Elm3 chart11 03
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Gerunds can function as objects of verbs or objects of prepositions. As verb objects, gerunds answer the question "what" and are called verb complements. Common verbs followed by gerund objects include begin, continue, finish, keep, miss, quit, remember, and start. Like noun phrases, gerunds can also be the object of a preposition, answering the question "what."
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This document discusses gerunds and infinitives. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "ing" that can be used as nouns, subjects, or objects. Infinitives are verb forms with "to" that can also be used as subjects or objects. Whether a verb takes a gerund or infinitive as its object depends on the specific verb. Some verbs like "enjoy" require a gerund object, while others like "want" require an infinitive object.
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This document provides an explanation and examples of negative statements using forms of the verb "to be" in English grammar. It states that to make a negative statement with "be", we put "not" after the verb. It lists the contractions "isn't" and "aren't" and provides examples of negative statements with subjects like "the dog owner", "she", "you", etc. It also explains that contractions can be made with most subject pronouns or with a verb and "not", with exceptions like "I am not".
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The document provides information on conjugations of the verb "to be" in English. It lists the present tense positive and negative forms of the verb "to be" used with different subjects including I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. It provides the full and contracted forms. It also discusses the use of the verb "to be" in questions and short positive/negative answers. Key points covered include using contractions in informal contexts but not in positive short answers, and placing the verb before the subject in questions.
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This was a slide show I created to teach my classmates about sentence fragments. The sources I used are included in the slide show so that anyone may look and learn from these in a more in-depth manner if they choose to.
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The document discusses modal verbs in English. It defines modal verbs as special verbs that express mood and attitude. Some key points:
- Modal verbs such as can, may, must are used with other verbs to express ideas like ability, permission, obligation.
- Modal verbs are irregular and do not conjugate like normal verbs. They have consistent forms and are always followed by a base verb.
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2) It describes the three categories of verbs in Japanese - Godan, Ichidan, and irregular - and the rules for converting verbs between plain and polite form within each category.
3) It introduces the "volitional" form of plain verbs, used to say "let's...", and provides rules and examples for converting verbs into the volitional form based on their category.
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Here are corrections to the fragments:
1. Her beautiful new sports car sat in the driveway.
2. The plate serves no purpose.
3. Which made driving hazardous in the snow.
4. a) The first mission to Pluto was launched in 2006 and will arrive in 2015.
b) He made 5,000 songs available over the university’s server, which prompted the record companies to threaten legal action.
5. a) The first mission to Pluto, which was launched in 2006, will arrive in 2015.
b) He made 5,000 songs available over the university’s server; this prompted the record companies to threaten legal action.
6. The Kenyon
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The document discusses different types of phrases and clauses. It defines phrases as groups of related words that do not contain a verb and subject. There are five types of phrases: prepositional, adjective, adverb, verbal, and appositive. It also defines clauses as groups of words containing a subject and verb. Clauses are either independent or dependent, with three types of dependent clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of phrase and clause.
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The document discusses the differences between gerunds and infinitives in English grammar. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that can be used as nouns or after certain verbs and prepositions. Infinitives are the base verb form preceded by "to" and can be used after verbs to indicate future action or purpose. Some verbs can take either gerunds or infinitives with no change in meaning, while others require a specific form.
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Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that can function as nouns, verbs, or adjectives. Infinitives are the base form of verbs preceded by "to". Gerunds are used after certain verbs and prepositions, while infinitives are used after other verbs to describe future events or purposes. Some verbs can take either a gerund or infinitive with no difference in meaning, while others have different meanings depending on which form is used.
PRESENTACION INFINITIVE AND GERUNDS.pptx
The document discusses infinitives and gerunds in Spanish grammar. It defines infinitives and gerunds, describes their features and applications. Infinitives express actions without tense or person and can function as subjects. Gerunds are verb forms that fulfill non-verb functions and end in "-ing". Both infinitives and gerunds are unconjugated forms. The document provides examples of different types of infinitives and uses of gerunds, including with verbs that can take both forms.
عرض تقديمي negation
Negation refers to negative statements, judgments, or doctrines. Negation uses helping verbs like do not, does not, did not, have not, and had not to form negative sentences in simple present, present continuous, simple past, and past perfect tenses. Model verbs like will not, would not, cannot, could not, should not, might not, must not are also used for negation except for "may". Negative questions and imperatives express negation without using an auxiliary verb by using negative words like no, not, never, none, nobody, nowhere. While double negatives are discouraged, they can sometimes intensify the negation or become affirmative in some languages. Prefixes and suffixes can also be used to create negative
Verb and verbals
The document discusses verbs and verbals in English. It explains that verbs indicate actions or states of being while verbals like gerunds, infinitives, and participles function as other parts of speech. It then covers the auxiliary verbs be, do, have, and modal verbs. It provides examples of how these verbs are used and concludes with a discussion of subject-verb agreement including situations that can be singular or plural.
