The document discusses the concept of presupposition in language. It defines presupposition as a type of inference closely linked to the meaning of an utterance. Presuppositions are assumptions that are taken for granted in an utterance, rather than being directly stated. The document provides examples of utterances and analyzes what they presuppose rather than directly assert. It also discusses different types of presuppositions like strong versus weak presuppositions signaled by articles, possessives, and existential claims.

1. Presupposition Definition “We look at presupposition, another kind of inference which is very closely linked to the ‘working’ of the utterance.”

2. presupposition “Did you get a good look at my face when I took your purse?” A burglar, decided to defend himself. What does his utterance presuppose?

3. Truth-Value 1. Truth-value Truth-value based on language My mother is a woman Truth-value based on what is happening in the world. My mother is a doctor

4. Exercice 3.1, page 17. Types of utterances: Declaratives Imperatives Exercice 3.2 p. 19

5. Presuppositions Difference between DIRECTLY ASSERTS and PRESUPPOSES Examples Peter looked for the keys, directly asserts, ‘Peter has looked for the keys’ Where has Peter looked for the keys? Presupposes ‘Peter has looked for the keys’ Annie has a sofa directly asserts ‘Annie has a sofa’ Don’t sit on Annie’s sofa presupposes ‘Annie has a sofa’ Exercice 3.3 page 20

6. Strong presuppositions vs. weak presuppostion a. Possessives and articles (definite and indefinite) My, your etc…These make very strong presuppositions. Compare (a) with (b): Peter might find the chocolate cake in the kitchen Peter might find achocolate cake in the kitchen Which one has the strongest presupposition? b. Existential presupposition In simple existential examples like ‘Annie has a cake”, the utterance presupposes that a cake exists. However, with some utterances, some existential presuppositions can hide a persuasive message, examine the following utterance:

7. Presupposition “You’ll want DomeBeGone, my revolutionary cure for baldness” Obviously, the message directly asserts that you want this product. However, inside the noun phrase my revolutionary cure for baldness lurk several quite dubious messages: There is cure for baldness The cure is revolutionary I have the cure Advertisers use presupposition as a tool to make indirect assertions. Exercice 3.5 and 3.6 p. 21