SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
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This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
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SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
Data collection
This document discusses data collection in quantitative studies. It explains that data are facts that provide information about the phenomenon being studied. There are several steps to collecting data quantitatively: identifying data needs like variables to measure or hypotheses to test; selecting appropriate measurement tools; pretesting instruments; developing data collection forms and procedures; implementing a data collection plan including selecting and training personnel; and addressing issues that may arise during the process like maintaining controls. The goal is to gather information consistently and validly to address the research questions.
Research Surveys
This document discusses research surveys. It defines what a survey is, provides examples of group members conducting a survey, and describes the main purposes and types of surveys. The types of surveys discussed include personal interviews, telephone interviews, mail surveys, and internet surveys. The document also outlines the key steps in conducting survey research and lists the main advantages and disadvantages of using surveys.
Qualitative Research Design
This document outlines different qualitative research designs and sampling methods. It describes case study, ethnography, historical study, phenomenology, and grounded theory research designs. It then discusses probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Finally, it covers non-probability sampling techniques including quota sampling, voluntary sampling, purposive sampling, availability sampling, and snowball sampling.
Descriptive research
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
Pilot study
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
Qualitative research designs converted
This document provides an overview of different qualitative research designs, including their definitions, characteristics, data collection methods, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical research, case studies, and action research. For each design, it provides examples of topics they may be applied to in nursing research. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to various qualitative research approaches.
Qualitative research
1) Qualitative research aims to provide a holistic understanding of social settings through comprehensive descriptions of interlocking events in everyday life.
2) The process of qualitative research involves establishing a general problem, developing research questions, selecting a design and sampling strategy, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings.
3) Common qualitative research designs include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory research. Each design has distinct features regarding the researcher's role, data collection methods, and analytical approach.
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SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
Data collection
This document discusses data collection in quantitative studies. It explains that data are facts that provide information about the phenomenon being studied. There are several steps to collecting data quantitatively: identifying data needs like variables to measure or hypotheses to test; selecting appropriate measurement tools; pretesting instruments; developing data collection forms and procedures; implementing a data collection plan including selecting and training personnel; and addressing issues that may arise during the process like maintaining controls. The goal is to gather information consistently and validly to address the research questions.
Research Surveys
This document discusses research surveys. It defines what a survey is, provides examples of group members conducting a survey, and describes the main purposes and types of surveys. The types of surveys discussed include personal interviews, telephone interviews, mail surveys, and internet surveys. The document also outlines the key steps in conducting survey research and lists the main advantages and disadvantages of using surveys.
Qualitative Research Design
This document outlines different qualitative research designs and sampling methods. It describes case study, ethnography, historical study, phenomenology, and grounded theory research designs. It then discusses probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Finally, it covers non-probability sampling techniques including quota sampling, voluntary sampling, purposive sampling, availability sampling, and snowball sampling.
Descriptive research
This document discusses descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and describe phenomena as they occur naturally without manipulation. It can be used to identify problems, justify practices, and develop theories. Descriptive studies describe characteristics like frequency, percentages, averages without relating variables. Types include univariate, exploratory, and comparative designs. Limitations include inability to determine causation and potential for bias. The document provides an example of a descriptive study evaluating nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about Alzheimer's disease.
Pilot study
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
Qualitative research designs converted
This document provides an overview of different qualitative research designs, including their definitions, characteristics, data collection methods, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical research, case studies, and action research. For each design, it provides examples of topics they may be applied to in nursing research. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to various qualitative research approaches.
Qualitative research
1) Qualitative research aims to provide a holistic understanding of social settings through comprehensive descriptions of interlocking events in everyday life.
2) The process of qualitative research involves establishing a general problem, developing research questions, selecting a design and sampling strategy, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings.
3) Common qualitative research designs include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory research. Each design has distinct features regarding the researcher's role, data collection methods, and analytical approach.
12 data-collection-methods
This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.
Data Collection in Qualitative Research
This document discusses qualitative research methods for data collection. It describes three main qualitative data collection techniques: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group interviews. Participant observation involves the researcher observing participant behavior and interactions over time to understand their culture and meanings. In-depth interviews allow participants to describe their experiences. Focus groups are interviews with 6-12 participants who discuss their common experiences. The document outlines the steps and considerations for each technique.
