H1N1 is an influenza A virus which is the causative pathogen for swine flu. There have been seasonal outbreaks every year. The reason being, it is contagious, and mutations in the virus strain put everyone at risk every season. Awareness about this disease and its transmission, prevention, and management is critical to control the spread of the disease. We also need to clarify few myths associated with this disease
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/swine-flu-everything-you-need-to-know
H1N1 is an influenza A virus which is the causative pathogen for swine flu. There have been seasonal outbreaks every year. The reason being, it is contagious, and mutations in the virus strain put everyone at risk every season. Awareness about this disease and its transmission, prevention, and management is critical to control the spread of the disease. We also need to clarify few myths associated with this disease
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/swine-flu-everything-you-need-to-know
In the last 42 days, Six deaths and 421 cases of swine flu have been reported from 28 districts of the state. Here's what you need to know about the disease.
Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
Swine flu (swine influenza) is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza viruses) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs, resulting in nasal secretions, a barking cough, decreased appetite, and listless behavior.
Swine flu produces most of the same symptoms in pigs as human flu produces in people. Swine flu can last about one to two weeks in pigs that survive. Swine influenza virus was first isolated from pigs in 1930 in the U.S.
In the last 42 days, Six deaths and 421 cases of swine flu have been reported from 28 districts of the state. Here's what you need to know about the disease.
Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
Swine flu (swine influenza) is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza viruses) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs, resulting in nasal secretions, a barking cough, decreased appetite, and listless behavior.
Swine flu produces most of the same symptoms in pigs as human flu produces in people. Swine flu can last about one to two weeks in pigs that survive. Swine influenza virus was first isolated from pigs in 1930 in the U.S.
Swine flu, also known as Influenza A (H1N1), pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu is a new influenza virus causing illness in people1. It infect the respiratory tract and result in nasal secretions, a barking like cough, decreased appetite and listless behaviour. It has been found that this new virus has gene segments from the swine, avian and human flu virus genes, hence named “swine flu”. The scientists calls this a ‘quadruple reassortant” virus and hence this new (novel) virus is christened “influenza-A (H1N1) virus.” Influenza A H1N1 is a circulating seasonal influenza virus was first reported in Mexico on 18th March, 2009 and then spread to neighbouring United States and Canada. As on 8th June, 2009, World Health Organization has reported 25,288 laboratory confirmed cases of influenza A/H1N1 infection with 139 deaths from 73 countries spread over America, Europe, Asia and Australian continent.
A common viral infection that can be deadly, especially in high-risk groups.
The flu attacks the lungs, nose and throat. Young children, older adults, pregnant women and people with chronic disease or weak immune systems are at high risk.
Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches and fatigue.
Flu is primarily treated with rest and fluid intake to allow the body to fight the infection on its own. Paracetamol may help cure the symptoms but NSAIDs should be avoided. An annual vaccine can help prevent the flu and limit its complications.
The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus.
During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic in 2009. That year the virus caused an estimated 284,400 deaths worldwide. In August 2010, WHO declared the pandemic over. But the H1N1 flu strain from the pandemic became one of the strains that cause seasonal flu.
Kathleen Harriman, PhD, MPH, RN
Kathy has worked in the healthcare and public health fields for the past 35 years as a pediatric emergency room nurse, a hospital infection control practitioner, and as an infectious disease epidemiologist. For the last two years, Kathy has been Chief of the Vaccine Preventable Disease Epidemiology Section in the Immunization Branch of the California Department of Public Health. Prior to joining CDPH, she worked for 15 years at the Minnesota Department of Health in a number of public health areas, including HIV/AIDS and the Emerging Infections Program. During her last five years there she supervised the Infection Control Unit where she worked on community-associated MRSA and a variety of infectious disease issues, including many community and healthcare-associated outbreaks. Kathy has an MPH from the University of Sydney (Australia) and a PhD from the University of Minnesota.
Influenza is comonly referred to as flu is an infectious viral disease caused by RNA Virus of the family Ortho-Myxoviridae (the Influenza Virus), that affect bird and mammals.
Common symptoms are Chills, fever, sorethroat, muscle pain, severe headache, coughing, fatigue and general discomfort.
Although confused with other influenza like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease.
