MY VIEWS ON NIPAH VIRUSINFECTION .PLEASE SEND AND ELABORATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THIS REGARDING NIPAH VIRUS

1. NIPAH VIRUS
INFECTION
PRESENTED BY
O.SARATH KUMAR
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY II YEAR
KORINGA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. DEFINITION
• Nipah virus infection is emerging disease
with respiratory systems and nervous systems
(encephalitis) and immune systems infection .
• Disease mainly characterised with fever
,muscle pain ,disorientation of brain
(convulsions) .
• Nipah virus disease in pigs known as porcine
respiratory and neurologic syndrome as well
as barking pig syndrome .

3. OUT BREAKS :
• Nipah virus inwas firstly isolated and identified
in 1669 during an out break of encephalitis
and respiratory illness among pig farmers in
malaysia and singapore .(300 human cases
with 100 deaths reported.
Focal out breaks of Niv in bangladesh and india
in 2001 during winter. Drinking of fresh date
palm sap, possibly contaminated by fruit bats (
pteropus giganteus during winter

4. VIRUS INTRODUCTION
VIRUS :
Virus associated with Hendra virus
Genus : Henipavirus
Family : paramyoxiviridae
Sub family : paramyoxivirinae
Virus name originated from sungai Nipah, a
village in malaysia
Nipah virus is classified internationally as a biosecurity
level (BSL)4 agent

5. Structure :

6. RESERVIOR:
• Fruits bats of genus pteropus – natural
reserviors of nipah virus infection
• Four fruit bat species :
pteropus hypomelanus
Pteropus vamopyrus
Cynopterus bracchyotis
Eoncyteris spelea
Insectivorous bat ,scotophilus kuhlii

7. ISOLATION OF VIRUS
• Infective virus has been isolated from
environmental samples of bat urine and
partially eaten fruits .
• Nipah virus has been isolated from Lyle’s flying
fox in cambodia and viral RNA found in urine
and saliva from pteropus lyeli and Horsifield `s
roundleaf bat (Hipposideros larvatus)
• Nipah virus has been isolated from brain and
spinal fluid of victims .

8. ANTIBODIES TO NIPAH VIRUS
• Antibodies to nipah like virus found in sera
from fruit bats collected in India and
Indonesia
• Antibodies to henipaviruses have been found
in fruit bats in madagasacar and ghana
• The presence of Nipah virus antibodies have
indicated that dogs,cats,goatsand horses but
only if exposed to infected pigs in malaysia

9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION :
• PRE DOMINANT MODE :{IN HUMANS}
• Direct contact with infected pigs .
• Highly contagious among pigs spread by coughing
• INDIRECT transmission : fruit material
contaminated with fruit bats excretion.
• Shedding of virus from infected bats excretion,secretions such as
saliva ,urine,semen and excreta .
• HUMAN TO HUMAN –NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
• Health care workers illed
• No found carriers

10. Known pathology in flying fox
• Infection to flying fox
• Immune weakness
• Increase viral load
• Spiill out through urine and saliva

11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Fever , head ache,drowsiness
• Muscle pain
• Inflammation of brain (disorientation and coma )
• Mental confusion ,convulsions
• Encephalitis
• Coma
• Fatality range : 9 to 75%
• Incubation period : 4 to 18 days

12. DIAGNOSIS
• MRI (magnetic resonance imageing)
• Differentiate nipah encephalitis from encephalitis
• LAB diagnosis :
• Procedures :serology, histopathology,
polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation
LAB confirmation: serum neuteralisation test ,
Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
(ELISA)anti body detection, RT-PCR(real time
polymerease chain reaction ,autopsy(immuno
history on tissues.

13. TREATMENT
• No effective treatment
• Treatment is limited to supportive care
because it is transmitted from person to
person .
• Treatment focused in managing fever and
neurological symptoms
• Nedds hospitalisation and require ventilator
• Proper barrier nursing techniques are
important in preventing hospital acquired
infections (nosocomial infection)

14. • RIBAVARIN alleviate symptoms of nausea
,vomiting and covulsions.
• Passive immunisation using a human monoclonal
antibodytargeting the Nipah G glycoprotein has
been evaluated in post exposure therapy
• Recombinant subunit vaccine formulation
protects against lethal nipah virus challenge in
cats
• ALVAC canarypox vectored nipah F and Nipah G
vaccine appears to be promising vaccine for
humans

15. PREVENTION :
• Nipah virus infection can be prevented by
avoiding exposure to sick pigs and bats in
endemic areas and not drinking raw date palm
sap
• Efforts foccused on survelliance tools and
awareness will help prevent future out breaks
• Research is needed to better understand the
ecology of bats and nipah virus and
reproductive cycles of bats .
• Survelliance tools should include laboratory
assays for early detection of disease in
communities and livestock

16. CONTROLL
• Raising awareness of transmission and symptoms is
imporatnt in reinforcing standard infection control
practices to avoid human to human infections hospital
settings (nosocomial)
• Providing safety study in labs to stop infecting and
escaping .
• Increase survelliance
• A sub unit vaccine using Hendra G protien produces
cross protective antibodies against HENV and NIPV has
been recently used in Australia to protect horses
against Hendra virus and this offer potential for
protection in humans as well