Syntax & Stylistics 1
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The document discusses syntax and constituent structure in language. It explains that sentences have a hierarchical structure with constituents that group words together based on intuitions of relatedness. Various tests like replacement with pronouns can help identify constituents. Ambiguous sentences provide evidence for different syntactic structures underlying multiple meanings. Finite state grammars are insufficient for capturing properties of human language like recursion and memory effects.
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![Intuitions about Words Belonging Together My cat eats ate really fancy restaurants [[my cat ][ eats [ at [[ really fancy ] restaurants ]]]] ,[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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1. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning focusing on literal word meanings and how they are combined. Pragmatics studies how literal meaning must be refined based on context to understand what a speaker meant.
2. Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word by denoting or referring to something. Sense refers to matching a word's meaning with another expression having the same meaning.
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The document discusses the syntactic classification of adjectives in English grammar. It analyzes adjectives based on their position and functions, including attributive only adjectives, predicative only adjectives, and central adjectives. It provides examples to illustrate intensifying adjectives, limiter adjectives, and adjectives related to adverbials that are attributive only.
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- "Tired of paying full price? Come to our 50% off sale!" This could mean either 50% off regular prices, or that everything is half price.
- "New car gets 50 mpg highway." It's unclear if this refers to the average for all models of this car, or just a specific high-efficiency trim level.
- "Senator supports family values." What exactly constitutes "family values" could be interpreted in different ways by different people.
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This document discusses constituents and phrases. It defines a phrase as a syntactic arrangement consisting of parts, usually two constituents. Examples of phrases and their constituents are provided, such as "the man" with constituents "the" and "man". Phrases can contain other phrases as constituents to form hierarchical structures. Noun phrases are discussed in detail, including their possible constituents like determiners, adjectives, prepositional phrases, relative clauses, and appositives. The ordering and functions of different types of constituents in noun phrases are explained through numerous examples.
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This document presents a definition of phrases and describes a general approach to developing a theory of grammar based on universal grammar and native speaker intuitions. It defines phrases as groups of words that do not contain subjects or verbs. It then outlines a theory of grammar involving lexical categories that form phrase heads and phrase structure rules that determine phrase constituents and their orderings. Several example phrase structure rules are given for noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases.
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The document discusses the concept of heads and modifiers in linguistics. It defines a head as the key word that determines the syntactic type of a phrase. The head identifies the category of the phrase, such as a noun phrase having a noun as the head. Modifiers are optional elements that modify or change the meaning of the head. Modifiers can be premodifiers or postmodifiers, and the main types are adjectives and adverbs. Phrases can be endocentric, having an obligatory head, or exocentric, lacking a head.
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This document discusses different parts of speech and phrases in English syntax, including adjectives and adjective phrases, adverbs and adverb phrases, prepositions and prepositional phrases, and verbs and verb phrases. It provides examples and rules for each type. Adjectives modify nouns, adverb phrases can modify verbs, adjectives, or whole sentences, and prepositional phrases function as part of the predicate. There are different classes of verbs including transitive, intransitive, and ditransitive verbs that take different types of objects.
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1. A syntax defines the rules and structure of proper sentences through word order and grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives.
2. Key parts of syntax include noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), prepositions (PP), and formulas to define sentence structure like S → NP + VP.
3. Main lexical categories include nouns (people, places, things), pronouns (words used instead of nouns), verbs (words describing actions), adjectives (words describing nouns), adverbs (words adding meaning to verbs/adjectives), and determiners (words specifying nouns like articles).
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The document discusses various aspects of syntactic structure and sentence structure. It covers topics such as word order, grammaticality, phrasal categories including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases and prepositional phrases. It also discusses the structure of predication, modification, and complementation. Key concepts covered include subjects, objects, verbs, prepositions, and how different parts of speech can function together in sentences based on rules of syntax.
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1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
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This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.
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This slide show covers terms for parts of speech, structural analysis, and grammatical constituents. It is for a introductory linguistics course.
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This is my group assignment for Introduction to Linguistics subject. Our group members are:
1. Machsuna Indriastuti
2. Nur Laila Rahmawati
3. Nur Afifah Firdaus Masykuri
4. Nanda Dwiana Pangestuti
Please don't remove our credit!
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The document provides an overview of syntax and grammar concepts including:
- The definition of syntax as the rules for combining words into sentences
- The hierarchical structure of sentences from morphemes to words to phrases to clauses and sentences
- The different types of sentences classified by their structure
- The concept of constituents as the building blocks of sentences
- The grammatical categories and functions of constituents including subjects, predicates, objects, and complements
- The characteristics and categories that can function as subjects, objects, complements, and other roles
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The document discusses syntactic structures in English and describes four main groups of structures. It provides examples of structures formed by combining words like nouns and verbs. The structures can be divided into modifiers and heads, with the head being the main word that is modified. The document outlines different types of modifiers that can be used with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions as heads.
