The evenings have recently turned very cold, according to a short document. It discusses linguistic concepts like constituents, immediate constituents, and the relationship between linguistic units of different sizes, including sentences, clauses, phrases, words and morphemes. It also covers the differences between simple and complex sentences.
The document provides an overview of English syntax and linguistic phenomena. It discusses the basic sentence structures and core patterns in English, including noun phrases, verbs, tense, aspect, modality, and subcategorization. It also covers topics like anaphora, coordination, distribution, and the functions of arguments and predicates.
This document provides an overview of linguistics and English syntax. It discusses key topics such as language, linguistics, linguistic phenomena, core sentence patterns, English phrase structure, noun phrases, pronouns, verbs, tense, aspect, and modality. It also examines the internal and external syntax of phrases and how noun phrases can function as complements.
The document discusses syntax and its key aspects:
1. Syntax refers to the arrangement of words in sentences and the rules governing their combinations to form grammatically correct sentences.
2. It involves analyzing the hierarchical structure of sentences by breaking them down into constituent parts such as noun phrases and verb phrases.
3. Phrase structure rules are used to represent sentences as trees to show the constituent structure and linear order of words.
The document provides an overview of English syntax. It discusses key concepts like heads and modifiers in phrases, constituent structure, different types of constructions including active and passive voices, word classes, verbs and their subcategorization, clauses, and sentence structure. The summary focuses on the main topics and organization of the document to give a high-level understanding in 3 sentences:
The document introduces concepts of English syntax including heads and modifiers in phrases, constituent structure, word classes, verbs and their subcategorization, clauses, and sentence structure. It discusses the formation of phrases, clauses, and sentences from smaller linguistic units. The document also covers different types of syntactic constructions and how they can be transformed between active and passive voices.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, covering parts of speech, parts of a sentence, clauses, phrases, verbs, and other grammatical concepts. It defines key terms like subject, predicate, object, and complement. For parts of speech, it describes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and articles. It also covers topics like tense, aspect, voice, mood and finite vs non-finite verbs. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, including definitions of the main parts of speech and components of a sentence. It discusses nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, articles, subjects, predicates, objects, complements, clauses, phrases, tenses, aspects, voices, moods, and finite vs non-finite verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate each grammatical concept. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
The document provides an overview of English syntax and linguistic phenomena. It discusses the basic sentence structures and core patterns in English, including noun phrases, verbs, tense, aspect, modality, and subcategorization. It also covers topics like anaphora, coordination, distribution, and the functions of arguments and predicates.
This document provides an overview of linguistics and English syntax. It discusses key topics such as language, linguistics, linguistic phenomena, core sentence patterns, English phrase structure, noun phrases, pronouns, verbs, tense, aspect, and modality. It also examines the internal and external syntax of phrases and how noun phrases can function as complements.
The document discusses syntax and its key aspects:
1. Syntax refers to the arrangement of words in sentences and the rules governing their combinations to form grammatically correct sentences.
2. It involves analyzing the hierarchical structure of sentences by breaking them down into constituent parts such as noun phrases and verb phrases.
3. Phrase structure rules are used to represent sentences as trees to show the constituent structure and linear order of words.
The document provides an overview of English syntax. It discusses key concepts like heads and modifiers in phrases, constituent structure, different types of constructions including active and passive voices, word classes, verbs and their subcategorization, clauses, and sentence structure. The summary focuses on the main topics and organization of the document to give a high-level understanding in 3 sentences:
The document introduces concepts of English syntax including heads and modifiers in phrases, constituent structure, word classes, verbs and their subcategorization, clauses, and sentence structure. It discusses the formation of phrases, clauses, and sentences from smaller linguistic units. The document also covers different types of syntactic constructions and how they can be transformed between active and passive voices.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, covering parts of speech, parts of a sentence, clauses, phrases, verbs, and other grammatical concepts. It defines key terms like subject, predicate, object, and complement. For parts of speech, it describes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and articles. It also covers topics like tense, aspect, voice, mood and finite vs non-finite verbs. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, including definitions of the main parts of speech and components of a sentence. It discusses nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, articles, subjects, predicates, objects, complements, clauses, phrases, tenses, aspects, voices, moods, and finite vs non-finite verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate each grammatical concept. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, covering parts of speech, parts of a sentence, clauses, phrases, verbs and other grammatical concepts. It defines key terms like subject, predicate, object, complement, principal and subordinate clauses. It also explains the different parts of verbs like tense, aspect, voice, mood and finite vs non-finite verbs. Finally, it briefly defines other parts of speech such as nouns, articles, adverbs, prepositions and adjectives.
