The document discusses the differences between phrases and clauses. It states that a clause contains both a subject and a verb, while a phrase does not necessarily contain both. It provides examples of phrases and clauses. The document also describes the different types of phrases, including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverb phrases. Additionally, it covers the different types of clauses, such as independent clauses, dependent clauses, noun clauses, adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and conditional clauses. It provides examples and explanations for each type of phrase and clause.

1. Clauses

2. Phrase vs Clause: What's the difference?
 Every sentence is constructed of clauses and/or phrases, but sometimes it can
be tricky to tell the difference between a phrase and a clause.
 Both phrases and clauses contain groups of two or more words and help us to
make sentences, but they both have different roles.
 A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
 A phrase is a group of words, but it doesn't contain a subject and a verb.
 A sentence can exist as a single clause, but a single phrase can't make up a
sentence.
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3. Phrase vs Clause: What's the difference?
 Here is a simple example of a sentence that uses both a phrase and a clause:
Wherever you go, I will follow.
 'Wherever you go' is the phrase, and 'I will follow' is the clause.
 'Wherever you go' doesn't make sense on its own - it's not a completed
thought.
 But, 'I will follow' contains both a subject and a verb - 'I' and 'follow',
respectively. It's a complete thought and we don't need any more words to
understand the meaning of the sentence.
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4. Phrase vs Clause: What's the difference?
Phrase Example –
 Fish Swims in the Water
 She is sleeping on the floor
 They will meet at the concert
 Over the horizon
 She is sketching on the Wall
Clause Example –
 Fish Swims in the water
 She is sleeping on the floor
 They will meet at the concert
 He smiled
 She is sketching on the Wall
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5. Types of Phrases
Noun Phrase
A phrase that acts as a noun in a sentence is
called a noun phrase.
 They rented a huge beautiful house. (as
noun: object).
 She bought a decent black shirt. (as noun:
object).
 One of our close relatives never drinks
coffee. (as noun: subject).
 A woman in the window shouted for help.
(as noun: subject).
Verb Phrase
A verb phrase is a group of main verb and
helping verbs (auxiliaries) within a sentence.
 She is writing a letter
 He has passed the exam.
 The students must reach on time for the
lecture.
 They have been playing football since
morning.
 He is waiting for his friend.
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6. Types of Phrases
Adjective Phrase
A phrase that acts like an adjective in a sentence is called an adjective phrase. Like an
adjective, it modifies (gives more information about) a noun or a pronoun
 A kid on the roof is looking at the sky. (modifies noun: kid).
 The boy standing in the shop is my friend. (modifies noun: boy).
 She bought a beautiful brown chair. (modifies noun: chair).
 A lady with long hair is walking in the garden. (modifies noun: lady).
 She gave me a cup full of tea. (modifies noun: cup).
 A student from my college won the competition. (modifies noun: student).
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7. Types of Phrases
Adverb Phrase
A phrase that acts as an adverb in a sentence is called an adverb phrase. Like an adverb. it
modifies (gives more information about) a verb or other adverb in the sentence.
 He drives a car at a very high speed. (modifies verb: drive).
 He was running very fast. (modifies verb: run).
 She always speaks in a respectful way. (modifies verb: speak).
 They walked along the wall. (modifies verb: walk).
 She welcomed the guests in a nice way. (modifies verb: welcome).
 He stayed at college for a few hours. (modifies verb: stay).
 The kid sat beside her mother. (modifies verb: sit).
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8. Types of Phrases
Prepositional phrase
A phrase comprising a preposition and an object of the preposition (noun or
pronoun) is called a prepositional phrase. It may also contain other modifiers.
 The kids were laughing at the joker.
 He is sleeping on the carpet.
 The teacher looked at the blackboard.
 He drives the car at a high speed.
 He always speaks in a loud voice.
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9. Clauses
A clause is a group of words that has both a
subject and a predicate. Every complete sentence
is made up of at least one clause.
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10. Features of a clause
1. A clause has a subject and a predicate.
E.g.: Parvathi is a girl who is good at dance
Parvathi is a girl who is good at dance.
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Subject Predicate Relative pronoun
used as subject
Predicate
The cat is sleeping in the sun
Subject Predicate
The dog is barking, but the cat is quiet.
Subject
Subject
Subject
Predicate Predicate