Addition to Remarks (Rejoinders)-What is a rejoinder.pdf
Addition to Remarks (rejoinders).
Introduction:
Addition to Remarks (rejoinders) is quite clear from the meaning, it means to add your idea (agreement or disagreement) to someone else remarks. We call it rejoinders (in addition to Remarks) too. It is like tag questions. But, it has gotten a slight difference from tag questions. We use some specific phrases to agree or disagree. Addition to Remarks has a specific rule while we agree or disagree with anyone’s remarks. We will study this in detail in this article in addition to remarks.
Positive addition to positive remarks & negative addition to positive remarks.
7-9 Using Nouns and Pronouns and Speaking
This document discusses various informal language expressions used in everyday conversation. Section A describes how "thing" and "stuff" are used to refer to objects, actions, and ideas generally. Section B discusses using nonspecific nouns like "thingamajig" when the exact name is unknown. Section C explains that about 25% of questions are tag questions with pronouns, often used to seek confirmation. Section D notes some non-standard pronoun usages that are more informal but sometimes used in speech.
Inifinitive tarea
The document discusses the formation and use of verb infinitives in English. It explains that the infinitive is formed by adding "to" before the base verb form. Infinitives can be used after modal verbs or as part of the perfect or progressive tense. Certain verbs, like "want" and "tell", are followed by an infinitive with "to". The infinitive can serve different purposes including expressing obligation, purpose, or as the object or complement of a verb.
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COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR III (II Bimestre Abril Agosto 2011)
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Passives part 1
The document discusses passive sentences and their verb forms compared to active sentences. It explains that passive sentences have the subject receiving the action of the verb rather than performing it. It then provides examples of passive verb forms in different tenses, including with modal verbs. It also introduces the passive causative construction using have or get followed by the past participle.
Passives part 2
This document discusses the use of passive sentences. It explains that passive sentences can be used to describe situations, states or locations by using the subject, form of "be", past participle, and a prepositional phrase. It also explains that passive sentences can be used to report opinions or ideas using either the structure of "it be + past participle (by agent) that clause" or "be + past participle (by agent) to phrase". Examples are provided to illustrate these uses of passive sentences.
Passives part 1
The document discusses passive sentences and verb forms in the passive. It compares active and passive sentences and lists the passive verb forms for different tenses. It also discusses using modals like "can", "may", and "must" in passive sentences in the present and past tenses. Finally, it provides examples of speculative passive sentences about the present, past and future.
Modals to express degrees of certainty
This document discusses using modal verbs to express different degrees of certainty about statements in the present, past and future. It outlines modal verbs that can be used to speculate affirmatively or negatively about whether something is, was or may be true in the present (must be/can't be, may be/may not be), past (must have been/couldn't have been, may have been/may not have been) and future (should, may/may not).
Modals to express degrees of necessity
Modals are used to express degrees of necessity and attitude toward actions. They include verbs like can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, and had better. Simple modals use the modal verb with the base form of another verb to talk about present and future necessity, while perfect modals use the modal with have and a past participle to discuss past necessity. Different modals express obligation, advice, expectation, and suggestion in both affirmative and negative forms in the present and past tense.
Whoreallydiscoveredamerica
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
Columbus test
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
Future time
This document discusses different ways to express future time in English using verb forms. There are four main verb forms: future with "will", future with "going to", future progressive, and simple future. Each form is used to indicate a different nuance about the timing or certainty of a future event. Examples are provided to illustrate the affirmative, negative, and question forms for each future verb construction.
Present perfect simple past.
The document discusses the differences between using the present perfect and simple past tenses. It states that the simple past should be used when a definite time in the past is provided, such as with phrases like "ago" or when specifying a date or time. Examples are provided that contrast using the present perfect versus simple past in sentences where the time of the action is clearly in the past.
Present perfect and present perfect progressive 1
The document provides explanations and examples of the present perfect and present perfect progressive tenses in English grammar. It states that these tenses are used to connect a past time or action to the present when used with "for" or "since." Without these words, the present perfect indicates a finished action or repeated action in an undefined time frame. The present perfect progressive describes an action that began in the past and continues in the present. It notes that stative verbs, which describe a state of being, cannot be used in the progressive form.