This document provides a concise overview of English grammar, including definitions and examples of the main parts of speech and elements of a sentence. It discusses nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and their various types. It also outlines the key parts of a sentence like the subject, predicate, object, and clause. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
This document provides a concise overview of English grammar, including definitions and examples of the main parts of speech and elements of a sentence. It discusses nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and their various types. It also examines subjects, predicates, objects, complements, clauses, phrases, tense, aspect, voice, mood, and finite vs non-finite verbs. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
The document discusses syntax and the structure of phrases and sentences. It defines key terms like syntax, phrase, sentence, subject, predicate, nominative case, and accusative case. It also discusses the representation of sentence structure through tree diagrams and bracketings, with nodes and labels. Different types of sentences are defined, including simple, compound, and complex sentences.
This document provides an overview of different types of pronouns and their usage, including:
- Personal pronouns and their subjective and objective cases
- Possessive pronouns and their singular and plural forms
- Indefinite pronouns and rules for singular/plural agreement
- Relative pronouns that introduce adjective and noun clauses
- Other pronouns like interrogative, demonstrative, intensive, reflexive, and reciprocal
It also covers pronoun-antecedent agreement rules regarding number, compound subjects, collective nouns, titles, plural forms with singular meanings, and usage of "the number of" vs "a number of".
This document discusses different types of adjectives and adverbs. It defines adjectives as words that modify or describe nouns, and lists different categories of adjectives such as descriptive adjectives and proper adjectives. It also discusses the comparison of adjectives using positive, comparative and superlative forms. The document then defines adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, and categorizes different types of adverbs including adverbs of time, place and manner. It concludes by explaining the different types of clauses, including noun clauses introduced by words like whether and what, adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns, and adverb clauses of time and place.
Basic sentence patterns and traditional classification of sentences surigaoJohn Paul George Cardenas
The document discusses basic sentence patterns and the traditional classification of sentences. It defines seven basic sentence patterns using different grammatical structures. Sentences can be classified as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex depending on whether they contain one or more independent and/or dependent clauses. Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Compound-complex sentences contain both independent and dependent clauses.
This document discusses different types of phrases and their functions in sentences. It defines phrases as groups of words that act as parts of speech but cannot stand alone as sentences. The main types of phrases discussed are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. It provides examples to illustrate the structure and function of each phrase type, such as serving as subjects, objects, or modifiers within sentences. It also discusses the roles that phrases can play, such as direct objects, indirect objects, and subject/object complements.
Units and Complex Units by Tayyiba Hanif and Colleagues. A very important topic in Advanced Grammar under the super vision of Dr.Hafiz M. Qasim. This material help a lot in understanding the topic. Thanks!
Adverbials and other related matters work 2015Viana Nacolonha
This document discusses adverbials and related grammatical concepts. It defines adverbials as words, phrases, or clauses that modify verbs or adjectives by providing additional information about aspects like time, place, manner, etc. There are different types of adverbials including prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and noun phrases. Adverbials can function as adjuncts within the verb phrase by giving optional extra information. The document also discusses the levels of the verb phrase, the mobility of adverbials, phrasal verbs, and ellipsis.
The document discusses syntactic structures in English and describes four main groups of structures. It provides examples of structures formed by combining words like nouns and verbs. The structures can be divided into modifiers and heads, with the head being the main word that is modified. The document outlines different types of modifiers that can be used with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions as heads.