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Adjective phrase
An adjective phrase modifies a noun and consists of an optional adverb phrase followed by an adjective. Adjective phrases function as subject complements following a linking verb, object complements modifying a direct object, or as pre-modifiers within a noun phrase. They define attributes and characteristics of nouns. Examples are provided such as "the fat brown dog" where "fat brown" is the adjective phrase modifying the noun "dog", and "John made Kate angry" where "angry" is the object complement adjective phrase modifying the direct object "Kate".
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This document discusses key concepts in semantics and pragmatics including:
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2. Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word by denoting or referring to something. Sense refers to matching a word's meaning with another expression having the same meaning.
3. Lexical meaning refers to individual word meanings while structural meaning refers to how words are combined based on syntax. Categorematic expressions like nouns and verbs provide meaning categories while syncategorematic expressions like prepositions modify other expressions.
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The document provides instructions for presenting and printing a slideshow presentation on nouns. It begins with instructions to start the presentation by selecting "View show" and navigating through slides by clicking. Notes can be made and the left arrow key used to return to earlier slides. Printing instructions specify selecting "print" from the file menu, choosing handouts with 6 slides per page in black and white, and clicking OK.
Language of Arguments
The document discusses various types of definitions that can be used to reduce ambiguity and vagueness in arguments, including: ostensive definitions, which involve directly pointing out the thing being defined; verbal extensional definitions, which list examples of members of the set; intensional definitions, which outline the properties of members; lexical definitions from dictionaries; stipulative definitions for new terms; precising definitions to clarify vague terms; theoretical definitions based on a particular theory; and operational definitions that provide instructions for determining if something fits the definition. It also discusses ambiguity, vagueness, emotive or persuasive definitions, and gives examples and homework assignments related to defining terms clearly.
Subj verb agreement
This document provides an overview of subject-verb agreement rules in English. It defines subjects and verbs, and explains that singular subjects take singular verbs while plural subjects take plural verbs. It discusses some exceptions and tricky cases involving compound subjects, collective nouns, numbers, conjunctions, indefinite pronouns, interrupting phrases, and inverted word order between the subject and verb. The goal is to identify the subject and choose the correct singular or plural verb form.
Syntax
The document discusses syntax and sentence structure. It explains that speakers have rules for forming sentences stored in their brains rather than mental dictionaries of all possible sentences. Syntax rules specify how words combine into phrases and sentences, including word order and grammatical relationships. Phrase structure trees are used to represent the hierarchical structure of sentences based on syntactic categories like noun phrases and verb phrases. Recursive phrase structure rules allow for an infinite number of sentences. The document also discusses heads, complements, ambiguities, and other aspects of syntactic analysis.
Cláudio's PPT - Phrasal Verbs
This document discusses phrasal verbs, which are verb phrases consisting of a verb and a particle such as a preposition or adverb. It provides examples of phrasal verbs with adverbs and prepositions. It explains that phrasal verbs can be difficult for English language learners because their meaning depends on the particle and they are not directly translatable. The document also discusses separable and inseparable phrasal verbs, common mistakes made by ELLs, and provides a sample lesson plan for teaching phrasal verbs.
Parts of Speech
This document provides an overview of parts of speech in English grammar, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. It defines each part of speech and provides examples. It also discusses noun and adjective suffixes that can help identify parts of speech. The goal is to help readers understand English grammar principles to improve their writing.
Syntax (2).pptx
The document discusses sentence patterns and syntax in language. It explains that syntax rules determine how words are organized into phrases and sentences. There are two principles of sentence organization - linear order, where words must be in a specific sequence, and hierarchical structure, where words are grouped into constituents that make up the overall meaning. Syntactic rules show how words are arranged in order and grouped into constituents. These rules can reveal ambiguities in sentences and account for a speaker's ability to understand and produce novel sentences.
Phrasal verbs b2 ana
This document discusses phrasal verbs in English. It begins by defining phrasal verbs as combinations of verbs and particles that form new semantic units. It then categorizes phrasal verbs based on whether they are transitive or intransitive, separable or non-separable, and whether they use one or two particles. Examples are provided for each category. The document notes some phrasal verbs can have both transitive and intransitive uses with different meanings. It concludes by noting the creative nature of phrasal verbs in English and some challenges students face in predicting their meanings.