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Descriptiveresearch
This document provides an overview of descriptive research. Descriptive research involves collecting data to describe characteristics or behaviors of individuals, groups, or situations. It aims to present a factual account of the characteristics of whatever is being studied, rather than testing hypotheses. Common methods include surveys, interviews, and observation. The document then discusses the nature, aims, design, methods, errors, and classifications of descriptive research. It provides examples of descriptive research studies in the areas of norms, education, psychology, and social surveys. Descriptive research seeks to describe "what is" rather than establish causal relationships.
Survey research
This document discusses survey research and provides definitions and classifications of different types of research. It defines survey research as collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions. There are two main types of survey designs: cross-sectional surveys, which collect data from individuals at a single point in time, and longitudinal surveys, which collect data over multiple times. Conducting a survey involves sampling from a population and collecting data through questionnaires or interviews. The document outlines best practices for designing and administering questionnaires and interviews for survey research.
Survey Research
1) Surveys involve asking a sample of individuals questions to gather information about what a larger population thinks or does.
2) The main purpose of surveys is to describe the characteristics of a population based on data collected from a sample.
3) There are two main types of surveys - cross-sectional surveys which collect information from a sample at one point in time, and longitudinal surveys which collect information from the same sample at different points over time to study changes.
Non experimental design
This document discusses non-experimental research design. It defines non-experimental research as observing phenomena naturally without introducing external variables. The main types of non-experimental design discussed are descriptive research, which observes and documents characteristics; correlational/expost facto research, which examines how changes in one variable correlate with others; developmental research, which studies changes over time; epidemiological design including cohort and case-control studies; and survey research using questionnaires or interviews. Advantages of non-experimental design include studying real-world situations, researching topics that cannot be experimentally manipulated, and being suitable for nursing research.
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This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics used in nursing research. It defines key statistical concepts like levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, descriptive versus inferential statistics, and commonly used statistical tests. Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio are the four levels of measurement, with ratio allowing the most data manipulation. Descriptive statistics describe sample data while inferential statistics allow estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses. Common descriptive statistics include mean, median and mode, while common inferential tests are t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square and correlation. Type I errors incorrectly reject the null hypothesis.
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This document discusses various methods for collecting data, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, and record analysis. It provides details on each method, such as advantages and disadvantages. For interviews, it explains the different types of interview structures and how to effectively conduct interviews. For questionnaires, it outlines best practices for developing questions, administration, and improving response rates. The document also covers analyzing records, developing tools and techniques for data collection, and selecting appropriate methods based on the nature of the study.
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Pilot study
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
Types of research
The document discusses different types of research methods including:
- Applied research which seeks to solve practical problems.
- Pure/basic research which is driven by scientific curiosity without commercial motives.
- Descriptive research which provides accurate descriptions of characteristics of individuals or groups.
- Exploratory research which is conducted when a problem is not clearly defined to generate hypotheses.
- Correlational research which investigates relationships between variables without determining cause and effect.
Data collection
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It outlines the key aspects of primary data collection such as structured vs. unstructured approaches, participant vs. non-participant observation, and open-ended vs. closed questions. Primary data collection allows researchers to gather targeted information directly from respondents but requires more time and resources than using secondary data.
Research tools & data collection method_vipin
data collection method-
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6) questionnaire
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research approach and design
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
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Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Research types
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, experimental, correlational, and survey designs. For experimental design, it discusses concepts like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and how random assignment is used. For correlational design, it explains how this design examines relationships between variables without manipulation or group assignment. Survey design is described as collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to describe characteristics of a population.
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This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
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Research methods
This document discusses various research methods used in social science research. It describes qualitative research as dealing with phenomena that are difficult to quantify, such as beliefs and meanings, and aiming to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior. Quantitative research refers to systematic empirical investigation using statistical techniques and deals with information in numerical form. Some common qualitative methods discussed are historical research, ethnographic research, and action research. Quantitative methods covered include survey research, correlational research, causal-comparative research, and experimental research.
Descriptive research
This document discusses descriptive research methods. Descriptive research focuses on describing characteristics of a population or phenomenon rather than explaining why something occurs. It is a quantitative method that collects measurable data for statistical analysis without influencing variables. Common descriptive research methods include observational studies, case studies, and surveys. An example given is a school district evaluating teachers' attitudes about technology in the classroom through surveys and observations to understand potential issues with full implementation.