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Swine Flu Final
1. SWINE INFLUENZA – AND-HIV Prof. P.K. Jain MD,MNAMS Professor & Head, Department of Medicine, M.L.B. Medical College, Jhansi, UP
2. WHAT IS SWINE INFLUENZA? On the morning of 24 th April 2009, we woke up to the breaking news that WHO had issued an alert on influenza like illness by Swine influenza A (H1N1) virus. Swine influenza or “Swine flu”, is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of pigs. Caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses. Although the viruses are species specific and only infect pigs, they do sometimes cross the species barrier to cause disease in humans. Morbidity tends to be high and mortality low (1-4%)
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY The disease is considered endemic in the United States. Outbreaks are also known to have occurred in North and South America, Europe, Africa (Kenya), Mexico and in parts of Asia. Notable outbreaks:- 1918 - pandemic in humans 1976 - U.S. outbreak 1988 zoonosis – there was no community outbreak 1998 - US outbreak in swine 2007 - Philippine outbreak in swine 2009 - outbreak in humans
5. In India till today, 959 cases have been reported of which 7 have died. Maximum cases have been reported from Pune(Maharashtra), Gujarat & Tamilnadu. The first fatality was a 14 year old girl from Pune. She had come in contact with 40 students who travelled from NASA in the US to Pune and though she had not travelled hereself, she got the infection from them.
6. 5 1 1 Fatalities because of Swine flu Pune - 4 Mumbai - 1 Chennai - 1 Ahmedabad - 1
7. In U.P. till now 1 case of Swine flu has been confirmed in Lucknow. Danik Jagran, Jhansi has reported today one suspected case of Swine flu in Mauranipur whose samples have been sent to SGPGI, Lucknow for confirmation although CMS Jhansi does not think this case clinically as a case of Swine flu.
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9. THE VIRUS The 2009 swine flu outbreak in humans is due to an apparently virulent new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, produced by reassortment from one strain of human influenza virus, one strain of avian influenza virus and two separate strains of swine influenza. This virus was originally referred to as swine flu but the WHO decided to rename it as Influenza A H1N1 virus on 30 th April 2009 in order to avoid confusion over the danger posed by pigs, especially pork consumption, by which the disease is not known to occur. This was also to avoid unnecessary slaughter of pigs.
10. COMMUNICABILITY OF THE VIRUS A patient is infectious to others from 1 day before the symptoms to 7 days after the onset of symptoms. Children are likely to spread the virus for a longer period. H1N1 appears to be more contagious than seasonal Influenza. The secondary attack rate of seasonal Influenza ranges from 5 to 15% current estimates of the secondary attack rate of H1N1 range from 22 to 33%.
11. Electron microscope image of the reassorted H1N1 virus. The viruses are 80-120 nanometers in diameter.
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13. Every two or three years the virus undergoes minor changes, but at intervals of roughly a deeade, after the bulk of the world’s population has developed some level of resistance to these minor changes, it undergoes a major change that enables it to easily infect populations around the world, after infecting hundreds of millions of people whose antibody defenses are unable to resist it.
14. The various types of influenza viruses in humans, Solid squares show the appearance of a new strain, causing recurring influenza pandemics. Broken lines indicate uncertain strain identifications.
15. TRANSMISSION Pig to Pig- Through direct contact - between infected and uninfected animal. Air borne transmission - through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing. Spreads quickly through a herd, infecting all the pigs within a few days.
16. Swine can be infected by both avian and human influenza strain of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains.
17. Pig to Human- People who work with poultry and swine, especially people with intense exposures are at increased risk. Transmission to human usually does not result in influenza in human, when it does result in influenza, usually the influenza is mild and an outbreak does not occur. Swine influenza is not caused by eating properly prepared pork meat as the swine influenza virus is killed by cooking at temp. 70 0 C.
18. Human to Human – Limited to close contacts and closed groups of people. If a swine virus established efficient human to human transmission, it can cause an influenza pandemic. The impact of a pandemic caused by such a virus is difficult to predict: It depends on- virulence of the virus, existing immunity among people, cross protection by antibodies acquired from seasonal influenza infection host factor Swine influenza viruses can give rise to a hybrid virus by mixing with a human influenza virus and can cause pandemic.
19. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS In Swine – In pigs influenza infection produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficult breathing and decreased appetite. In some cases the infection can cause abortion. Although mortality is usually low (around 1-4%) the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth.
20. In Humans – According to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 “swine flu” H1N1 virus are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general. After an incubation period of 18-72 hours, systemic symptoms ensue. .
21. Symptoms include :- Fever Cough Sore throat Body aches Headache Chills and fatigue. People with underlying chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and several others, are more likely to experience severe or lethal infections.
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23. DIAGNOSIS During the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States, CDC advised physicians to consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flue cases or in Mexico during the 7 days preceding their illness onset. A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab)
24. LABORATORY STUDIES CBC Leukopenia and relative lymphopenia Thrombocytopenia may be present Real time PCR (RTPCR) Viral culture Four-fold rise in swine influenza A(H1N1) virus-specific neutralizing antibodies
25. There are 19 labs all over our country to test for Swine flu. We have only 5000 kits for testing but attempts are being done to procure more kits.
