of Subordinate clauses Noun: What you see is what you get. Cp. A Ferrari is a car Adverb: When we sing, we will feel happy. Cp. We will feel happy everyday. Adjective: The person who you know has left. Cp. The bad person has left.
11. Exercice Exercise (pair work) Each of the following subordinate clauses is a fragment. Make a complete sentence by placing an independent clause and draw the tree diagram: Example: After I ate a salad Answer: After I ate a salad, I ordered dessert. I ordered dessert after I ate a salad. a. If I were rich b. Since I didn’t see you at the party c. Until Sally finds her textbook d. When I finally save up enough money e. While you were sleeping