This document discusses superconductors and their properties. It begins by defining superconductivity as the phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity without resistance when cooled below a critical temperature. It then discusses key properties of superconductors including zero electrical resistance, the effects of impurities and pressure, isotope effects, magnetic field effects, critical current density, and the Meissner effect. It categorizes superconductors as either type 1 or type 2 and provides examples of each. Finally, it outlines several applications of superconductors such as magnetic levitation trains, SQUID devices, and RF/microwave filters.
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Properties of superconductors, Effects of the magnetic field, variation of resistance with temperature, Meissner Effect, isotope effect, Energy Gap, Coherence Length, BCS Theory, Types of superconductors ,
Basically i have tried giving every details about the phenomenon Superconductivity in the simplest way. This is my first upload.I'll be very glad if u all give your valuable feedback. Thank u.
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Properties of superconductors, Effects of the magnetic field, variation of resistance with temperature, Meissner Effect, isotope effect, Energy Gap, Coherence Length, BCS Theory, Types of superconductors ,
Basically i have tried giving every details about the phenomenon Superconductivity in the simplest way. This is my first upload.I'll be very glad if u all give your valuable feedback. Thank u.
Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. This capacity produces interesting and potentially useful effects. For a material to behave as a superconductor, low temperatures are required.
Super conductors,properties and its application and BCS theorysmithag7
superconductors:-Introduction, definition, type1,type2 and atypical. Preparation of high temperature super conductor-Y1 Ba2Cu3Ox±δ, BCS theory and general application of high temperature super conductors.
Basic of semiconductors and optical propertiesKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the band structure, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, electrical conductivity, mobility, hall effect, p-n junction diode, tunnel diode and optical properties of the semiconductor.
Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. This capacity produces interesting and potentially useful effects. For a material to behave as a superconductor, low temperatures are required.
Super conductors,properties and its application and BCS theorysmithag7
superconductors:-Introduction, definition, type1,type2 and atypical. Preparation of high temperature super conductor-Y1 Ba2Cu3Ox±δ, BCS theory and general application of high temperature super conductors.
Basic of semiconductors and optical propertiesKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the band structure, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, electrical conductivity, mobility, hall effect, p-n junction diode, tunnel diode and optical properties of the semiconductor.
Fundamentals of Superconductivity and its applicationsPraveen Vaidya
"Superconductivity" is a topic related to Physics, Chemistry and Engineering and Technology, anybody who would like to know about superconductor can read this article. This article explains about the fundamental's of superconductors, its various effects like Meissner effect, its theory and applications in MRI, Magneto encephalography, flying vehicle or levitating vehicles etc.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY BY SATYAAPTRAKASH.pptxPokeDSatya
Superconductivity presentation ppt on the presentation of HIL ok sir thank you so much sir thank thank God for friendly and Goddess are you still have a great you more than one of the mountain of the mountain you .
Topic: Superconductors and their real life applications as a theory of knowledge
Type: Essay
Subject: Physics
Academic Level: Undergraduate 1-2
Style: MLA
Language: English (U.S)
Number of Pages: 6 (double-spaced, Times New Roman, Font 12)
Number of sources: 5
Task Details:
1) Define superconductors;
2) Discuss their properties;
3) Describe how they can be utilized to solve various real life problems.
Superconducting materials have greater significance in present era. This phenomena must be studied completely logical and if knowledge about SC is fetched a little its very interesting to go ahead. In recent years this property of materials are developed and obtained clearly, they are completely implemented in transportation, switching etc., This slides can give you basics in superconducting behavior and materials. Trends have been made to use them in everyday and it gives user friendly behavior.
Second Part of Inner Products including Cauchy Schwarz inequality, Pythagorean theorem, Orthogonal complement, Projection theorem with geometrical interpretation, Least Square Solution
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Superconductors
1. Engineering Physics (2110011)
Guided by :
Prof. Nikunj V. Joshi
Created By :
Name : Shah Preet .P.
Enroll. No. : 160410119117
Batch : C
Dept : Mechanical
Topic : Superconductors
1
2. Introduction
Superconductivity is a phenomenon in
which certain metals, alloys and
ceramics conduct electricity without
resistance when it is cooled below a
certain temperature called the critical
temperature.
Superconductivity was discovered by a
Dutch physicist, Heike Kammerlingh
Onnes, in 1911.
Superconductivity is still an exciting field
of discovery and technological
applications. 2
3. Superconductor
A Superconductor is a material that loses all its
resistance to the flow of electric current when it is
cooled below a certain temperature called the
critical temperature or transition temperature Tc.
Examples :. Mercury(Hg), Vanadium(V).
3
4. Transition Temperature
The temperature at which a material’s electrical resistivity
drops to absolute zero is called the Transition temperature or
Critical temperature Tc.
At and below Tc, the material is said to be in the
superconducting state and above this temperature, the
material is said to be in normal state.
Figure shows the variation of electrical resistivity of a normal
metal silver(Ag) and a superconducting metal mercury(Hg)
versus temperature.
