Metaphors should be used carefully to avoid confusion or offense. Epistemic modality concerns knowledge or certainty while deontic modality concerns obligations or permissions. Some word pairs like bank/bank and shop/store are homographs with different meanings while others like nose-he puts his nose in everything/nose are related through an idiom.

1. 2Revision1. what is the restriction when creatingmetaphors. 2. what is the difference between epistemic and deontic modality?3. identify the type of relationship between these sets of words:bank/bank, reed/read, shop/store, nose-he puts his nose in everything /nose

2. ReferenceA noun phrase may not have a corresponding entity in the real world. Reference concerns itself with the ability of linguistic expressions to refer to real world.Think?? Which of the following sentences sounds more real?A. I read a new biography of Jean Keats last weekendB. I would like to find a short biography of Jean Keats.

3. Reference -continueWhen expressions have referents in the real world, these are called referential.When expressions don’t have referents in the real world, these are called nonreferential(see examples).