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This document discusses qualitative research methods for data collection. It describes three main qualitative data collection techniques: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group interviews. Participant observation involves the researcher observing participant behavior and interactions over time to understand their culture and meanings. In-depth interviews allow participants to describe their experiences. Focus groups are interviews with 6-12 participants who discuss their common experiences. The document outlines the steps and considerations for each technique.
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This document discusses survey research and provides definitions and classifications of different types of research. It defines survey research as collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions. There are two main types of survey designs: cross-sectional surveys, which collect data from individuals at a single point in time, and longitudinal surveys, which collect data over multiple times. Conducting a survey involves sampling from a population and collecting data through questionnaires or interviews. The document outlines best practices for designing and administering questionnaires and interviews for survey research.
Survey Research
1) Surveys involve asking a sample of individuals questions to gather information about what a larger population thinks or does.
2) The main purpose of surveys is to describe the characteristics of a population based on data collected from a sample.
3) There are two main types of surveys - cross-sectional surveys which collect information from a sample at one point in time, and longitudinal surveys which collect information from the same sample at different points over time to study changes.
Non experimental design
This document discusses non-experimental research design. It defines non-experimental research as observing phenomena naturally without introducing external variables. The main types of non-experimental design discussed are descriptive research, which observes and documents characteristics; correlational/expost facto research, which examines how changes in one variable correlate with others; developmental research, which studies changes over time; epidemiological design including cohort and case-control studies; and survey research using questionnaires or interviews. Advantages of non-experimental design include studying real-world situations, researching topics that cannot be experimentally manipulated, and being suitable for nursing research.
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This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics used in nursing research. It defines key statistical concepts like levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, descriptive versus inferential statistics, and commonly used statistical tests. Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio are the four levels of measurement, with ratio allowing the most data manipulation. Descriptive statistics describe sample data while inferential statistics allow estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses. Common descriptive statistics include mean, median and mode, while common inferential tests are t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square and correlation. Type I errors incorrectly reject the null hypothesis.
Data collection methods in Nursing research
This document discusses various methods for collecting data, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, and record analysis. It provides details on each method, such as advantages and disadvantages. For interviews, it explains the different types of interview structures and how to effectively conduct interviews. For questionnaires, it outlines best practices for developing questions, administration, and improving response rates. The document also covers analyzing records, developing tools and techniques for data collection, and selecting appropriate methods based on the nature of the study.
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This document discusses scientific methods of research. It begins by defining scientific methods as systematic observation, measurement, experimentation, and formulation of questions or hypotheses to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena. It then lists the characteristics of scientific methods, including being orderly, attempting to control external factors, being based on empirical evidence, and allowing findings to be generalized. The purposes of scientific methods are described as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, and identifying relationships. The document outlines the typical steps of scientific methods, from selecting a topic to collecting and analyzing data. It concludes by discussing limitations of scientific methods when applied to humans, such as ethical issues, difficulty measuring human behavior, and inability to fully control external variables.
Experimental research Design
This document discusses different types of experimental research designs. There are three main types of designs - pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. True experimental designs have the highest degree of control and involve manipulating the independent variable, using a control group, and random assignment to control for extraneous variables. Quasi-experimental designs manipulate the independent variable but lack either random assignment or a control group. Pre-experimental designs have the least control and do not use control groups or random assignment. Several examples of designs are provided within each category.
Pilot study
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
Types of research
The document discusses different types of research methods including:
- Applied research which seeks to solve practical problems.
- Pure/basic research which is driven by scientific curiosity without commercial motives.
- Descriptive research which provides accurate descriptions of characteristics of individuals or groups.
- Exploratory research which is conducted when a problem is not clearly defined to generate hypotheses.
- Correlational research which investigates relationships between variables without determining cause and effect.
Data collection
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It outlines the key aspects of primary data collection such as structured vs. unstructured approaches, participant vs. non-participant observation, and open-ended vs. closed questions. Primary data collection allows researchers to gather targeted information directly from respondents but requires more time and resources than using secondary data.
Research tools & data collection method_vipin
data collection method-
it include following sub points-
1) definition of research tool
2) data
3) primary and secondary data
4) observation method
5) interview
6) questionnaire
7) physiological measure
research approach and design
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
Scientific method and research
The document discusses scientific method and research. It defines scientific method as integrating deductive and inductive reasoning to systematically study problems through hypothesis formulation, evidence collection, and hypothesis testing. Research is defined as the objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that can lead to generalizations, principles, or theories. The key aspects of research discussed include formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting evidence, analyzing data, and reporting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches are described.