Lecture No. 09 Parallelism in Discourse , lecture No 13 [Autosaved].pptxShoaibNajeeb
Stream of Consciousness in the novel ‘ To The Lighthouse’
Paper The Modernist Literature
Topic Stream of Consciousness in
the novel ‘To The Lighthouse’
Name Avani N. Dave
Roll No. 2
Class M.A. Sem. 3
Submitted to Dr. Dilip Barad
Department of English
MK.Bhavnagar University
Introduction
Virginia woolf, one of the prominent representative Of Modernist novelist in England, has contributed significantly to the development of modern novel in both theory and practice. She abandoned traditional fictional devices and formulated her own distinctive techniques. The novels of woolf tend to be less concerned with outward reality than with the inner life. Her masterpiece, to the Lighthouse, serves as an excellent sample in analyzing woolf’s literary theory and her experimental techniques.
Origin of the Word
The phrase “Stream of Consciousness” was coined by William James 1 to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind. Subsequently his phrase began to be used in a literary context to describe the narrative method by which certain novelists have described the unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters, without resorting to objectives description or conventional dialogue. James Joyce was a pioneer in using this technique in his novels of which the best known are Ulysses and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. And this technique was also used by Virginia Woolf. The related phrase “interior monologue” is used to describe the inner movement of Consciousness in a character’s mind. A famous example of the interior monologue is the opening pages of Mrs. Dalloway. The use of devices of the stream of Consciousness and the interior monologue marks a revolution in the form of the novel because through these devices the author can represent the flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, and emotions and reminiscences, often without any logical Sequence.
Virginia Woolf and To The Lighthouse
When we mention Virginia Woolf’s ‘To The Lighthouse’, it’s very natural to talk about her stream of consciousness technique. In this novel, the structure of external objective events is demised in scope and scale, or almost e completely dissolved. It is composed of the continual activity of characters’ consciousness and shower of impressions. External events occupy little space in the novel the writer as an omniscient narrator has almost completely vanished and almost everything stated appears by the way of reflection in the consciousness of the dramatic characters and the novel does not progress on “what – happens – next” basis, but rather moves forward through a series of scenes arranged according to a sequence of selected moments of consciousness and the techniques to
This document provides information about different types of sentences and verbs in English grammar. It discusses:
1. Transitive verbs which take a direct object, intransitive verbs which do not take a direct object, and intensive/linking verbs which link the subject to a subject complement.
2. Complex transitive verbs which require both a direct object and an object complement to identify a quality of the direct object.
3. Ditransitive verbs which can be followed by two objects, one receiving the action and one directed towards.
4. Prepositional verbs which combine a verb and preposition to create a new verb with distinct meaning.
5. Examples are provided for each type along with exercises
The document defines and classifies word groups. Word groups consist of at least two words that are syntactically connected but do not form a full sentence. They are classified based on their structure and syntagmatic relations. The main types are subordinate, coordinate, and predicative word groups. Subordinate word groups include noun phrases and verb phrases. Noun phrases consist of a noun head and optional pre-modifiers, post-modifiers, or both. Verb phrases include a verb head along with optional nominal, adverbial, or mixed complements.
The document discusses the sentence and utterance as linguistic units. It defines the sentence as an abstract theoretical unit that expresses predication, while the utterance is the actual use of a sentence in speech. It also describes the main categories of the utterance based on its informative structure, including the theme (given information) and rheme (new information). Finally, it discusses textual deixis and how deictic markers help locate elements in a text relative to the speaker, addressee, time, and place.