It can be seen that the electrical resistivity of normal metal
decreases steadily as the temperature is decreased and
reaches a low value at 0K called the residual resistivity ρ̥ .
4
7. Properties
1. Electrical resistance : 10 ־⁷ Ωm order for
superconductors.
2. Effects of impurities : When impurities are added
to superconducting element, its superconducting
property is not lost but the value is lowered.
3. Effect of Pressure and Stress : Certain metals are
found to exhibit the superconductivity
phenomenon on increasing the pressure over
them. For example Cesium is found to exhibit
superconductivity phenomenon at Tc = 1.5K on
applying a pressure of 110Kbar.
7
8. Properties
4. Isotope effects : The critical temperature Tc value
of a superconductor is found to vary with its
isotopic mass. This variation in Tc with its isotopic
mass is called the isotopic effect.
5. Magnetic field effect : If a sufficiently strong
magnetic field is applied to a superconductor at
any temperature below its critical temperature Tc,
the superconductor is found to under go a
transition from the superconducting state to the
normal state.
This minimum magnetic field required to destroy
the superconducting state is called the critical
magnetic field Hc.
8
10. Properties
6. Critical current density : It can be defined as
the maximum current that can be permitted in
a superconducting material without
destroying its superconductivity state.
Jc = Ic/A
7. Persistent current : This steady flow of
current in a superconducting ring without any
potential deriving it is called the persistent
current.
10
11. Properties
8. Meissner effect : The complete
expulsion of all the magnetic
field by a superconducting
material is called the “
Meissner effect “.
When a superconducting
material is placed in a
magnetic field(H>Hc) at room
temperature, the magnetic
field is found to penetrate
normally throughtout the
material.
If the temperature is lowered
below Tc and with H<Hc the
material is found to be reject
all the magnetic field
penetrating throught it.
11
13. Types 1 Superconductors
1. These superconductors are called as soft
superconductors.
2. Only one critical magnetic field exist for these
superconductors.
3. The critical field value is very low.
4. These superconductors exhibit perfect and complete
Meissner effect.
5. These materials have limited technical applications
because of very low field strength value.
Examples : Pb, Hg, Zn, etc.
13
15. Type 2 Superconductors
1. These superconductors are called as hard
superconductors.
2. Two critical fields Hc1 and Hc2 exist for these
superconductors.
3. The critical field value is very high.
4. These superconductors do not exhibit perfect and
complete Meissner effect.
5. These materials have wider technological applications
because of very high field strength value.
Examples : Nb3Ge, Nb3Si, etc.
15
16. Temperature
1. Low - Temperature
superconductor :
superconductors that
require liquid helium as
coolant.
Liquid helium temperature
is 4.2K above absolute
zero.
2. High - Temperature
superconductor :
superconductors having
their Tc values above the
temperature of liquid
nitrogen.
16
17. Applications Of Superconductors
1. Magnetic Levitation (Maglev)
Magnetic Levitation or Maglev is the process by which an object is suspended
above another object with no other support but magnetic fields.
The phenomenon of magnetic levitation is based on Meissner effect.
The magnetic levitation is brought about by enormous repulsion between two
highly powerful magnetic fields.
17
18. Application
1. Maglev Train : the levitation
is based on two techniques
(i) Electromagnetic
suspension (EMS) and (ii)
Electrodynamic suspension
(EDS).
The basic idea of maglev
train is to levitate it with
magnetic fields so that there
is no physical contact
between the train and the
rails. Consequently the
maglev train can travel at
very high speed.
These trains travel at a
speed of about 500km/h.
18
19. Application
2. Josephson effect and its applications
Two superconductors separated
by a very thin strip of an insulator
forms a josephson junction.
As a consequence of the
tunneling of electron across the
insulator, there is a net current
across the junction. This is called
as D.C. Josephson effect.
When a potential difference V is
applied between the two sides of
the junction, there will be an
oscillation of the tunneling
current. This is called as A.C.
Josephson effect.
19
20. Application
Application of josephson junction
1. Josephson junctions are used in sensitive
magnetometers called SQUID – Superconducting Quantum
Interference Device.
A SQUID is formed by connecting two josephson junction
in parallel.
20
21. Application
When current is passed into this arrangement, it split flowing across the two
opposite arc.
The current through the circuit will have a periodicity which is very sensitive to the
magnetic flux passing normally through the closed circuit.
As a result, extremely small magnetic flux can be detected with this device.
This device can also be used to detect voltage as small as 10־ ¹⁵ V.
Magnetic field changes as small as 10־ ²¹ T can be detected.
21
23. Application
RF and microwave filters (e.g., for mobile phone base stations, as
well as military ultrasensitive/selective receivers)
High sensitivity particle detectors, including the transition edge
sensor, the superconducting bolometer, the superconducting tunnel
junction detector, the kinetic inductance detector, and the
superconducting nano wire single-photon detector.
Rail gun and coil gun magnets.
Electric motors and generators.
Very strong magnetic fields can be generated with coils made of
high Tc superconducting materials.
Ore separation can be done efficiently using superconducting
magnets.
23