This document discusses various ways that languages can increase their vocabulary through processes like affixation, reduplication, compounding, shortening, acronyms, blends, back formation, semantic shift, and inventing new words. It provides examples for each process, such as adding prefixes and suffixes to create new words, repeating parts of words in reduplication, combining words to form compounds, shortening words, creating acronyms, blending parts of words, creating new verbs from nouns in back formation, extending meanings through semantic shift, and Dr. Seuss inventing the word "nerd".

1. Week 7 –Morphology (4) How are morphemes organized within words? Affixes, prefixes and suffixes Prefix: a prefix is attached to the front of the stem, e.g. untrue, disappear, repaint Suffix: a suffix follows the stem, e.g. girls Infixes: some languages have infixes like Tagalog (spoken on the Philippines) Eg. gulay ‘greenish vegetable’, by adding the infix ‘-in-, becomes ginulay ‘greenish blue’

2. Exercice How many morphemes are there in the word uncontrollably? Design a chart showing the different parts.

3. How does a language increase its vocabulary?

4. 1. new words can be formed from existing words and word parts 2. words can be borrowed from another language 3. new words can be made up, created from scratch

5. How to derive new words Affixes By simply adding a morpheme to the existing stem. Example, English adds the suffix –erto verbs. sing >>>singer (someone who sings) Campaign>>>campaigner (someone who campaigns) 2. Reduplication A morpheme or part of a morpheme is repeated to create a new word with a different meaning or different category.

6. Reduplication is common in Chinese, Motu, or Turkish. Example: In the language Motu: Mahuta ‘to sleep’, but mahutamahuta ‘to sleep constantly’ The closest example in English would be, night-night, very verytired.

7. 3. compounds Recent ones: e-mail,web page, web site, download, upload 4. shortenings At times, we shorten words to make new words. Eg. Feds (federal agents) Indie (independent films) Apps (computer applications) Pc (personal compuater)

8. 5. Acronyms UNESCO, NASA, YUPPY (young urban professional) UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 6. Blends Blends are words created by combining parts of existing words. Smog >> (smoke +fog) Motel >>(motor+hotel)

9. Biotech (biology+technology) Any blends in Arabic? 7. Back formation For instance creating a verb from a noun, example verb pronunciate comes from the noun pronunciation. Other examples include , baby-sit (backformed from nouns, babysitter), to typewrite (from typewriter), edit (from editor)

10. 5 minute quiz Name some ways of adding new words in a language and provide an example for each.

11. 7. Semantic shift Another way of adding new words in a language is via semantic shift or metaphorical extensions. The new meanings do not replace earlier ones but they extend their range of applications. examples: Abrasive chief of staff To derail congressional legislation

12. 8. Inventing new words Inventing new words from scratch is not common. For example the word ‘nerd’ was invented by Dr. Seuss. Some products and brand names like Kodak have invented names. Exercice For each word, write the name of process by which the word is created: back formation, affixation, shortening, blend, semantic shift, derivation and borrowing

13. Exercice Cluelessness Information highway The digital world The wonky title Cyberspace That will grease commerce CDA ‘ Communications Decency Act’