The document provides definitions and examples of various English grammar concepts including:
1. The three degrees of adjectives - simple, comparative, and superlative.
2. The present perfect tense and how it refers to past actions that continue to the present.
3. Examples of common discourse markers used in speaking and writing.
4. The differences between possessive nouns, pronouns, and adjectives.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, defining key terms like parts of speech, clauses, phrases, and verb tenses and aspects. It explains that a word can be divided into a stem and inflections, and a sentence contains a subject, predicate, object, and possibly complement. There are two types of clauses - principal and subordinate. Parts of speech include nouns, articles, verbs, adverbs, prepositions. Verbs are classified by tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, defining key terms like parts of speech, clauses, phrases, and parts of a sentence. It explains nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and their functions. For example, it states a noun is a "name" and denotes things or ideas. A verb expresses an action, with tense, aspect, voice and mood. Overall, the document serves as a basic introduction to grammatical concepts and terminology.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, covering parts of speech, parts of a sentence, clauses, phrases, verbs and other grammatical concepts. It defines key terms like subject, predicate, object, complement, principal and subordinate clauses. It also explains the different parts of verbs like tense, aspect, voice, mood and finite vs non-finite verbs. Finally, it briefly defines other parts of speech such as nouns, articles, adverbs, prepositions and adjectives.
This document provides a concise overview of English grammar, including definitions and examples of the main parts of speech and elements of a sentence. It discusses nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and their various types. It also outlines the key parts of a sentence like the subject, predicate, object, and clause. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
This document provides a concise overview of English grammar, including definitions and examples of the main parts of speech and elements of a sentence. It discusses nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and their various types. It also examines subjects, predicates, objects, complements, clauses, phrases, tense, aspect, voice, mood, and finite vs non-finite verbs. The document is intended as a basic introduction to English grammar.
The document discusses syntax and the structure of phrases and sentences. It defines key terms like syntax, phrase, sentence, subject, predicate, nominative case, and accusative case. It also discusses the representation of sentence structure through tree diagrams and bracketings, with nodes and labels. Different types of sentences are defined, including simple, compound, and complex sentences.
This document provides an overview of different types of pronouns and their usage, including:
- Personal pronouns and their subjective and objective cases
- Possessive pronouns and their singular and plural forms
- Indefinite pronouns and rules for singular/plural agreement
- Relative pronouns that introduce adjective and noun clauses
- Other pronouns like interrogative, demonstrative, intensive, reflexive, and reciprocal
It also covers pronoun-antecedent agreement rules regarding number, compound subjects, collective nouns, titles, plural forms with singular meanings, and usage of "the number of" vs "a number of".
This document discusses different types of adjectives and adverbs. It defines adjectives as words that modify or describe nouns, and lists different categories of adjectives such as descriptive adjectives and proper adjectives. It also discusses the comparison of adjectives using positive, comparative and superlative forms. The document then defines adverbs as words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, and categorizes different types of adverbs including adverbs of time, place and manner. It concludes by explaining the different types of clauses, including noun clauses introduced by words like whether and what, adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns, and adverb clauses of time and place.
Basic sentence patterns and traditional classification of sentences surigaoJohn Paul George Cardenas
The document discusses basic sentence patterns and the traditional classification of sentences. It defines seven basic sentence patterns using different grammatical structures. Sentences can be classified as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex depending on whether they contain one or more independent and/or dependent clauses. Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Compound-complex sentences contain both independent and dependent clauses.
This document discusses different types of phrases and their functions in sentences. It defines phrases as groups of words that act as parts of speech but cannot stand alone as sentences. The main types of phrases discussed are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. It provides examples to illustrate the structure and function of each phrase type, such as serving as subjects, objects, or modifiers within sentences. It also discusses the roles that phrases can play, such as direct objects, indirect objects, and subject/object complements.
Units and Complex Units by Tayyiba Hanif and Colleagues. A very important topic in Advanced Grammar under the super vision of Dr.Hafiz M. Qasim. This material help a lot in understanding the topic. Thanks!
Adverbials and other related matters work 2015Viana Nacolonha
This document discusses adverbials and related grammatical concepts. It defines adverbials as words, phrases, or clauses that modify verbs or adjectives by providing additional information about aspects like time, place, manner, etc. There are different types of adverbials including prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and noun phrases. Adverbials can function as adjuncts within the verb phrase by giving optional extra information. The document also discusses the levels of the verb phrase, the mobility of adverbials, phrasal verbs, and ellipsis.