11. Features of a clause
2. A clause has a finite verb. A finite verb is a verb that has a subject and shows tense.
John cooks carrots
He painted the house
Parvathy is a girl who is good at dance.
We didn’t get any food because we didn’t have enough time.
3. The subject may be both implicit and explicit.
Parvathi is a girl(Explicit) Who is good at dance (Implicit)
Raju has a car (Explicit) Which is black in colour (Implicit)
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12. Types of Clauses
There are mainly two types of clauses
1. Independent Clause
2. Dependent Clause
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13. An independent clause can stand alone as a complete simple sentence even though it is usually
functioning as part of a larger sentence. It is a clause that makes complete sense by itself. Independent
clauses are combined using coordinating conjunctions like and, but, or etc.
 The beach is a lot of fun, yet the mountains are better.
 A group of us went to the movie, and we agreed it was enjoyable.
 I went to the store, but I forgot to bring my shopping list.
 He went to the theme park, and he went on all the rides.
 After the flood, the family moved into a temporary shelter.
 Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at the Park.
 Brianna eats popcorn whenever she goes to the theatre.
 While walking at the park, John saw a monkey eating banana.
Independent/ Principal/Main clause
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14. A dependent or subordinate clause refers to a clause that is dependent on the principal or main
clause to convey complete meaning. It is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does
not express a complete thought. A dependent clause alone cannot be a sentence. A dependent
clause always starts with a dependent marker word/ subordinating conjunction. Common
dependent markers are, since, if, because, even, though, after, while, whenever, although, in order to,
unless, until, whether, etc.
 He finally finished his novel, after months of research.
 While I was asleep, the cat knocked over the plant.
 Whenever I go to Delhi, I will visit the Taj Mahal
 Since no one else volunteered, the job is yours.
 If you can give me two reasons, I will allow it.
 You may play outside until the street lights come on.
Dependent/ Subordinate clause
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15. Identify the Principal and subordinate clauses in the following sentences
1. They sat under a tree after they had walked a very long distance.
2. I do not agree with what you said.
3. Sumi wanted to give me a gift before I left for London
4. I first met them in Thrissur where I lived as a child.
5. After she picks me up from school mother will take me to watch a movie.
6. The old man was generous in helping people who were victims of the catastrophic flood
7. The students stood up when the teacher walked in to the classroom
8. The girl, who won the first prize, is my cousin.
9. If we meet after class, we can go home together.
10. If you take medicines, you will be fine again.
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16. Answers
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Independent clause Dependent clause
They sat under a tree after they had walked a very long distance
I do not agree with what you said.
Sumi wanted to give me a gift before I left for London
I first met hem in Thrissur where I lived as a child
mother will take me to watch a movie After she picks me up from school
The old man was generous in helping people who were victims of catastrophic flood
The students stood up when the teacher walked in to the classroom
The girl is my cousin who won the first prize
we can go home together If we meet after class
you will be fine again If you take medicines

17. 17
Clauses
Independent or principal Dependent or subordinate
Noun or
Nominal clause
Adjective or
Relative clause
Adverbial
Clause
Conditional
Clause

18. 1.Noun/ Nominal Clause
A noun clause is a dependent clause that takes the place of any noun in the sentence, whether
they are subjects, objects, or subject complements. Noun clauses begin with words such as how,
that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom,
whomever, and why.
E.g.: I like what I see. (In this example, the subject of the clause is "I" and the verb is "see.“, but
the whole clause acts as a noun)
I know that patience has its limits. (Subject: Patience, verb: has)
I know where the treasure is.
Choose a gift for whomever you want.
Whichever restaurant you pick is fine with me.
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19. Functions of Noun Clauses
Noun clauses as the subject
A noun clause can works as the subject of a
sentence.
 Whatever you are eating looks delicious.
 Where he hid the money is impossible to
find.
 Whoever made this building is a genius.
 Why he broke up with that girl is still a
mystery to me.
 Whom John is fighting next is a
dangerous opponent.
Noun clause as the object
A noun clause can also work as the object of a
verb.
 I don’t know what your hobbies are.
 My father doesn’t like whom I’m dating.
 Do you know who ate my sandwich?
 She doesn’t understand what I do for money.
 Have you met whom I love?
 He loves where we live.
 They can’t give us what we want.
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20. Functions of Noun Clauses
Noun clause as the object of a preposition
When noun clauses function as the object of a
preposition, they come right after the preposition.
She is thinking about what she should do with her
life.
Max has feelings for whom we met last night in
the park.
We are going to where we went last week.
Most people believe in what they haven’t
experienced.
Don’t get into what you don’t know a thing
about.
Noun clause as Subject Complement
A noun clause can also serve as a subject
complement. A subject complement modifies,
describes or completes the subject of a clause.
 Carlie's problem was that she didn't practice
enough.
 The problem is that you think driving is not
easy to learn.
 Your desk mate can be whomever you like.
 Your fault was that you declined to complete
the assignment.
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21. 2. Adverb Clause
An adverbial clause, sometimes referred to as an adverb clause, is a group of words that,
together, functions as an adverb. This means that the clause describes or modifies a verb,
adjective, or another adverb.
 He bakes cakes before he leaves for work every Sunday.
 Andrei eats his lunch faster than everyone else eats.
 Mark will sit where he always sits.
 I waited for my friend until he arrived.
 Finish your homework before the dinner is ready
 The lights went out while I was fixing the computer
 Even if it rains, I will come.
 As he was not there, I spoke to his mother.21