Research types
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, experimental, correlational, and survey designs. For experimental design, it discusses concepts like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and how random assignment is used. For correlational design, it explains how this design examines relationships between variables without manipulation or group assignment. Survey design is described as collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to describe characteristics of a population.
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This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
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This document discusses the process of conducting surveys. It defines what a survey is and lists its key characteristics. The document outlines the main steps in conducting a survey, which include: defining the problem, identifying the target population, choosing the data collection mode, selecting a sample, preparing the instrument, pretesting the instrument, and training interviewers. It also discusses different types of surveys, sampling techniques, question formats, and other considerations for designing an effective survey.
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This document discusses various research methods and data collection techniques. It describes the main types of research methods as quantitative and qualitative, and the main types of data as primary and secondary, experimental and descriptive. Quantitative research uses numerical data from sources like surveys and experiments, while qualitative uses non-numerical data from interviews and observations. Primary data is collected directly by researchers, whereas secondary data comes from existing sources. Experimental data tests cause-and-effect through manipulation, and descriptive data provides snapshots through observation and surveys. The choice of method depends on the research question and available resources.
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This document provides guidance on best practices for conducting survey research. It outlines key steps including developing research questions, choosing appropriate research methods, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The document cautions that survey research requires careful planning and execution to generate valid, credible findings. Common methods include postal questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and telephone interviews, each with advantages and disadvantages to consider. Overall, the document aims to help novice researchers conduct high-quality survey work.
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CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
The document discusses the classification of medical equipment according to risk levels set by the FDA and protection against electric shock. Medical equipment is classified into three classes based on risk, with class I being low-risk non-electric devices and class III being high-risk life-sustaining devices. Electrical medical equipment is further classified based on its method of protection against electric shock as class I, II, or III. Class I uses a protective earth, class II uses double insulation, and class III operates at safety extra low voltage not exceeding 25V AC or 60V DC.
HEPATITIS "B"
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and causes liver infection and inflammation. It is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. HBV can cause both acute and chronic infection. Chronic infection may lead to serious complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B is preventable through vaccination, which induces protective antibody levels in over 95% of people vaccinated.
PLASMA THERAPY
Plasma therapy uses antibodies from the blood plasma of recovered COVID-19 patients to treat those currently infected. The antibodies are extracted from donated blood and can target and help eliminate the virus. The concept is that the antibodies developed in the recovered patient can be transferred to others currently sick through plasma transfusion. However, there are some risks like potentially transferring other infections, enhancing the current infection, or suppressing the recipient's immune system.
INFUSION PUMPS
This document discusses infusion pumps, which are external medical devices that deliver fluids like nutrients and medications into a patient's body in controlled amounts. It describes different types of infusion pumps based on their size, portability, and mechanism of delivery. The key types discussed are gravity infusion devices, volumetric pumps, patient-controlled analgesia pumps, and syringe pumps. The document also outlines important safety factors, components, and functions of infusion pumps.
BLOOD PLASMA
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in suspension. It makes up 55% of the blood's total volume and is mostly composed of water (92%) and dissolved proteins (8%). Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to tissues and transports waste products away from tissues. It plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte balance and protects the body from infection. Plasma is separated from blood cells when a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
- Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals.
- Case finding through sputum smear microscopy is the main method for tuberculosis control. Patients with at least 10 bacilli per 100 oil immersion fields in their sputum are considered positive and most infectious.
- The standard WHO recommended treatment regimen for new sputum-positive pulmonary TB cases is 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin. Effective treatment reduces infectivity by 90% within 48 hours.
PULSE OXIMETRY
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive test that uses light to measure the oxygen saturation level in a person's blood. A clip-like probe is placed on the finger or earlobe and uses red and infrared light wavelengths absorbed differently by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to calculate the oxygen saturation percentage. This information helps healthcare providers determine if a patient needs supplemental oxygen or how well treatment is working. However, pulse oximetry has limitations as it does not measure other blood gas levels, ventilation, or oxygen metabolism and can be affected by factors like carbon monoxide, anemia, blood flow, and skin pigmentation.