The document discusses syntactic structures in English and describes four main groups of structures. It provides examples of structures formed by combining words like nouns and verbs. The structures can be divided into modifiers and heads, with the head being the main word that is modified. The document outlines different types of modifiers that can be used with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions as heads.
Lecture No. 09 Parallelism in Discourse , lecture No 13 [Autosaved].pptxShoaibNajeeb
Stream of Consciousness in the novel ‘ To The Lighthouse’
Paper The Modernist Literature
Topic Stream of Consciousness in
the novel ‘To The Lighthouse’
Name Avani N. Dave
Roll No. 2
Class M.A. Sem. 3
Submitted to Dr. Dilip Barad
Department of English
MK.Bhavnagar University
Introduction
Virginia woolf, one of the prominent representative Of Modernist novelist in England, has contributed significantly to the development of modern novel in both theory and practice. She abandoned traditional fictional devices and formulated her own distinctive techniques. The novels of woolf tend to be less concerned with outward reality than with the inner life. Her masterpiece, to the Lighthouse, serves as an excellent sample in analyzing woolf’s literary theory and her experimental techniques.
Origin of the Word
The phrase “Stream of Consciousness” was coined by William James 1 to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind. Subsequently his phrase began to be used in a literary context to describe the narrative method by which certain novelists have described the unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters, without resorting to objectives description or conventional dialogue. James Joyce was a pioneer in using this technique in his novels of which the best known are Ulysses and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. And this technique was also used by Virginia Woolf. The related phrase “interior monologue” is used to describe the inner movement of Consciousness in a character’s mind. A famous example of the interior monologue is the opening pages of Mrs. Dalloway. The use of devices of the stream of Consciousness and the interior monologue marks a revolution in the form of the novel because through these devices the author can represent the flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, and emotions and reminiscences, often without any logical Sequence.
Virginia Woolf and To The Lighthouse
When we mention Virginia Woolf’s ‘To The Lighthouse’, it’s very natural to talk about her stream of consciousness technique. In this novel, the structure of external objective events is demised in scope and scale, or almost e completely dissolved. It is composed of the continual activity of characters’ consciousness and shower of impressions. External events occupy little space in the novel the writer as an omniscient narrator has almost completely vanished and almost everything stated appears by the way of reflection in the consciousness of the dramatic characters and the novel does not progress on “what – happens – next” basis, but rather moves forward through a series of scenes arranged according to a sequence of selected moments of consciousness and the techniques to
This document provides information about different types of sentences and verbs in English grammar. It discusses:
1. Transitive verbs which take a direct object, intransitive verbs which do not take a direct object, and intensive/linking verbs which link the subject to a subject complement.
2. Complex transitive verbs which require both a direct object and an object complement to identify a quality of the direct object.
3. Ditransitive verbs which can be followed by two objects, one receiving the action and one directed towards.
4. Prepositional verbs which combine a verb and preposition to create a new verb with distinct meaning.
5. Examples are provided for each type along with exercises
The document defines and classifies word groups. Word groups consist of at least two words that are syntactically connected but do not form a full sentence. They are classified based on their structure and syntagmatic relations. The main types are subordinate, coordinate, and predicative word groups. Subordinate word groups include noun phrases and verb phrases. Noun phrases consist of a noun head and optional pre-modifiers, post-modifiers, or both. Verb phrases include a verb head along with optional nominal, adverbial, or mixed complements.
The document discusses the sentence and utterance as linguistic units. It defines the sentence as an abstract theoretical unit that expresses predication, while the utterance is the actual use of a sentence in speech. It also describes the main categories of the utterance based on its informative structure, including the theme (given information) and rheme (new information). Finally, it discusses textual deixis and how deictic markers help locate elements in a text relative to the speaker, addressee, time, and place.
