This document provides information about superconductors. It defines key terms like critical temperature (Tc), critical magnetic field (Bc), and critical current density (Jc). It describes the two main types of superconductors - Type I, which has one critical field, and Type II, which can partially exclude magnetic fields between two critical fields. The document then gives a brief history of important discoveries in superconductivity research from 1911 to today. It discusses some applications of superconductors like particle accelerators, generators, and magnetic levitation trains. Finally, it provides details on the YBa2Cu307 ceramic superconductor, its critical parameters, and classification as a Type II superconductor.

1. SARDAR VALLABHBHAI
INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
 NAME :- VRAJESH SHAH
 DEPARTMENT :- INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
 SUBJECT :- PHYSICS
 TOPIC :- SUPERCONDUCTORS

2. Superconductors

3. Superconductors
An element, inter-metallic alloy, or compound that will
conduct electricity without resistance below a certain
temperature, magnetic field, and applied current.
Definition of Superconductor:

4. Definitions
 Tc: This is the critical temperature at which the resistivity of a
superconductor goes to zero. Above this temperature the material is non-
superconducting, while below it, the material becomes superconducting.
 Bc: The scientific notation representing the "critical field" or maximum
magnetic field that a superconductor can endure before it is "quenched" and
returns to a non-superconducting state. Usually a higher Tc also brings a
higher Bc. Type II superconductors have lower Bc1 and upper Bc2 critical
fields.

5. Definitions
 Jc: The scientific notation representing the "critical current density"
or maximum current that a superconductor can carry without becoming
non-superconductive.
 Meissner Effect: Exhibiting diamagnetic properties to the total
exclusion of all magnetic fields. (Named for Walter Meissner.) This is
a classic hallmark of superconductivity and can actually be used to
levitate a strong rare-earth magnet.

6. Superconductor Types
 Type I
Exhibits perfect diamagnetism below transition temperature Tc and has only one
critical magnetic field Bc.
 Type II
Totally expels and excludes magnetic flux below lower critical field Bc1 and
partially does so between Bc1 and upper critical field Bc2; all superconductors
except elements are Type II. This type has a larger Tc than that of a Type I
superconductor.
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7. A Brief History of Superconductors
 In 1911 superconductivity was first observed in mercury by Dutch physicist
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University. When he cooled it to the
temperature of liquid helium, 4 degrees Kelvin, its resistance suddenly
disappeared!
 In 1933 Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that a
superconducting material will repel a magnetic field. This phenomenon is
known as perfect diamagnetism and is often referred to as the Meissner
effect.
 Since then major developments have been made in both the discovery of
higher temperature superconductors as well as progress in the theory of
superconductivity. In 1957 the 1st major advancement in the theory was
made by American physicists John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John
Schrieffer. Their Theories of Superconductivity became known as the BCS
theory - abbreviated for the first letter of each man's last name - and won
them a Nobel prize in 1972. BCS theory explained superconductivity at
temperatures close to absolute zero for elements and simple alloys.
However, at higher temperatures and with different superconductor systems,
the BCS theory has become inadequate to fully explain how
superconductivity is occurring.

8. History continued…
 In 1962 Brian D. Josephson, a graduate student at Cambridge University,
predicted that electrical current would flow between 2 superconducting
materials - even when they are separated by a non-superconductor or insulator!
His prediction that superconductors would exhibit this quantum effect on a
macro scale was later confirmed and won him a share of the 1973 Nobel Prize
in Physics. This tunneling phenomenon is today known as the "Josephson
effect" and has been applied to electronic devices such as the SQUID
(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device), an instrument capable of
detecting even the weakest magnetic fields.
 More recently scientists have made improvements in the area of predicting and
engineering new types of superconductors. In the 80’s carbon based
superconductors as well as ceramic superconductors were developed. These
superconductors have fantastic magnetic properties as well as high critical
temperatures, but their mechanical properties are poor.

9. Application of Superconductors
•Particle Accelerators
•Generators
•Transportation
•Power Transmission
•Electric Motors
•Military
•Computing
•Medical
•B Field Detection (SQUIDS)
The Yamanashi MLX01 MagLev train

10. YBa2Cu307
 Discovered: 1987 by Paul Chu
 Tc: 90-95K
 Bc2: 100 Tesla at 77 K
 Jc: 1.0x109 A/m2 at 77 K
 Referred to as “1-2-3” superconductor
because of the ratio of the three metallic
elements
 Type: Type II Ceramic