22. Types of adverb clause
Adverb Clause of Time
An adverb clause of time shows when
something happens. It is usually introduced
by time adverbs like, before, after, as, when,
while, until, as soon as, since, no sooner than,
as long as etc.
 While you were playing I was working.
 He went to work after he fed the cats.
 Meghna could wash the dishes when her
baby was asleep.
 We should wait until she finished her
cooking.
Adverb clause of place
An adverbial clause of place describes where
something has occurred or will occur. The most
common subordinating conjunctions are where,
wherever, everywhere, and anywhere etc.
 Grandma and Grandpa want to go where their
children live.
 I can go wherever I want to go.
 Peter brings his sunglasses everywhere he goes.
 Birds create nests anywhere they deem suitable.
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23. Types of adverb clause
Adverb Clause of Reason
An adverbial clause of reason or purpose
describes why something has occurred or
will occur. Common subordinating
conjunctions are because, as, since, and so.
 I admire you because you are an
inspiration to many people.
 As it is raining, we probably shouldn’t go
to the park today.
 I’m going outside to play since my
homework is finished.
 He went to his room so he could be alone.
Adverb clause of result
An adverb clause of result is used to say what
happens or what may happen as a result of the
action mentioned in the main clause. The chief
conjunction used to introduce adverb clauses of
result are: so that, in order that, so…that and
such…that.
 They fought so bravely that the enemy fled.
 Speak clearly so that we can all hear you.
 He spoke loudly in order that everybody would
hear him.
 His rudeness was such that his parents were
shocked.
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24. Types of adverb clause
Adverb Clause of Condition
The adverb clause of condition gives the
circumstances under which the action in the
main clause will take place. Common
subordinating conjunctions used to introduce
adverb clauses of condition are: if, unless,
whether, provided that, on condition that and so
long as.
 If it rains, we will not go out.
 You won’t pass unless you work hard.
 She will take this medicine whether she likes
it or not.
 You can take my car so long as you drive
carefully.
Adverb clause of Concession
An adverb of concession offers a statement which
contrasts with the main idea. An adverb of
concession often starts with one of the following
subordinating conjunctions: though, although,
even though, while, whereas, or even if.
 I would like to go out although it is raining.
 I enjoyed the film even though I had a
headache.
 Though the sun is out, the wind is very chilly
 Even if it rains I will come.
 John is very popular among his friends,
whereas his brother is reclusive.
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25. Types of adverb clause
Adverb clause of Manner
Adverb clauses of manner shows how
something happens. They usually begin with
‘like’, ‘as though’ or ‘as if’:
 She looked as though she was in pain.
 Ryan walked past as if he hadn’t seen us.
 He talked to me like I was a child.
 He speaks as though he were the boss .
Adverb clause of Degree
Adverb clauses of degree or comparison
answer the question how much, how little or
how many. The chief conjunctions used to
introduce adverb clauses of degree are as,
as…as, so…as and than.
 She is older than her husband.
 She is as pretty as a doll.
 She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.
 She is not so intelligent as her sister.
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26. 3. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause, or relative clause, is a type of dependent clause that works to describe a
noun in a sentence. It functions as an adjective and modifies the noun or pronoun.
 The flowers that we picked up last week have died.
 My friend, who has glasses, wasn't at school today.
 The boy, who claimed to have a broken arm, caught the ball.
 Bobby's cat that ate the mouse had a stomachache.
 The robber who broke into my house is in court today.
 People who are smart follow the rules.
 I can remember the time when cell phones didn't exist.
 Charlie has a friend whose daughter lives in China.
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27. 4.Conditional Clause
 To express cause effect relationships for physical conditions (e.g. If you see dark clouds in the
sky. you can expect rains.)
 To suggest habitual actions (e.g., If you exercise daily, you will reduce weight faster.)
 Show real conditions (e.g. If you have work, we will go to the movie on another day.)
 To show actions when certain conditions are fulfilled (e.g. If my father agrees to pick me up
after the function. I can come.)
 To show willingness, and likelihood/probability (e.g. Unless you tell me your problems, I
cannot help.)
 For unreal conditions (e.g. If I had come to the party, I could have met my friend.)
 For imaginary conditions (e.g. If I were a superman, I could have stopped all these crimes
happening in the city.) 27