2. simple past and past progressive
The document discusses the simple past and past progressive tenses in English grammar.
The simple past is used to describe completed actions or events that happened at a specific time in the past. The past progressive describes actions or events that were ongoing or in progress over a period of time in the past. Some examples are provided to illustrate using the simple past to talk about completed actions and the past progressive to talk about background activities that were happening simultaneously with the main event.
Usage note 22 on page 417
This document discusses how to change pronouns, possessive forms, time and place expressions when converting direct speech to indirect speech. It provides examples of direct speech and the corresponding indirect speech, showing how "you" becomes "I", "tomorrow" becomes "the next day", and "here" becomes "there". Pronouns, possessives, and temporal and locational expressions may need to change to be accurate in indirect speech.
Azar 11 7
This document discusses using units of measure with noncount nouns to specify quantities. Noncount nouns like tea, toast, and cake can be measured using units like cups, slices, and pieces to indicate how much is being referred to rather than just using the noncount noun alone. Units of measure make noncount nouns more specific by associating a quantity with the noncount noun.
Azar 11 7
Noncount nouns refer to things that cannot be counted individually or that are not thought of as individual units. Noncount nouns take singular verbs and are used with general quantities or amounts of measurement rather than specific counts. Common noncount nouns include types of food, liquids, abstract concepts and more.
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Be supposed to is used to talk about an activity or event that is expected to happen. It expresses what is expected or intended to occur. For example, "Mike is supposed to call me tomorrow" means the speaker expects Mike to call. "We are supposed to write a composition" means the teacher expects the class to write a composition. In the past form, "was supposed to" often expresses that an expected event did not happen, such as "Alice was supposed to be home at ten, but she didn’t get in until midnight," indicating Alice did not meet the expected time of 10pm.
Azar 10 10
Used to expresses habitual past actions and is followed by the simple form of a verb, while be used to expresses being accustomed to something and is followed by a gerund. The document provides examples to illustrate the difference, showing that "I used to walk to work" refers to a past habit but "I am used to walking to work" refers to a current normal activity. Care must be taken with these similar but differently used structures.
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This document discusses the verbs "to use" and "to accustom" and how they have the same meaning when used in certain sentences. It provides examples of sentences using each verb, such as "I am used to hot weather" and "I am accustomed to hot weather", and explains that they both mean living in hot weather is normal and usual. It also discusses how adding "-ing" can turn a verb into a noun and how this applies to sentences like "I am accustomed to living in a hot climate".
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Modal auxiliaries such as will, can, should, ought to, must, have to, may, might, and could are often used in the passive form. To change an active sentence with a modal auxiliary into the passive voice, the modal auxiliary is placed before "be" followed by the past participle of the main verb, and the agent is introduced with "by".
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The by-phrase is used in passive sentences to indicate who performs the action when it is important information. Usually there is no by-phrase in a passive sentence when the performer of the action is unknown or unimportant. The active voice is usually used when the speaker knows who performs the action and wants to focus attention on the subject. The by-phrase adds extra important information about who performed the action when used in a passive construction.
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This document discusses the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs are followed by an object, while intransitive verbs are not. Common examples of transitive verbs include mailed, signed, and killed. Common intransitive verbs include agree, exist, live, and sleep. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice. Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive depending on how they are used.
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Elm3 chart11 03
- 1. Section A
- 2. We can use a noun phrase as the object of the verb. I just started that book. verb noun phrase as object
- 3. Like a noun phrase, a gerund can also function as the object of certain verbs. I just started reading that book. verb gerund as object GRAMMAR TERM: A gerund used as an object of a verb is also called a verb completer or a verb complement.
- 4. The gerund answers the question what. My boss never stopped talking. I miss seeing my family. My generation is probably the last one that remembers not having the Internet in high school. (Stopped what?) (Miss what?) (Remembers what?)
- 5. Common one-word verbs followed by gerunds include: For a list of common verbs followed by gerunds, see the Resources, page R-8. begin dislike continue finis h keep miss quit remember start stop
- 6. Section B
- 7. Like a noun phrase, a gerund can also be used as the object of a preposition. preposition I left home without any money. noun phrase I left home without eating breakfast. preposition gerund
- 8. The gerund answers the question what. I’m angry at her for leaving without saying goodbye. I decided on not getting a Facebook account.
- 9. The gerund answers the question what. Videoconferencing is a useful way of holding a meeting. The president is responsible for preparing the budget.