26. PREVENTION Prevention in swine- Facility Management Using disinfectants Ambient temperature to control virus in the environment. The virus is unlikely to survive outside living cells for > 2 wks except in cold (above freezing) conditions.
27. Herd Management Not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds. Virus survives in healthy carrier pigs upto 3 months. Vaccination – Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades, as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines.
28. Prevention in Humans- Pig to Human- Farmers and veterinarians are enconuraged to use a face mask when dealing with infected animals. Use of vaccines on swine. Smoking and not wearing gloves when working with sick animals increases the risk.
29. Human to Human- Social Distancing- Keeping at least an arm’s length distance from others. Minimizing gatherings Respiratory etiquette Covering coughs and sneezes Hand hygiene Frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public. House hold ventilation
30. Screening passengers at all international airports, isolating the positive cases and wearing personal protective equipments are the mainstay of prevention.
31. TREATMENT GUIDANCE NOTE The majority of influenza cases may be cared for at home with the simple supportive care. However, if they develop dangers signs then patients may need to access a health-care facility. These danger signs may include: weakness/not able to stand inability to drink lethargy dehydration and unconsciousness high fever convulsions very difficult/obstructed breathing or shortness of breath
32. In the case of mild illness, patients should be provided with supportive care at home by a designated caregiver. Supportive care entails- Bed rest Fluids Medication for fever Antibiotics if prescribed Good nutrition
33. Inpatient treatment should include: Treatment of dehydration with IV or oral rehydration fluids; Supplemental oxygen therapy by face mask rather than nasal prongs; Antibiotics (oral or parenteral) for secondary bacterial infections; Non-aspirin antipyretics for pain and fever Nutritional supplementation as needed. In HIV infected individuals, a distinction between opportunistic pneumonia and secondary pneumonia from pandemic influenza may be difficult.
34. In health-care settings, a system of triage Patient separation Prioritization of use of antiviral medicines and Personal protective equipment (PPE) which include high efficiency masks ideally (N95 mask or else triple layer surgical mask) gowns, goggle, gloves, caps and shoe covers. According to risk of exposure, and patient management should be in place to focus efforts on the most effective interventions to reduce mortality and any further morbidity.
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36. Antiviral drugs:- There are two classes of such medicines Adamantanes (amantadine and remantadine) Inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase (oseltamivir and zanamivir) Some influenza viruses develop resistance to the antiviral medicines, limiting the effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis and treatment. The viruses obtained from the recent human cases with swine influenza were sensitive to oselatmivir and zanamivir but resistant to amantadine and remantadine.
37. Oseltamivir is generally available by prescription only. The usual adult dosage for treatment of influenza is 75 mg twice daily for 5 days, beginning within 2 days of the appearance of symptoms and with decreased doses for children and patients with renal impairment. Information is insufficient to make recommendation on the use of the antivirals in prevention and treatment of swine influenza virus infection. Clinicians have to make decisions based on the clinical and epidemiological assessment and harms and benefit of the prophylaxis treatment of the patient.
38. Side Effects of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) It may cause bronchitis, insomnia and vertigo, Rarely, anaphylaxis and skin rashes may occur. In children the commonest side-effect is vomiting. In Indian market, the approximate cost in about Rs. 2250/- for ten (75 mg) tablets. DISCHARGE POLICY Adult patients should be discharged 7 days after symptoms have subsided, where as children should be discharged 14 days after symptoms have subsided.
39. Protection of staff: Standard Precautions – Basic measures to minimize direct unprotected exposure to blood and body fluids. Droplet Precautions – Medical masks when close to patients with respiratory symptoms. Patients and caregivers should be trained to wear and dispose off masks during the infectious period of the patient. The mask need not be worn all day and only when close contact (within approximately 1m) with the caregiver or others is anticipated. Mask should be disposed off safely if wet with secretions.
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42. Self-monitoring – Health staff should monitor their temperatures twice daily. Fevers should be reported. If a staff member becomes unwell, treatment with antiviral as well as supportive care as for other patients should be provided at home by a caregiver.
43. Vaccine- Influenza viruses change very quickly and the match between the vaccine and the circulating virus is very important to give adequate protective immunity to vaccinated people. WHO is working closely with its partner institutions for an influenza vaccine for preventing the swine influenza infections.
44. According to Reuters Geneva – The first vaccines to combat H1N1 swine flu should be approved and ready for use from September 2009 (By next month).
45. The general public must be educated about the signs symptoms and spread of Swine flu. This can be done by television, radio, newspaper etc. PUBLIC AWARENESS
46. Government of India is taking steps to control this pandemic. There are plans to stockpile 15 billion oseltamivir pills. Steps are also being taken to prevent the spread of the disease.