This document discusses various quantitative survey methods used in research including probability and non-probability sampling. It describes survey methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling which are types of probability sampling that select participants randomly. Non-probability sampling methods like quota sampling, judgmental sampling, snowball sampling, convenience sampling, and consecutive sampling are discussed. The document also covers survey design elements like interviewer-administered questionnaires, telephone and self-administered surveys, panel studies, observation methods, and factors to consider for questionnaire design like advantages, disadvantages, and addressing non-response.

1. SURVEY
METHODS
QUANTITATIVE METHOD

2. SURVEY
a survey is a list of questions aimed
for extracting specific data from a
particular group of people. Surveys
may be conducted by phone, mail,
via the internet, and also at street
corners or in malls.

3. SURVEY METHOD
• A survey method is a process, tool,
or technique that you can use to
gather information in research by
asking questions to a predefined
group of people. Typically, it facilitates
the exchange of information between
the research participants and the
person or organization carrying out
the research.

4. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Probability sampling is that a procedure is devised where each
person or item is given a known chance of inclusion and the
procedure is used for the selection of individuals.
is a sampling method that involves randomly selecting a
sample, or a part of the population that you want to research.
It is also sometimes called random sampling.

5. TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling

6. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
simple random sample gives
every individual an equal
chance of selection.
Simple random sampling
gathers a random selection
from the entire population,
where each unit has an equal
chance of selection. This is the
most common way to select a
random sample.

7. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• Stratified sampling collects a random selection of a sample from
within certain strata, or subgroups within the population. Each
subgroup is separated from the others on the basis of a common
characteristic, such as gender, race, or religion. This way, you can
ensure that all subgroups of a given population are adequately
represented within your sample population.

8. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling
draws a random sample
from the target
population by selecting
units at regular intervals
starting from a random
point.

9. CLUSTER SAMPLING
• Cluster sampling is the process of dividing the target
population into groups, called clusters. A randomly
selected subsection of these groups then forms your
sample. Cluster sampling is an efficient approach when
you want to study large, geographically dispersed
populations. It usually involves existing groups that are
similar to each other in some way

10. 2 TYPES
OF
CLUSTER
SAMPLING
Single (or one-stage) cluster
sampling, when you divide the
entire population into clusters
Multistage cluster sampling, when
you divide the cluster further into
more clusters, in order to narrow
down the sample size

11. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Non-probability sampling is defined as a sampling
technique in which the researcher selects samples
based on the subjective judgment of the
researcher rather than random selection. It is a
less stringent method. This sampling method
depends heavily on the expertise of the
researchers. It is carried out by observation, and
researchers use it widely for qualitative research.

12. TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Quota sampling
• Judgemental or purposive sampling
• Snowball sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Consecutive sampling

13. QUOTA SAMPLING
• This is one of the most common forms of
non-probability sampling. Sampling is
done until a specific number of units
(quotas) for various subpopulations have
been selected. Quota sampling is a
means for satisfying sample size
objectives for the subpopulations.

14. JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
• Judgmental sampling, also called purposive sampling or
authoritative sampling, is a non-probability sampling
technique in which the sample members are chosen only on
the basis of the researcher’s knowledge and judgment. As the
researcher’s knowledge is instrumental in creating a sample in
this sampling technique, there are chances that the results
obtained will be highly accurate with a minimum margin of
error.

15. SNOWBALL
SAMPLING
• Snowball sampling is a non-
probability sampling method where
new units are recruited by other units
to form part of the sample. Snowball
sampling can be a useful way to
conduct research about people with
specific traits who might otherwise be
difficult to identify (e.g., people with a
rare disease).

16. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
As the name suggests, a sample
is selected on the basis that it is
easy to obtain and does the job.
Convenience sampling offers a
quick, low-cost solution, but is
particularly prone to bias.

17. CONSECUTIVE SAMPLING
Consecutive sampling is defined as a non-probability sampling technique
where samples are picked at the ease of a researcher more like convenience
sampling, only with a slight variation. Here, the researcher selects
a sample or group of people, conducts research over a period, collects results,
and then moves on to another sample.
This sampling technique gives the researcher a chance to work with multiple
samples to fine-tune his/her research work to collect vital research insights.