Preparing for the TEAS (Newest)
The document provides an overview of the Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS) exam, which covers topics of English, math, science, and reading. It focuses on the English section, outlining various English language concepts assessed, including parts of speech, verbs, pronouns, active and passive voice, and punctuation. Examples are provided to demonstrate correct usage of these concepts. The summary concludes by listing sources used to create the presentation content.
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More from Rick McKinnon
Morality as kluge
The document summarizes Daniel Kelly's work on moral intuition and disgust. [1] Kelly argues that disgust is a "kludge" - a hodgepodge of mechanisms cobbled together from bits of mental machinery designed for other purposes. [2] Specifically, he puts forward the "Entanglement Thesis" that disgust emerged from the merging of a poison avoidance system and parasite avoidance system. [3] He also discusses the "Co-Optation Thesis" where disgust was later co-opted by the norm system and ethnic boundary system important for human sociality.
Endangered languages
This document discusses endangered languages and provides examples of languages that are extinct or nearing extinction. It notes that many of the world's smallest languages are disappearing, with estimates that half of the world's approximately 6,000 languages could be extinct within 100 years. Examples are provided of some of the last speakers of languages like Kayardild, Aka-Bo, and various Great Andamanese languages. Factors that endanger languages are discussed, including assimilation, lack of transmission to younger generations, and globalization. Responses to language endangerment include documentation efforts and revitalization programs for languages like Chitimacha and Navajo.
Historical linguistics
The document discusses how languages change over time through natural processes. It notes that after 1,000 years, languages diverge to the point of no longer being mutually intelligible, and after 10,000 years the relationship becomes indistinguishable from unrelated languages. The rate of change varies, but systematic sound changes and borrowing are the main drivers of divergence. The comparative method is used to reconstruct ancestral languages and classify languages into families based on regular sound correspondences.
Somerville
1) Finding a shared ethical framework in our interdependent and pluralistic world is crucial for our survival, not optional.
2) We must use all aspects of human understanding, including science, stories, imagination and moral intuition, to develop a shared sense of ethics.
3) Starting with a shared respect for nature and the innate human moral sense can help build the foundations for a global ethical system focused on our common humanity.
Meme
The document discusses memes as conceptualized by Richard Dawkins as units of cultural transmission or imitation that replicate and evolve through social learning in a similar way that genes replicate and evolve biologically. Key points include:
- Memes include ideas, beliefs, fashion trends, and other cultural phenomena that spread from person to person via imitation.
- Memes operate through natural selection and compete to spread more successfully through populations like genes.
- Religion and religious beliefs can be understood as particularly successful memes that confer advantages to aid their replication such as faith-based thinking and linking altruism to religious affiliation.
The trolley problem
The document discusses four variations of the classic "Trolley Problem" moral dilemma. In each scenario, the reader must make a choice that will directly lead to someone's death or multiple someones' deaths. While the numbers seem to indicate the same utilitarian outcome each time, people's moral instincts tend to view pushing someone in front of a trolley as less permissible than flipping a switch to change the trolley's path. The document questions why our views differ on these cases that have similar utilitarian calculations.
Challengesto piaget
The document discusses different perspectives on cognitive development in infants and children, including Piaget's theory of constructivism, nativism, and domain specificity. It summarizes experimental methods used to study development, such as habituation studies and preferential looking tasks. Key findings are presented showing infants have innate knowledge of objects, including principles of continuity, cohesion and contact.
Endangered languages
The document discusses the threat facing endangered languages around the world. It estimates that as many as half of the approximately 6,000 languages currently spoken may become extinct by the end of the 21st century. Several factors are contributing to this decline, including nation-state building processes, universal education, and the spread of dominant languages like English, French, Spanish, and Arabic. While documentation of endangered languages is important, long-term preservation requires communities where the language is spoken and transmitted between generations.
Parameter setting
The document discusses Universal Grammar and the Principles and Parameters approach to language acquisition. It explains that children are born with innate linguistic knowledge called Universal Grammar that contains principles of language and parameters that can vary between languages. Children use UG to set the parameters of their native language based on the linguistic input they receive, allowing them to acquire language despite the "poverty of the stimulus" in the data.
Sugarand slavery
The document discusses the history and development of sugar production and its connection to slavery. It traces the evolution of sugar cultivation from ancient times through its introduction in Europe via the Crusades. The large-scale plantation system originated in Brazil and spread through the colonization of the Caribbean and Americas. Plantations were labor-intensive and relied heavily on African slaves, who were forcibly transported in large numbers. The slave trade generated significant wealth but also involved immense human suffering. The plantation economy collapsed in the 1800s due to abolitionism, competition from sugar beets, and inefficiencies of the slave system.
