This document discusses the validity and reliability of research tools. It defines validity as the degree to which a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are four main types of validity: face validity, content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement tool. There are three aspects of reliability: stability, internal consistency, and equivalence. Stability assesses a tool's consistency over time, internal consistency examines consistency between items, and equivalence evaluates consistency between raters. Factors like length, training, and instructions can impact a tool's reliability. Overall, validity and reliability are important for ensuring research tools produce accurate and reproducible results.
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
Normal provability curve is one of the important topic in the Educational research.The theory of parametric tests in the inferential statistics is completely based on the NPC. Every researcher must know the characteristics of the NPC.
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
Normal provability curve is one of the important topic in the Educational research.The theory of parametric tests in the inferential statistics is completely based on the NPC. Every researcher must know the characteristics of the NPC.
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
Hello everyone, this is Vartika Verma, student of B. El. Ed 4. This presentation titled 'Reliability' is helpful for the subject 'Measurement and Evaluation' in B. El. Ed 4 and also for all the Education students. Thanking you :)
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
3. VALIDITY
• Validity is a property of an inference.
• In the context of research design, it is the
approximate truth of an inference.
• A valid tool should only measure what it
supposed to measuring.
Eg. A thermometer is supposed to measure
only the temperature.
4. DEFINITION
• Validity refers to an instrument or test actually
testing what it suppose to be testing.
- Treece and Treece.
• Validity refers to the degree to which an
instrument measures what it suppose to
measuring. - Polit and Hungler.
• Validity is the appropriateness, meaning,
fullness and usefulness of the interference
made from the scoring of the instrument.
- American Psychological Foundation.
6. FACE VALIDITY
• Face validity involves an overall look of an
instrument regarding its appropriateness
to measure a particular attribute or
phenomenon.
Eg. A likert scale is designed to measure the
attitude of the nurses towards the patients
admitted with HIV/AIDS.
7. CONTENT VALIDITY
• Content validity is concerned with scope of
coverage of the content area to be measured.
• It is applied in tests of knowledge
measurement.
• Judgment of the content validity may be
subjective and based on previous researchers
and experts opinion about the adequacy,
appropriateness and completeness of the
content of instrument.
• Coefficient of at least 0.7 are typically
considered acceptable validity.
8. CRITERION VALIDITY
• This type of validity is a relationship between
measurements of the instrument with some
other external criteria.
• Criterion related validity may be differentiated
by predictive and concurrent validity.
Eg. To assess the criterion validity of the tool
developed to measure the professionalism
among nurses, the nurses were asked about the
number of research papers they published. The
tool is considered strong if a positive correlation
exists between tool and publications.
9. Contd.,
• Predictive validity: It is the degree of
forecasting judgment. Eg. Some personality
tests on academic futures of students. It is the
differentiation between performances on
some future criterion and instruments ability.
• Concurrent validity: It is the degree of the
measures in present. It relates to the present
specific behaviour and characteristics.
10. Contd.,
• Convergent validity: It means an
instrument is highly correlated with another
instrument measuring similar construct.
• Divergent validity: It means an instrument
is poorly correlated with another instrument
measure the different concept. Eg. There
should be low correlation between an
instrument that measure depression and one
that self-esteem.
11. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
• It refers to the extent to which one
instrument correlate with other instrument
measure similar construct.
• It encompass both content and criterion
validity.
• Eg. The results of the instrument to measure
pain in amputated patients may be
misleading as the pain may be due to anxiety.
13. RELIABILITY
• Reliability is the degree of consistency with
which the attributes or variables are
measured by an instrument.
• A test is considered reliable if researcher
frequently gets the same reading at
different time interval.
Eg. A sphygmomanometer gives the same
reading for the same subject different
times is considered reliable.
14. DEFINITION
• Reliability is the degree of consistency with
which an instrument measures the
attribute for which it is designed to
measure.
• Reliability is defined as the ability of an
instrument to create reproducible results.
16. STABILITY
• Stability means research instrument
provides same results when it is used
consecutively for two or more times.
• It is also known as test-retest reliability.
• The test is administered twice at two
different points of time.
• It is used for questionnaire, observation
check list, observation rating scales and
physiological measurement tools.
17. STATISTICAL CALCULATION OF
STABILITY
• Administration of a research instrument to a
sample of subjects on two different occasions.
• Scores are compared and calculated by using
Pearson’s correlation coefficient formula.
• A score above 0.70 indicates an acceptable
level of reliability of a tool, +1.00 indicates
perfect reliability and 0.00 indicates no
reliability.
19. INTERNAL CONSISTENCY
• It is also called homogeneity. It ensures all
the sub parts of a research instrument
measure the same characteristics.
• A research tool can only be considered
internally consistent if all the subparts of the
tool are measuring the same characteristics
or phenomena.
• The approach used is split-half technique.
20. Contd.,
• Divide items of a research instrument in two
equal parts through grouping either in odd
number questions and even number
question or first half and second half items
groups.
• Administer two subparts of the tool
simultaneously, score them independently
and compute correlation coefficient in the
two separate scores by using formula.
22. EQUIVALENCE
• This aspect of the reliability is estimated
when a researcher is testing the reliability of
a tool, which is used by two different
observers to observe a single phenomenon
simultaneously and independently or two
presumably parallel instruments are
administered to an individual at about the
same time.
• It is also known as interrater or
interobserver reliability.
23. Contd.,
Eg. A rating scale is developed to assess
cleanliness of the bone marrow transplantation
unit; this rating may be administered to observe
the cleanliness of the bone marrow
transplantation unit by two different observers
simultaneously but independently.
Number of agreements
• r=--------------------------------------------------
Number of agreements + Number of disagreements
24. FACTORS AFFECTING RELIABILITY
• Length of instrument
• Random error
• Training of observer
• Number of observations
• Time
• Language of items in scale
• Group homogeneity
• Duration of the scale
• Objectivity
• Extreme climate conditions
• Instruction for participants
• Difficulty index scale.