This presentation is prepared in soran university by 3 chemical engineering students second stage in 2017

1. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Prepared by:
 Omer Mahruf
 Muhammed Latif
 Muhammed faiq
Supervisor:
Ahmad Taifur
Chemical Engineering Department

2. OUTLINE
S
 Introduction.
 Superconductors.
 Important factors.
 BCS Theorem.
 Meissner effect.
 Type 1 & type 2 conductors.
 Advantages and Disadvantages.
 Applications.
 Conclusion.
 References.

3. INTRODUCTION
History:
Superconductivity was discovered by Dutch
physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April
8,1911.

4.  Superconductivity: is a phenomenon of exactly
zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic
fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a
characteristic critical temperature.
WHAT IS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY?

5. HOW DOES IT WORK?
 Electrons group into pairs through interaction with vibrations of the lattice (so-
called “phonons”), thus forming “cooper pairs".The solid can be seen as a lattice of
positive ions immersed in a cloud of electrons., The ions move slightly, attracted by
the electron’s negative charge. This movement generates an electrically positive
area which, in turn, attract which, in turn, attracts another electron.

6. > Superconductors Are The Materials That Have
Zero Electrical Resistance.
> By Repelling Any Magnetic Fields It Doesn't
Penetrate To Their Zero Resistance.
> They Conduct Electricity More Efficiency Than
Other Conductors Due To The Resistance.
Superconductors

7. GENERAL PROPERTIES
Virtually Zero Electrical Resistance.
Perfect Diamagnetic Property.
Critical Field Depends Upon Temperature
Of Superconducting Material.
Heavy Current Effect Destroys
Superconductivity Properties.
At Very High Pressure Tc Is Directly
Proportional To Pressure.
Tc Is Inversely Proportional To Square
Root Of At.Wt Of The Isotope Of Single
Superconductor.

8. 1- BASED ON CRITICAL TEMPERATURE:-
> High Temperature Super Conductors
> Low Temperature Super Conductors.
2- BASED ON MAGNETIC FIELDS:-
> Type One Superconductors.
> Type Two Superconductors.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
SUPERCONDUCTORS

9. IMPORTANT FACTORS
Critical temperature (Tc) >> is the temperature at
which the electrical resistivity of a material drops
to zero.
Critical magnetic field(Hc)>> The magnitude of
magnetic field at which the superconductors
loses it’s superconductivity.
Critical current density(Jc) >> current density
above which superconductor loses it’s
superconductivity.

10. RELATIONS BETWEEN THREE FACTORS
Breaking the
superconduc
tivity
High
temperature
High current
Density
High
magnetic
field

11. BCS THEOREM
• The electron experience a special kind of
attractive interaction, over coming the
coulombs force of repulsion between them,
as a result cooper pairs are formed.
• At low temperature , these pairs move
through lattice without resistance and hence
behave as superconductor.

12.  MEISSNER EFFECT:
> The Meissner Effect Is The Expulsion Of A Magnetic Field
From A Superconductor During Its Transition To The
Superconducting State.
> The German Physicists Walther Meissner And Robert
Ochsenfeld Discovered This Phenomenon In 1933.

14. > Type I:those Superconductors Which Loose Their
Superconductivity Very Easily Or Abruptly When Placed In
External Magnetic Field.
> Type II :Superconductors Are Those Superconductors
Which Loose Their Superconductivity Gradually But Not
Or Abruptly When Placed In The External Magnetic Field.

15.  Magnetic Levitation, Maglev, Or Magnetic Suspension Is A Method
By Which An Object Is Suspended With No Support Other
Than Magnetic Fields.

17. > Magnetic Levitation.
> Power & Cost Efficient.
> Reduces Size And Weight Of Motors, Generators And Supporting
Equipment.
> Beneficial Applications In Medical Imagine Techniques .
Advantages

18. DISADVANTAGES
> Very Low Critical Temperature
> Extremely Brittle
> Not Applicable For Consumer Electronics

19. > Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a
transport method that uses magnetic levitation to move
vehicles without making contact with the ground.
> Maglev train, also called magnetic levitation
train or maglev, a floating vehicle for
land transportation that is supported by either
electromagnetic attraction or repulsion.
Applications

20. Magnet Train experiment

21. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that uses a magnetic field and
radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within your
body.
APPLICATIONS

22. CONCLUSIONS
 Superconductivity: is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance.
 Electrons group into pairs through interaction with vibrations of the lattice.
 Superconductors Are The Materials That Have.
Zero Electrical Resistance.
 Heavy Current Effect Destroys Superconductivity Properties.
 The temperature at which electrical resistance is zero.
 Each material has its own critical temperature.
 The Expulsion Of A Magnetic Field From A Superconductor During Its Transition To The
Superconducting State.
 The main classifications.
 Maglev train & MRI medical system

24. REFERENCES
http://www.supraconductivite.fr/en/index.php?p=applications-trains-maglev-more
https://scholar.google.com
http://www.pnas.org/content/101/21/7857.short
http://hst-archive.web.cern.ch/archiv/HST2001/accelerators/superconductivity/superconductivity.htm
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-and-
technology/engineering/superconductivity/content-section-2.4
http://libgen.me/view.php?id=911358

25. THNAK YOU!
ANY QUESTIONS?