The document provides definitions and examples of various English grammar concepts including:
1. The three degrees of adjectives - simple, comparative, and superlative.
2. The present perfect tense and how it refers to past actions that continue to the present.
3. Examples of common discourse markers used in speaking and writing.
4. The differences between possessive nouns, pronouns, and adjectives.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, defining key terms like parts of speech, clauses, phrases, and verb tenses and aspects. It explains that a word can be divided into a stem and inflections, and a sentence contains a subject, predicate, object, and possibly complement. There are two types of clauses - principal and subordinate. Parts of speech include nouns, articles, verbs, adverbs, prepositions. Verbs are classified by tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
This document provides a short guide to English grammar, defining key terms like parts of speech, clauses, phrases, and parts of a sentence. It explains nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and their functions. For example, it states a noun is a "name" and denotes things or ideas. A verb expresses an action, with tense, aspect, voice and mood. Overall, the document serves as a basic introduction to grammatical concepts and terminology.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Units smallers than the sentence itself:
- Clauses
- Phrases
- Words
- Morphemes
Constituency: the relationship between one unit and another unit
Immediate constituents
3. Simple vs. Compound sentences
The evenings have turned very cold just recently, but the afternoons have been quite warm.
Chain and choice relationships
The + evening + s + have + turn + ed + very + cold + just + recently
The weather has been very cold just recently.
it was cold recently.
A typical English sentence is a mixture of simple and complex units.
5. A hierarchy of potential size or extensibility:
Sentences, which consist of one or more
Clauses, which consist of one or more
Phrases, which consist of one or more
Words, which consist of one or more
Morphemes
They live on the top floor of a house in the corner of the old square behind the church.
Embedding: the occurence of one unit as a constituent of another unit at the same rank
in the grammatical hierarchy.
6. Subordination
The weather has been remarkably warm since we returned from Italy last week.
The room has a large window which faces south.
This is the house that Jack built.
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
- Subordinate clauses: clauses embedded in another clauses often introduced by a
subordinating conjunction
- However, subordination of clauses is not confined to clauses which are immediate
constituents of other clauses – relative clauses
7. Coordination
Coordination: two or more units of the same status on the grammatical hierarchy
connected by a coordinating conjunction.
Coordiantion of clauses: [[It was Christams day] and [the snow lay thick on the ground]].
Coordination of prepositional phrases: You can go [[Iby air] or [by rain]].
Coordination of nouns: His [[son] and [daughter]] live in London.
The colors of the rainbow are blue, green, yellow, orange, red, indigo...
The positive integers are one, two, three, four, five, six, seven,...
8. Thus, the constituents which function as elements of clause structure are either phrases or subordinate clauses.
Each phrase is named after a class of word which has a primary, and indeed obligatory function within it.
• Some people complained about it:
• Some people = subject (function) AND an NP (category)
• Function is a relational concept: when we say that some people is subject we are describing the relation
between it and complained, or between it and the whole clause. It is THE SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE, not
simply a subject.
• A category, by contrast, is a class of expressions which are grammatically alike. An NP is (setting aside a
narrow range of exceptions) simply a phrase with a noun as head (it's not the NP of anything, it's just an NP).
The class of NPs thus includes an indefinitely large set of expressions like the following (where underlining
marks the head noun): some people, all things, Kim, people (as used in People complained), the people next
door, the way home, and so on.
9. The reason we need to distinguish so carefully between functions and categories is that the
correspondence between them is often subtle and complex. Even though there are clear tendencies
(like that the subject of a clause is very often an NP), a single function may be filled by expressions
belonging to different categories, an expression belonging to a single category may occur in different
functions.
ONE FUNCTION, DIFFERENT CATEGORIES ONE CATEGORY, DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
His guilt was obvious. Some customers complained.
That he was guilty was obvious. Kim insulted some customers.
10. Parts of speech and their functions
Nine different categories of lexemes:
INTERJECTIONS oh, hello, wow, ouch
NOUN The dog barked. That is Sue. We saw you.
VERB The dog barked. It is impossible. I have a headache.
ADJECTIVE He’s very old. It looks empty. I’ve got a new car.
DETERMINATIVE The dog barked. I need some nails. All things change.
ADVERB She spoke clearly. He’s very old. I almost died.
PREPOSITION It’s in the car. I gave it to Sam. Here’s a list of them.