CAPNOGRAPHY
This document discusses capnography, which is the monitoring of carbon dioxide levels in exhaled breath. It can be used to assess ventilation, circulation, and metabolism during anesthesia and intensive care. The document defines capnography and describes the capnogram waveform and how it reflects respiratory parameters. Abnormal waveforms can indicate various lung diseases. Capnography is useful for confirming endotracheal tube placement and detecting malpositions. It provides advantages over pulse oximetry during procedures done under sedation. The principles of mainstream and sidestream capnography devices are outlined, as well as clinical applications in emergency medical services and indications for diagnostic usage.
OPERATION ROOM HAZARDS
This document discusses various hazards that can be present in an operating room, including fires/explosions, static electricity, electrical hazards, radiation injury, air pollution, and power failure. It provides details on the causes and risks of each hazard, as well as precautions that can be taken to reduce risks, such as ensuring proper electrical maintenance and inspection, minimizing static electricity through flooring/clothing choices, and having adequate ventilation and fire safety equipment. The document emphasizes that operating rooms involve technologically complex environments with many potential hazards that require close monitoring and safety protocols.
SAFETY FEATURES OF ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
The anaesthesia machine has several safety features in its pneumatic components and gas delivery systems to prevent errors and ensure patient safety. These include color coding of gas lines and controls, pin indexing systems to prevent incorrect gas cylinder attachment, pressure regulators, and linkages or proportional valves to maintain minimum oxygen concentrations. Alarms activate if oxygen pressure or flow drops below safe levels. Unidirectional valves and pressure relief devices also protect the machine from excess pressure from the patient circuit.
TYPES OF THEORY & MODELS IN NURSING
This presentation provides an overview of nursing theories and models. It discusses how theories and models can be categorized according to the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm: person, health, environment, and nursing. Theories are explained as sets of concepts used to describe, explain, and predict phenomena, while models are symbolic representations of relationships among concepts. Developmental, systems, and interaction theories are highlighted. Characteristics and levels of theory development are also summarized.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU THEORY IN NURSING
Hildegard Peplau was an American nurse who developed the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing. She received her BA in interpersonal psychology in 1943 and her MA in psychiatric nursing in 1947. Peplau's conceptual model incorporated concepts from Freud, Maslow, and Miller and integrated psychoanalytical, social learning, human motivational, and personality development theories. Her model included four components: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.
NIGHTINGALE - ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Florence Nightingale developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. She believed the environment, including factors like ventilation, light, noise, and cleanliness, was a major influence on health and the healing process. According to Nightingale's theory, nurses should manipulate the physical, psychological, and social environment to support a patient's natural healing abilities. By optimizing all aspects of the environment, the nurse facilitates recovery and helps the patient regain their health. Nightingale's theory emphasized the role of environment in nursing and laid the foundation for modern holistic nursing practice.
HENDERSON THEORY IN NURSING
Virginia Henderson graduated from nursing school in 1921 and received her BS and MA in nursing education. She published the first definition of nursing in 1955 as assisting patients with activities to maintain health or achieve a peaceful death. Henderson identified 14 basic human needs including breathing, eating, eliminating waste, and worship. She viewed nursing as helping patients achieve independence by meeting these needs through a scientific problem-solving approach while considering the person's biological, psychological, social, and spiritual characteristics as well as their environment and health status.
ABDELLAH THEORY - IN NURSING
Faye Abdellah developed a typology of 21 nursing problems in 1960 to promote professionalism in nursing. The problems cover areas like hygiene, activity, nutrition, elimination, and communication. Abdellah viewed nursing as a problem-solving process where the nurse identifies issues and takes action. She believed this typology could be used as a framework to guide nursing care. Abdellah later refined her views and linked the typology to four nursing concepts - the person receiving care, their environment, their health needs, and the role of the nurse.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
Resistance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current in a circuit. Ohm's law states that voltage is directly proportional to current and resistance. The resistance of an object depends on the material it is made of, with insulators having high resistance and conductors having low resistance. Resistance also depends on size and shape, with resistance increasing as length increases or cross-sectional area decreases. Resistance is measured in ohms and resistance can be calculated using the resistance equation.
CAPACITANCE
This document defines and explains capacitance and capacitors. It discusses that capacitance is the ability of a system to store electric charge, and is measured in Farads. A capacitor is made of two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and dielectric material. Capacitors are used to temporarily store electric energy and have various applications in electronics.
