Clauses and phrases ppt very good

1. PHRASE VS CLAUSE

2. 1. Aland hasbi (4115010009)
2. Inas novikasari (4115010028)
3. Listiawati (4115010016)
4. M. farhan satrio (4115010018)
4-teknik perancangan jalan dan jembatan
Politeknik negeri jakarta
2018
Group 1 :

3. Definition of a phrase
Phrase is a small group of words standing together as a
conceptual unit, typically forming a component af a clause.
(Oxford Dictionary)

4. The function of a phrase
The function of a phrase depends upon its construction and place
in a sentence. There are 5 function:
1. Verb
2. Subject
3. Object
4. Adjunct
5. Complement
Source : https://www.sltinfo.com/the-function-of-phrases-
within-clauses/

5. The verb describes actions that are instigated by someone or
some animate being, events that happen, or the state people or
things are in.
Example :
The small child had cuddled the little frightened kitten.
The function of a phrase
As a verb

6. According to some descriptive systems, every verb in a clause
must have a subject and, in fact, the most common type of clause
does appear to contain both a subject and a verb. If the verb
expresses an action, then the subject is the thing or person
performing the action
Example :
The small child had cuddled the little frightened kitten.
The function of a phrase
As a subject

7. An object is the somebody or something that is acted upon by
verb.
Example :
The small child had cuddled the little frightened kitten.
The function of a phrase
As an object

8. The adjunct provides additional circumstantial information
about such things as the time, location, manner, or cause of an
action , event or state. Adjuncts are usually optional elements, as
theis removal does not typically render a clause ungrammatical.
Example :
The small child had cuddled the little frightened kitten yesterday.
The function of a phrase
As an adjunct

9. A complement fills the same position as an object in a clause and
refers to the same thing as the subject.
Example :
The small child had cuddled the little frightened kitten yesterday.
The function of a phrase
As a complement

10. The types of a phrase
Phrases are divided into various types depending upon its
function in a sentence. These are the types of a phrases:
1. Noun Phrase
2. Prepositional Phrase
3. Adjective Phrase
4. Adverb Phrase
5. Verb Phrase
6. Gerund Phrase
7. Infinitive Phrase
8. Participle phrase
9. Absolute Phrase
Source : http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-phrase.html

11. Noun phrase
A noun phrase contains a noun and other associated words
(usually determiners and modifiers) which modify the noun.
Example :
A women in the window shouted for help.
One of our close relatives bought a beautiful red car.
Noun + modifiers (or determiners)

12. prepositional phrase
A phrase comprising a prepositional and object of preposition
(noun of pronoun) is called prepositional phrase. It may also
contain other modifiers.
Example :
The kids were laughing at the joker.
He drives the car in a high speed.
He is sleeping on the carpet.
Noun or Pronoun which called the object of
preposition

13. adjective phrase
Like an adjective it modifies a noun or a pronoun. It comprises of
adjective, modifiers and other words modifying the noun or
pronoun.
Example :
A kid on the roof is looking at the sky. (modifies noun: kid)
She bought a beautiful brown chair. (modifies noun: chair)
He gave me a cup full of tea. (modifies noun: cup)

14. adverb phrase
Like an adverb, it modifies a verb or other adverb in the sentence.
It contains an adverb and other words (noun, preposition,
modifiers) which, as a whole, act as an adverb phrase.
Example :
He drives a car in very high speed. (modifies noun: drive)
She always speaks in a respectful way. (modifies noun: speak)
He stayed at college for a few hours. (modifies noun: stay)

15. verb phrase
A verb phrase is the group of main verbs and helping-verbs
(auxiliaries) within a sentence.
Example :
He has taken his annual exam.
She is writing a letter.

16. infinitive phrase
An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive (to + base form of verb) and
modifiers or other related word linked to thr infinitive. An infinitive
phrase will always acts as a noun, an adjective or verb in the sentence.
Example :
I enjoy to drive a car. (as noun)
She sang a song to please the audience. (as adj modifying verb: sing)

17. gerund phrase
A gerund phrase is a group of gerund (verb + ing), modifiers and other
related word linked to the gerund. A gerund phrase functions as a noun
in the sentence.
Example :
I enjoy listening to the music. (as noun/as object)
Crying of a baby disturbed me a lot. (as noun/ as subject)

18. participle phrase
A participle phrase is a group of a present-participle (verb +ing) or
past-participle verb, modifiers and other linked words. Punctuated
with a comma or commas. It always acts as an adj (modifying a noun)
in a sentence.
Example :
The student, raising their hands, need extra page. (modifies
noun: student)
The chair, made of plastic, looks very beautiful. (modifies
noun: chair)

19. Absoulute phrase
Absoulute phrase is also called a nominative phrase. It consist of a noun
or pronoun, a participle and linked modifiers. It modifies (tells more
about) the sentence. It looks like a clause but lacks true finite verb. It is
seperated by a comma in a sentence.
Example :
She is looking very much happy, her face expressing a shine of
happiness.

