different fucntions of dependend clauses

1. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

2. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
1. Definition
SIMPLE SENTENCE
We have lesson every afternoon.
COMPOUND SENTENCE
I tried to speak Chinese, and my friend tried
to speak English.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
The teacher returned the homework after
she noticed the error.

3. SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains
a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses
joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (FANBOYS)
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one
or more dependent clauses.
DEFINITION

4. 2. Classification of dependent clauses
Dependent clauses can be classified by:
2.1. Structure
(in terms of the elements they contain)
2.2. Syntactic Function
(the part they play in the independent clause)
CLASSIFICATION

5. 2.1. Structure
* Finite Clauses
* Non-Finite Clauses
* Verbless clauses
STRUCTURE

6. 2.1.1. Finite Clauses
Noun Clause (nominal clause)
What we are learning now is a very difficult part in
English grammar.
Adverb Clause (Adverbial Clause)
You can’t travel abroad if you don’t have a passport.
Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)
All the people who appear on TV wear makeup .
STRUCTURE

7. 2.1.2. Non- Finite Clauses
* Infinitive with to
The best thing will be to tell the truth.
* Infinitive without to
All you need is study hard.
* Present participle
Being a teacher, I always try to inspire students to learn.
* Perfect participle
Having loved for a long time, they got married last week.
Her ex- boyfriend having left her, I asked her to marry me.
* Past participle
Left in the big city, I found it difficult to get by.
The homework finished, I went out to relax.
STRUCTURE

8. 2.1.3. Verbless Clauses
Now tall, the tree gives more shade.
If cheerful, they will sing all night.
The teacher looked at him, so quiet now
in front of the class.
STRUCTURE

9.  "Verbless clauses are clauses which contain no verb
element, and often also no subject. They are
regarded as clauses because they function in ways
which make them equivalent to finite and non-
finite clauses " (Geoffroy Leech and Jan Svartvik, A
Communicative Grammar of English, 1975)

10. 2.2. Syntactic Function
1. ____________________
That he has got three children doesn’t matter to her.
That we got the third prize made us disappointed.
2. ____________________
He told me when he is able to come back.
He likes to show whoever comes to his room the
painting.
3. ____________________
The question is where they are interested or not.
“ For- get- me- not” is what they call that kind of flower.
4. ____________________
I will paint the room what color you like.
He calls her whatever she loves to be called.
Syntactic Function

11. 2.2. Syntactic Function
1. Subject
That he has got three children doesn’t matter to her.
That we got the third prize made us disappointed.
2. Object
He told me when he is able to come back.
He likes to show whoever comes to his room the
painting.
3. Subject complement
The question is where they are interested or not.
“ For- get- me- not” is what they call that kind of flower.
4. Object complement
I will paint the room what color you like.
He calls her whatever she loves to be called.
Syntactic Function

12. 5. ____________________
I’ll tell you all when we meet.
Because you worked hard you got good marks.
6. ____________________
If I may say so, that dress doesn’t suit you.
7. ____________________
She got so angry. What’s more, she was going to kill
him
To begin with, I’ll tell you a story of a successful man.
Syntactic Function

13. 5. Adjunct
I’ll tell you all when we meet.
Because you worked hard you got good marks.
6. Disjunct
If I may say so, that dress doesn’t suit you.
7. Conjunct
She got so angry. What’s more, she was going to kill
him
To begin with, I’ll tell you a story of a successful man.
Syntactic Function

14. 8. ____________________
It was the time when we was so poor.
I don’t like to work with people who are so talkative.
9. ____________________
Our decision depends on what we see tomorrow.
She is waiting for what we sent her.
10. ____________________
I’m sure that they are coming now.
They are slow to react.
Syntactic Function

15. 8. Post modifier in a noun phrase
It was the time when we was so poor.
I don’t like to work with people who are so talkative.
9. Preposition complement
Our decision depends on what we see tomorrow.
She is waiting for what we sent her.
10. Adjective complement
I’m sure that they are coming now.
They are slow to react.
Syntactic Function

16. 3. Nominal clauses
3.1. Structure
What are the patterns of nominal clauses?
3.1. The That- clause
3.2. Wh- interrogative clause
3.3. Yes-No interrogative clause
3.4. Nominal relative clause
3.5. The infinitive clause
3.6. The ing- clause
Nominal clauses

17. 3.1. The That- clause
______________________
That Hitle was a gay is still in doubt.
______________________
I know that Hitle was a gay.
______________________
I’m sure Hitle was a gay.
______________________
The doubt is that Hitle was a gay.
______________________
The doubt, that Hitle was a gay, is written in this book.
3.2. Functions of Nominal clause
Nominal clauses

18. 3.1. The That- clause
Subject
That Adolf Hitler was a gay is still in doubt.
Object
I know that Hitle was a gay.
Adjective complement
I’m sure Hitle was a gay.
Subject complement
The doubt is that Hitle was a gay.
Appositive
The doubt, that Hitle was a gay, is written in this book.
3.2. Functions of Nominal clause
Nominal clauses

19. 3.2. Wh- interrogative clause
______________________
Who killed president John Kennedy is clear now.
______________________
I don’t know who made him sad.
______________________
The question is how they built pyramids.
______________________
The problem, how we will organize the meeting, hasn’t
been solved.
______________________
All of us are interested in how the human developed.
______________________
She is unsure who she will marry.
Nominal clauses