28. Identify the kind of subordinate clauses in the sentences below
1. The director is the person to whom you should write. Adjective clause
2. The researcher said that he had found the chemical compound. Nominal/ Noun Clause
3. The judge offered whoever told the truth a reduced sentence. Nominal/ Noun Clause
4. It is unfortunate that Geetha did not qualify the exam. Nominal/ Noun Clause
5. Marina did not make the same mistakes that her sister did. Adjective clause
6. The jury believed that the accused man was guilty. Nominal/ Noun Clause
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29. Identify the kind of subordinate clauses in the sentences below
7. If you want the minister to inaugurate the function, you must plan early. Conditional clause
8. I know the student who stood first. Adjective clause
9. Before I leave for London, I want to meet you. Adverb clause
10. My friend whose father serves in the army is visiting Sri Lanka. Adjective clause
11. If I had enough money, I would have bought that house. Conditional clause
12. She could not believe that I was speaking the truth. Nominal/ Noun Clause
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30. Types of Sentences
1. 1.Simple
2. 2. Compound
3. 3. Complex
4. 4. Compound- complex
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31. Simple Sentences
A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one clause, or more specifically, an independent
clause, with a subject and a predicate (with a finite verb). A simple sentence has no dependent
clauses. A simple sentence is not always a short, basic sentences. It could have compound subjects
and compound objects.
 I cannot drink warm milk.
 The car turned the corner.
 Jessie ate dinner.
 Tom and Mary walked to the store.
 Jack and Jill like walking.
 Jack likes fishing but hates hunting.
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 The missing child was located near the
railway station.
 My friend and I had planned the trip last
year.
 It is not a crime to speak one’s mind
 Despite his illness, Gopal is always
cheerful.

32. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence is a sentence made of two or more independent clauses, usually joined
by coordinating conjunctions like for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so . A compound sentence has no
dependent clauses.
 I have a pet cat, and his name is Fluffy.
 I really need to go to work, but I am too sick to drive.
 I am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert.
 Everyone was busy, so I went to the movie alone.
 Should we start class now, or wait for everyone to get here?
 Cats are good pets, for they are clean and are not noisy.
 We have never been to Asia, nor have we visited Africa.
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33. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses. The dependent clause always starts with subordinating conjunctions like, since, if, because,
even, though, after, while, whenever, although, in order to, unless, until, whether, etc.
 Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave.
 Although he was wealthy, he was still unhappy.
 She returned the computer after she noticed it was damaged.
 Whenever prices go up, customers buy fewer products.
 As she was bright and ambitious, she became a manager in no time.
 Wherever you go, you can always find beauty.
 Even though he's thoroughly trained, he still makes a lot of mistakes.
 Since winter is coming, I think I'll knit a warm sweater
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34. Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound- complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses (like a compound sentence)
and at least one dependent clause (like a complex sentence).
 The lightning flashed (independent clause) and the rain fell (independent clause) as he entered the
house (dependent clause).
 The dog ran off when I chased him, but I didn't care.
 When I went to the store, my parents wanted me to pick up some milk, but I didn't have enough
money.
 Even if the child is hungry, he will never eat oatmeal, but he will always eat ice cream.
 The dog needed a new leash, and he couldn't go for a walk until he had one.
 It is important to vote when the time comes, or you won't get a say in new laws.
 Since she was a vegetarian, she refused to eat the turkey, but she was more than happy to eat the
potatoes
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35. I. Complete the sentences using who/whom/whose/where/ which.
1. What is the name of the person --------------------house you have rented.
2. This is the person to -------------------we sold our ancestral property.
3. Sridevi,---------------------- we met at the cinema yesterday, was my senior in college.
4. Kolkata is the place------------------- he spent his childhood.
5. 1947 was the year in-------------------------- India gained independence.
6. That's the movie about---------------------------- I wrote a review last week.
Answers: 1.whose, 2.whom 3.who 4. where 5. which 6. which
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36. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the box.
As well as either... or not only…but also
Neither…nor whether…or
1. The parents are _________ progressive__________ kind and understanding.
2. ___________you like it__________ not, I am planning to go ahead with my original
design.
3. The boy's proposal was rejected as he was_____________ educated ___________
employed.
4. We can __________ cook the meal at home _____________eat out.
5. The manager is efficient____________ bold in making decisions.
Answers: 1. not only…but also 2. whether…or 3. neither…nor 4. either…or 5. as well as
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37. III. Choose the correct word or words from the bracket
1. (Although/ despite) her vision is poor, she still reads a lot.
2. (Although/ in spite of) being born in to a poor family, jerry became a very successful
businessman.
3.He is not popular among his friends (because / because of) his selfishness and arrogance.
4. (Although / In spite of) Aswin reached early, he could not get a seat in the front.
5. (Although/despite) the fact that he is the owner's son, Reji is not the right candidate for the
manager's position.
6. Riya and Keya are still friends (although/despite) their occasional fights and disagreements.
7. He decided to settle down in Canada (although/despite) his parents wanted him to return to India.
8. (Although / In spite of) being tired after the long journey, we decided to watch the late-night
movie. 37

38. III. Choose the right word or phrase to fill in the blanks.
1. He gave instructions__________ he were the leader.
a. although b. as if c. unless d. whereas
2.___________you message me, I will send the car to pick you up.
a. As soon as b. As though c. By the time d. Unless
3. She can resume her swimming lessons __________ the final exams are over.
a. now that b. even if c. so that d. in case
4. ________________he cannot sing well, he never lets go any chance he gets to sing in public.
a. Whereas b. Since c. Until d. Although
5. Start preparing for your exams early ______________ you would not have to regret later.
a. so that b. even though c. if d. before
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39. IV. Identify whether the sentences given below are simple, compound, complex or compound
complex.
1. The weather is perfect today.
2. They searched the suspect’s house, but could not find any evidence.
3. Although he is educated, his beliefs are highly regressive.
4. The official declaration has not come.
5. I assume that you have come to ask for help.
6. She came upon a superb diamond necklace and her heart was filled with overwhelming desire.
7. The hunter shook his head several times as if he was puzzled.
8. When Prerna was seven years old, her parents relocated to Singapore and settled down in the new
country for good.
9. Hoping to win the championship, Smriti practiced day and night with respite and ended up getting
sick.
10. Jayant, who hardly attends classes, was pleasantly surprised when his name was announced
among the outstanding students of the school39

40. IV. Identify whether the sentences given below are simple, compound, complex or compound
complex. (Independent clause, Dependent clause)
1. The weather is perfect today. Simple
2. They searched the suspect’s house, but could not find any evidence. Compound
3. Although he is educated, his beliefs are highly regressive. Complex
4. The official declaration has not come. Simple
5. I assume that you have come to ask for help. Complex
6. She came upon a superb diamond necklace and her heart was filled with overwhelming desire.
Compound
7. The hunter shook his head several times as if he was puzzled. Complex
8. When Prerna was seven years old, her parents relocated to Singapore and settled down in the new
country for good. Compound- complex
9. Hoping to win the championship, Smriti practiced day and night with respite and ended up getting sick.
Compound- complex
10. Jayant, who hardly attends classes, was pleasantly surprised when his name was announced among the
outstanding students of the school Complex
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41. Thank You!
Any questions?
Arya R Krishnan
Department of English
KSMDB College
Sasthamcotta
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