20. Definition of a CLAUSE
• Based on Cambridge Dictionary
A clause is the basic unit of grammar. Typically a main clause is
made up of a subject (s) (a noun phrase) and a verb phrase (v).
Sometimes the verb phrase is followed by other element, e.g
object (o), complements (c), adjuncts (ad).
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/about-words-
clauses-and-sentences/clauses

21. • A clause may stand as a simple sentence or may join another
clause to make a sentence. Therefore, a sentence consists of
one, two or more clauses.
• Example:
- He is sleeping (one clause)
- I am happy , because I won a prize (two clause)
- I like Mathematics but my brother like Biology, because he
wants to become a doctor (three clause)

22. TYPES OF
CLAUSES
Main or Independent
Clause
Subordinate or
Dependent Clause

23. Main or independent clause is a clause that expresses a complete
thought and can stand as a sentence.
• A main clause contains a subject performing a verb
• Every sentence contains at least one main clause
Example :
- The boys kicked the football
- Jane talks slowly at the library
MAIN OR INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

24. Subordinate or dependent clause is a clause which doesn’t
express complete thought and depends on another clause (main
clause) to complete thought.
• Subordinate clause contains a subject and a verb but can’t
stand alone as a sentence
• A subordinate clause gives extra information about the man
clause
• It can come before or after the main clause but doesn’t make
sense on its own
SUBORDINATE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSE

25. For example
Although she was clumsy, Harriet caught the netball
SUBORDINATE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSE
This is the main clause...
It contains a subject (Harriet) performing a verb
(caught) and makes sense on its own

26. For example
Although she was clumsy, Harriet caught the netball
SUBORDINATE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSE
This is the main clause...
It contains a subject (Harriet) performing a verb
(caught) and makes sense on its own
This is a subordinate clause... It is not a
complete idea and doesn’t make sense
without being attached to the main clause.

27. Main or Subordinate Clause?
Decide whether the underlined section is a main
clause or a subordinate clause
Example MC SC
Emery arrived after the school bell had rung.
Although I was terrified, I crept up the creaking
staircase.
It was raining so we cancelled our picnic.
Despite it being -2°C outside, Frank still didn’t bring his
jumper to school!
On Fridays we normally go swimming but today I forgot
my kit.
The fox slinked through the dense undergrowth and
pounced on the unsuspecting mouse.
Example MC SC
Emery arrived after the school bell had rung. 
Although I was terrified, I crept up the creaking
staircase.
It was raining so we cancelled our picnic.
Despite it being -2°C outside, Frank still didn’t bring his
jumper to school!
On Fridays we normally go swimming but today I forgot
my kit.
The fox slinked through the dense undergrowth and
pounced on the unsuspecting mouse.
Example MC SC
Emery arrived after the school bell had rung. 
Although I was terrified, I crept up the creaking
staircase.

It was raining so we cancelled our picnic.
Despite it being -2°C outside, Frank still didn’t bring his
jumper to school!
On Fridays we normally go swimming but today I forgot
my kit.
The fox slinked through the dense undergrowth and
pounced on the unsuspecting mouse.
Example MC SC
Emery arrived after the school bell had rung. 
Although I was terrified, I crept up the creaking
staircase.

It was raining so we cancelled our picnic. 
Despite it being -2°C outside, Frank still didn’t bring his
jumper to school!
On Fridays we normally go swimming but today I forgot
my kit.
The fox slinked through the dense undergrowth and
pounced on the unsuspecting mouse.
Example MC SC
Emery arrived after the school bell had rung. 
Although I was terrified, I crept up the creaking
staircase.

It was raining so we cancelled our picnic. 
Despite it being -2°C outside, Frank still didn’t bring his
jumper to school!

On Fridays we normally go swimming but today I forgot
my kit.
The fox slinked through the dense undergrowth and
pounced on the unsuspecting mouse.
Example MC SC
Emery arrived after the school bell had rung. 
Although I was terrified, I crept up the creaking
staircase.

It was raining so we cancelled our picnic. 
Despite it being -2°C outside, Frank still didn’t bring his
jumper to school!

On Fridays we normally go swimming but today I forgot
my kit.

The fox slinked through the dense undergrowth and
pounced on the unsuspecting mouse.
Example MC SC
Emery arrived after the school bell had rung. 
Although I was terrified, I crept up the creaking
staircase.

It was raining so we cancelled our picnic. 
Despite it being -2°C outside, Frank still didn’t bring his
jumper to school!

On Fridays we normally go swimming but today I forgot
my kit.

The fox slinked through the dense undergrowth and
pounced on the unsuspecting mouse.


28. 1. A phrase is described as a group of two or more than two
words related to one another, that constitute a single unit. On
the other extreme, the clause is a part of a sentence, that
comprises of a subject (noun phrase) that actively performs
an action (finite verb form).
2. A phrase is a part of a clause or a sentence. As against, a clause
is a sentence fragment.
3. A clause has a subject and verb, whereas a phrase doesn’t have
it
4. A phrase can’t stand alone, as it does not convey a meaning.
In contrast, a clause is a stand-alone statement, which
conveys a thought or idea.
KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHRASE AND
CLAUSE

29. Thanks!