18. SURVEY
DESIGN
it refers to the process of
creating surveys that get
responses.

19. INTERVIEWER ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES
OR CHECKLISTS
The important characteristic of interviewer administered
surveys is the person-to-person contact.
The interviewer can check the details of the respondent,
go through a questionnaire at an appropriate pace, ‘probe’
for more information in a specified way and ‘prompt’ as a
matter of judgement or ‘prompt using aids’ such as
prompt cards or other illustrative materials.

20. PERSONAL INTERVIEW
• Formal interview will use a structured questionnaire. Formal
methods are particularly good for gathering consistent product and
service information, both factual and attitudinal, from a wide
range of respondents.
• Informal whereas a more informal interview is likely to use just a
checklist of questions, welcome more descriptive response and
may well be recorded. Informal methods are more effective when
a more in-depth understanding is required of relationships that
have yet to be fully established.

21. TELEPHONE QUESTIONAIRE
The cost per interview is low and a broad
spread of the population, whether national or
international, can be achieved.
The timing of the call can be planned to achieve
high response rates, for example, during
quieter office hours for workplace research and
during the early evenings for household
research.

22. SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES
An alternative to interviewing the respondents
directly is to have them complete the form
themselves.
These methods have major cost advantages and
avoid the problem of interviewer bias.

23. VARIANTS SELF-ADMINISTERED
1. POSTAL SURVEY 2. DELIVERY AND
COLLECTION
SURVEY
3. DIARIES 4. ONLINE
SURVEY/QUESTION
AIRES

24. MISCELLANEOUS METHODS
• Panel survey is a longitudinal study that measures the
behavior of people over time, including their thoughts,
feelings, and emotions

25. MISCELLANEOUS
METHODS
• Panel survey is a longitudinal study
that measures the behavior of people
over time, including their thoughts,
feelings, and emotions

26. MISCELLANEOUS
METHODS
• Longitudinal studies follow a
group of people, or cohort, over a
long period of time. This method
tends to require a large initial group
and the resources to sustain such a
study.

27. OBSERVATION
METHODS
• Observation is an act or
instance of noticing or
perceiving in the natural
sciences and the
acquisition of information
from a primary source.

28. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Non-participant observation - is where the researcher merely watches the
people involved, such as in work-study, and notes down what is happening.
• Participant observation - researcher becoming involved in the situation, for
example actually going to work on the shop floor, and noting events as a shop-
floor worker.

29. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN
What is questionnaire?
“Questionnaire is a research instrument
consisting of a series of questions and
other prompts for the purpose of
gathering information from
respondents” (Wikipedia)
• Invented by Sir Francis Galton (British
Statistician)

30. WHEN TO USE QUESTIONNAIRE?
When resources and money are limited
When it is necessary to protect the privacy of the participants
When corroborating other findings

31. WHY IS A QUESTIONNAIRE IMPORTANT
A questionnaire is the main means of collecting quantitative primary data
A questionnaire enables quantitative data to be collected in a standardized way so
that data are internally consistent and coherent for analysis.
A questionnaire ensures standardization and comparability of the data across
interviewers, increases speed and accuracy of recording, and facilitates data
processing

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
Elicits information from respondents
Results can be tabulated
Standardized across respondents
Understandable to respondents

33. A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE MUST:
• Obtain the most complete and accurate information possible
• Is organized and worded to encourage respondents to provide accurate, unbiased
and complete information
• Make it easy for respondents to give the necessary information and for the
interviewer to record the answer, and it should be arranged so that sound analysis
and interpretation are possible.
• Keep the interview brief and to the point and be so arranged that the
respondents remain interested throughout the interview

34. ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNARE
• Low cost even when the universe is a large and is widely spread geographically
• It is free from the bias of the interviewer answer are in respondent's own word.
• Respondents have adequate time to give a well though out answers
• Respondents who are not easily approachable can also be reached
conveniently
• Large samples can be made use of and thus the results ca be made more
dependable and reliable.

35. DISADVANTAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRE
• Low rate of return of the duly filled in questionnaire
• It can be used only when respondents are educated and cooperating
• The control over the questionnaire may be lost once it is sent
• It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are truly representative
• There is also the possibility of ambiguous replies or omission of replies altogether to
certain questions
• This method is likely to be the slowest of all
• Respondents may misinterpret a question, thereby limiting the validity of the results.

36. NON-RESPONSE
• Elements that are selected in the sample, and that are also eligible for the survey,
do bot provide the required

37. FACTORS FOR NON-RESPONSE
Unsuitable for interview
Those who have moved
Those out at the time of call
Those away for the period of the survey
Those who refuse to co-operate