Concepts and categories.ppt
1) Concepts are represented in different ways including prototypes, exemplars, and schemas. Prototypes represent concepts as central tendencies while exemplars represent individual category members.
2) The basic level of categorization, such as chair or dog, provides the optimal balance between predictive power and accuracy. It is also the earliest learned and most natural level of naming.
3) Exemplar models better explain categorization data by accounting for variability and typicality effects compared to prototype models which lose information about individual exemplars.
Early language development
This document discusses early language development in infants and children. It covers prelinguistic communication through babbling, gestures, and pointing that occurs before children start using words. It then examines phonological, lexical, and semantic development as children's vocabularies grow. Some key points discussed include: infants producing prelinguistic vocalizations and gestures between 8-12 months; a noun bias in children's early words across languages; challenges to the noun bias from studies of other languages; and constraints that help children map words to meanings as their vocabularies develop.
Phonetics
The document discusses phonetics and the creation of speech sounds. It explains that speech sounds are created when air from the lungs passes through the vocal tract. The positions of the articulators like the vocal folds, tongue, and lips modify the air to create different speech sounds. It also discusses the source-filter model of speech production and the anatomy of structures involved like the larynx and vocal folds.
Qm for ic
This document provides an introduction to the Quality Matters program and course review rubric. It discusses factors that affect course quality and explains that QM reviews focus on ensuring alignment between course objectives, activities, resources, assessments and technology. The rubric contains 8 general standards and key sections that must be aligned. For a course to meet quality expectations through QM review, it must score a yes on 17 essential standards and earn a minimum of 72 out of 85 total points.
Mindreading
This document provides an overview of theory of mind, including its history, development in children, and relationship to autism. It discusses key findings such as:
- Premack and Woodruff's experiment showing chimpanzees can attribute mental states to humans
- Wimmer and Perner's false belief task showing children develop theory of mind around age 4
- Baron-Cohen's theory that autism involves impairments in the shared attention mechanism module of theory of mind
- Debate around nativist vs. cognitive vs. social interactionist perspectives on the development of theory of mind.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. A semantic theory aims to characterize a speaker's linguistic knowledge, including word meanings, compositional sentence meanings, and how context influences interpretation. However, developing such a theory poses challenges such as avoiding circular definitions, distinguishing linguistic from encyclopedic knowledge, and accounting for individual and contextual variation in meaning. Theories utilize a semantic metalanguage and concepts to characterize core meanings independently of language. They also distinguish semantics from pragmatics, where contextual implications are considered.
Semantics and pragmatics
The document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including context, inference, implicature, speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle. Context guides pragmatic meaning and inference beyond literal semantics. Speech acts are social actions performed through language that depend on felicity conditions. Grice proposed conversational maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner to describe cooperative frameworks underlying conversations. Speakers can flout maxims to generate implicatures for purposes like sarcasm or diplomacy.
Hockett
Charles Hockett identifies 16 design features of human language including vocal production, rapid fading of signals, interchangeability of roles between speakers, ability to perceive and correct errors, biologically trivial signals, semanticity or reference to objects in the world, arbitrariness of signals, discreteness of parts, ability to refer to things not present, productivity or ability to create novel utterances, cultural transmission through learning, duality of patterning, ability to communicate about communication, and learnability of new languages. He analyzes communication systems in other species like bees, monkeys, apes and whales against these design features and finds they lack several features like displacement, productivity and duality of patterning that are central to human language.
E learning buffet
The document discusses eLearning resources available at a community college including a live webinar platform, communication tools, and lecture capture solution. It notes that 183 course sections were offered online or in hybrid format in Fall 2010. Training is available in small groups by appointment on tools like ANGEL, Elluminate, Tegrity, blogs, and wikis. An eLearning handbook provides information on adopting eLearning formats, available tools, course design, and resources.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Syntax & Stylistics 1
- 1. Syntax & Stylistics Revealing the Bones of Language
- 4. Using Introspective Data Syntax is fun!
- 16. A Richer Hierarchical Structure The dog that is chasing the ball is limping
- 18. Ambiguity The harbor pilot saw the ship’s captain with a telescope The harbor pilot saw the ship’s captain with a telescope Each meaning is associated with a different structure:
- 26. Reverse Order Kozo ate Dori’s dinner
- 28. Regular (Markov) Grammars Also called “Finite State Automata.” Each dot represents a state, the words are functions from state to state. man men comes came The old ● ● ● ● ● ● very
- 29. Regular (Markov) Grammar What sentences can you generate with this grammar? dog dogs snores snore The old ● ● ● ● ● ● very