COORDINATOR I got up and left. Ed or Je took it. It’s cheap but strong.
SUBORDINATOR It’s odd that they I wonder whether They don’t know if
were late. it’s still available. you are serious.
11. The two largest and most important categories are the noun and the verb. The most basic kind of
clause contains at least one noun and one verb and may contain just a noun and verb.
Categories of noun, verb, adjective, determinative, adverb, preposition - can function as the head of
corresponding phrases (noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, etc.).
12. Parts of speech and their functions
Nouns - generally function as head of NPs, and NPs in turn have a range of functions, including that of
subject, object, subjective complement.
Verbs - occur as head of VPs that themselves function as predicate in a clause.
Adjectives - Most adjectives can occur in either of two major functions, attributive and predicative:
ATTRIBUTIVE PREDICATIVE
Some hot soup The soup is hot.
A jealous husband He became jealous.
In the attributive use the adjective functions as modifier to a following noun in NP structure. In the
predicative use it generally occurs after the verb be or one of a small subclass of similar verbs such as
become, feel, seem, etc.
13. Parts of speech and their functions
Determinatives -The two most common members are the and a. These function as determiners in
NP structure. They mark the NP as definite (in the case of the) and indefinite (in the case of a). We
use a definite NP when we assume you will be able to identify the referent. We say Where 's the dog?,
for example, only if I'm assuming you know which dog I ' m referring to. There's no such assumption
made with an indefinite NP, as in I could hear a dog barking.
Determinative is the name of a category (a class of words), while determiner is the name of a
function:
1. Articles
Indefinite a/an (a pencil, an eraser)
Definite the (the pen)
2. Possessives (my aunt, John’s book)
3. Demonstratives (this child, those boys)
4. Numbers (four girls, the fifth girl)
5. Words of indefinite quantity (some people, more books)
14. Parts of speech and their functions
Adverbs - adverbs mostly function as modifiers of verbs (or VPs), adjectives, or other adverbs.
MODIFYING A VERB OR A VP She spoke clearly. I often see them.
MODIFYING AN ADJECTIVE a remarkably good idea It’s very expensive.
MODIFYING AN ADVERB She spoke quite clearly. I’ll end quite soon.
Prepositions - occur as head of preposition phrases (PPs), and these in turn function as dependents of a
range of elements, especially verbs (or VPs), nouns and adjectives. In the following examples we use
single underlining for the preposition, brackets for the PP, and italics for the element on which the PP is
dependent:
DEPENDENT ON A VERB OR A VP I sat [by the door]. I saw her [after lunch].
DEPENDENT ON A NOUN the man [in the moon] the day [before that]
DEPENDENT ON AN ADJECTIVE keen [on golf] superior [to the others]
15. Parts of speech and their functions
Coordinators - The central members of the coordinator category are and, or, and but - in traditional
grammar they are called 'coordinating conjunctions' . Their function is to mark the coordination of two
or more expressions, where coordination is a relation between elements of equal syntactic status. This
syntactic equality is typically reflected in the ability of any one element to stand in place of the whole
coordination, as in:
1. We need a long table and at least eight chairs.
2. We need a long table. We need at least eight chairs.
In 1. we have a coordination of a long table and at least eight chairs, each of which can occur in place
of the whole, as evident from the two examples in 2. Precisely because the elements are of equal status,
neither is head: coordination is not head + dependent construction.
16. Parts of speech and their functions
Subordinators - The most central members of the subordinator category are that, whether, and one
use of if- the one that is generally interchangeable with whether (as in I don 't know whether/if it 's
possible). These words serve to mark a clause as subordinate.
MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
He did his best. I realize [that he did his best].
He did his best is a main clause, one which, in this example, forms a sentence by itself. Addition of
the subordinator that changes it into a subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses characteristically
function as a dependent element within the structure of a larger clause. In that he did his best is a
dependent of the verb realize, and hence is part of the larger clause I realize that he did his best. That
is often optional: in I realize he did his best the clause he did his best is still subordinate, but it is not
overtly marked as such in its own structure.