20. 3.2. Wh- interrogative clause
Subject
Who killed president John Kennedy is clear now.
object
I don’t know who made him sad.
subject complement
The question is how they built pyramids.
appositive
The problem, how we will organize the meeting, hasn’t
been solved.
object of preposition
All of us are interested in how the human developed.
adjective complement
She is unsure who she will marry.
Nominal clauses

21. 3.3. Yes-No interrogative clause
______________________
whether you go with me or not is not important.
______________________
I don’t know if he can help or not.
______________________
My problem is whether I can get promotion or not.
______________________
I’m not certain whether she likes me or not
______________________
They are thinking of whether they should move or
not.
______________________
The question, whether she can complete the project
or not, concerns me a lot.
Nominal clauses

22. 3.3. Yes-No interrogative clause
subject
whether you go with me or not is not important.
object
I don’t know if he can help or not.
subject complement
My problem is whether I can get promotion or not.
adjective complement
I’m not certain whether she likes me or not
object of preposition
They are thinking of whether they should move or
not.
appositive
The question, whether she can complete the project
or not, concerns me a lot.
Nominal clauses

23. 3.4. Nominal relative clause
______________________
what I want now is a simple life.
______________________
I hate whatever makes my life complex.
______________________
An ideal friend is who makes you happy.
______________________
He calls his lover what she likes to be called.
______________________
Please tell me your hometown, where you come from.
______________________
The Americans will vote for whoever has good new policy.
Nominal clauses

24. 3.4. Nominal relative clause
subject
what I want now is a simple life.
object
I hate whatever makes my life complex.
subject complement
An ideal friend is who makes you happy.
object complement
He calls his lover what she likes to be called.
appositive
Please tell me your hometown, where you come from.
object of preposition
The Americans will vote for whoever has good new policy.
Nominal clauses

25. 3.5. The infinitive clause
______________________
To love a stupid person is really brave.
______________________
My maxim is to love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.
______________________
I hate to be lonely.
______________________
My aim, to be helpful person in society, is very simple.
______________________
I’m so grateful to be your darling.
Nominal clauses

26. 3.5. The infinitive clause
subject
To love a stupid person is really brave.
subject complement
My maxim is to love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.
object
I hate to be lonely.
appositive
My aim, to be helpful person in society, is very simple.
adjective complement
I’m so grateful to be your darling.
Nominal clauses

27. 3.6. The ing- clause
_____________________
Teaching you is my job.
_____________________
My ambition is giving you the love of teaching.
_____________________
I enjoy observing my son play with his friends.
_____________________
We are keen on hunting animals.
_____________________
She is busy writing the essay.
_____________________
His objective, making enough money to buy car, has
been fulfilled.
Nominal clauses

28. 3.6. The ing- clause
subject
Teaching you is my job.
subject complement
My ambition is giving you the love of teaching.
object
I enjoy observing my son play with his friends.
object of preposition
We are keen on hunting animals.
adjective complement
She is busy writing the essay.
appositive
His objective, making enough money to buy car, has
been fulfilled.
Nominal clauses

29. 3. Adverbial clauses
1. Types of Adverb Clauses
2. Adverb Clauses of Time
3. Adverbial Clauses of Place
4. Adverbial Clauses of Condition
5. Adverbial Clauses of Manner
6. Adverbial Clauses of Cause/Reason
7. Adverbial Clauses of Effect
8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
9. Adverbial Clauses of Concession/Contrast
10. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose

30. 4.1. positions of adverbial clauses
_______________________________
Because she loved him, she was extremely forgiving.
_______________________________
My grandmother, when she was angry, was better left
alone.
_______________________________
I don’t think he needs much sleep because he calls me
at all hours of the day.

31. 4.1. positions of adverbial clauses
at the beginning of a sentence:
Because she loved him, she was extremely forgiving.
in the middle of a sentence:
My grandmother, when she was angry, was better left
alone.
at the end of a sentence:
I don’t think he needs much sleep because he calls me
at all hours of the day.

32. 4.1. Types of adverbial clauses
1. _______________________
Harry went home after the movie ended.
2. _______________________
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. _______________________
You can play the game provided that you follow the rules.
4. _______________________
He talked to me like I was a child.
5. _______________________
As it was so sunny, he walked to the park.

33. 4.1. Types of adverbial clauses
1. Adverb Clauses of Time
Harry went home after the movie ended.
2. Adverbial Clauses of Place
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. Adverbial Clauses of Condition
You can play the game provided that you follow the rules.
4. Adverbial Clauses of Manner
He talked to me like I was a child.
5. Adverbial Clauses of Cause/Reason
As it was so sunny, he walked to the park.

34. 6. _______________________

I was so tired that I couldn’t stay awake.
7. _______________________
That restaurant is not as good as it used to be.
8. _______________________
Even though I was full, I couldn’t stop eating.
9. _______________________
He took off his shoes so that he would not ruin the carpet.
10.

35. 6. Adverbial Clauses of Effect

I was so tired that I couldn’t stay awake.
7. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
That restaurant is not as good as it used to be.
8. Adverbial Clauses of Concession/Contrast
Even though I was full, I couldn’t stop eating.
9. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose
He took off his shoes so that he would not ruin the carpet.
10.