MEDICAL GASES
Medical gases are gases used in medical procedures for treatment, anesthesia, and driving medical devices. The main gases used are oxygen, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, argon, helium, carbon dioxide, compressed air, and medical vacuum. They are delivered through specialized medical gas pipeline systems and used in areas like operating rooms and ICUs. Key purposes for the different gases include oxygen supplementation, anesthesia, pneumatic pressure, and insufflation during surgery. Safety measures like color coding and emergency shut-off valves are important components of medical gas systems.
DIALYZER / ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
A dialyzer is a mechanical device that acts as an artificial kidney by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It contains semi-permeable membranes made of thin fibers with microscopic pores that allow small molecules like toxins and water to pass through but keep larger molecules like blood cells and protein inside the blood. Modern dialyzers consist of hollow fiber membranes encased in a rigid cylindrical casing and can filter the equivalent area of 1-2 square meters. Dialyzers come in external, implantable, and wearable forms to provide hemodialysis treatment for kidney failure patients.
THE DIALYSIS TEAM
The dialysis team is comprised of qualified healthcare professionals who provide quality dialysis treatment to eligible patients. The core members of the team include nephrologists, nurses, dietitians, social workers, technicians, surgeons, and coordinators. Each member has specialized training and responsibilities to ensure patients receive proper medical care, support, and monitoring before, during and after dialysis treatments. The overall goal of the multi-disciplinary team is to help patients effectively manage their kidney disease and maintain quality of life.
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
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SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
- 1. SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN DR. MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR. maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com
- 2. • Survey design is used to collect information from different subjects within a given population having same characteristics of interest.
- 3. • If survey is conducted on a sample of population, it is called SAMPLE SURVEY, and if the entire population is involved, it is called a POPULATION SURVEY (census).
- 4. • In case of a survey information is collected regarding prevalence, distribution and interrelationship of variables within a population.
- 5. • A survey helps to collect wide range of data from a given population – eg., attitude, opinion, perception, behaviour, awareness, practice, etc.
- 6. FEATURES • Survey research is a process of gathering current required data from the subjects so that new information can be obtained.
- 7. • The survey research enables the investigators to easily collect current information about what ever the investigator is interested in obtaining.
- 8. • In a survey research, information is collected from a mix of subjects who represent the total population in the characteristics being studied.
- 9. • Survey research is a mode of enquiry that relies heavily upon the validity of verbal reports. Survey can be descriptive, exploratory, comparative or correlational iin nature.
- 10. • Survey data can be collected in a number of ways. The most common method is questioning. The information is obtained directly from the respondents by self-reporting questionnaires.
- 11. • Some times face- to-face interview method may be used. • A carefully developed questionnaire or interview schedule is essential for data collection. However the instruments used should be reliable and valid.
- 12. • Personal interviews are considered as the most useful method of collecting survey data, because of the quality of information that can be obtained.
- 13. • An in-depth response is possible in an interview as relatively few people refuse to express their views on a given subject in an interview.
- 15. TYPES DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF PHENOMENON UNDER STUDY
- 16. TYPES OF SURVEY • 1. DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY. • 2. EXPLORATORY SURVEY. • 3. CORRELATIONAL SURVEY. • 4. COMPARITIVE SURVEY.
- 17. DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY • Descriptive study is undertaken to describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon rather than to study the relationships
- 18. EXPLORATORY SURVEY • Surveys a phenomenon and its related factors about which much information is not known.
- 19. CORRELATIONAL SURVEY • Studies the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation or control.
- 20. COMPARITIVE SURVEY • Comparative survey aims at comparing and contrasting the existence of a certain phenomenon in two or more groups.
- 21. TYPES BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
- 22. • 1. WRITTEN SURVEY. •2. ORAL SURVEY. •3. ELECTRONIC SURVEY.
- 23. WRITTEN SURVEY • In a written survey data are collected with the help of written, structured tools, such as questionnaires, opinionnaires.
- 24. ORAL SURVEY • Data are collected by using face- to face or telephonic conversation or oral interview with respondents.
- 26. ELECTRONIC SURVEY • Data are collected by using electronic means such as electronic mail messages(Email), web forms, mobile short – messages (SMS), Whats app messages, Chat, Etc.,.
- 28. THANK YOU