Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. This capacity produces interesting and potentially useful effects. For a material to behave as a superconductor, low temperatures are required.
Basically i have tried giving every details about the phenomenon Superconductivity in the simplest way. This is my first upload.I'll be very glad if u all give your valuable feedback. Thank u.
Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. This capacity produces interesting and potentially useful effects. For a material to behave as a superconductor, low temperatures are required.
Basically i have tried giving every details about the phenomenon Superconductivity in the simplest way. This is my first upload.I'll be very glad if u all give your valuable feedback. Thank u.
Super conductors,properties and its application and BCS theorysmithag7
superconductors:-Introduction, definition, type1,type2 and atypical. Preparation of high temperature super conductor-Y1 Ba2Cu3Ox±δ, BCS theory and general application of high temperature super conductors.
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Super conductors,properties and its application and BCS theorysmithag7
superconductors:-Introduction, definition, type1,type2 and atypical. Preparation of high temperature super conductor-Y1 Ba2Cu3Ox±δ, BCS theory and general application of high temperature super conductors.
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY BY SATYAAPTRAKASH.pptxPokeDSatya
Superconductivity presentation ppt on the presentation of HIL ok sir thank you so much sir thank thank God for friendly and Goddess are you still have a great you more than one of the mountain of the mountain you .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. Superconductivity - Introduction
• The research about superconductors began when
Kamerlingh Onnes found that the resistivity of Hg
suddenly dropped to zero at 4.2K (liquid He
Temperature).
• At very low temperatures normal conductors retain
some resistivity but the resistivity of
superconductors suddenly drop to zero .
• A normal conductor can be brought into
superconducting state by increasing it’s pressure.
2. Transition Temperature OR Critical Temperature
Temperature at which a
normal conductor loses its
resistivity and becomes a
superconductor.
• Definite for a material
• Superconducting transition
reversible
• Good electrical conductors
like Cu, Ag, Au are not
superconductors and good
superconducting materials
are not good electrical
conductors.
Resistance (Ω)
4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Temperature (K)
0.15
0.10
0.0
Tc
3. Occurrence of Superconductivity
Superconducting Elements TC (K)
Sn (Tin) 3.72
Hg (Mercury) 4.15
Pb (Lead) 7.19
Superconducting Compounds
NbTi (Niobium Titanium) 10
Nb3Sn (Niobium Tin) 18.1
4. Superconductivity -Properties
1. Electrical Resistence
• Zero electrical resistence
• Ratio of resistance of
material in
superconducting state to
the same material in
normal state is less then 10-
5 .
r
s
r
<10-5
n
5. Superconductivity -Properties
2. Effect of magnetic field
• When the superconducting materials are subjected to large value
of magnetic field, it’s superconducting property gets destroyed.
• Critical magnetic field (HC) – Minimum magnetic field required to
destroy the superconducting property at any temperature
é æ ö 2
ù
H H T
= ê - ç ¸ ú
0 1 C
T
êë è C
ø úû
H0 – Critical field at 0K
T - Temperature below TC
TC - Transition Temperature
6. Normal
Superconducting
T (K) TC
H0
HC
Element HC at 0K
(mT)
Nb 198
Pb 80.3
Sn 30.9
Magnetic field vs Temperature
Examples of critical fields of some
superconducting materials
7. Superconductivity -Properties
3. Effect of Electric Current
• The application of large value of electric current to a
superconducting material induces a magnetic field in the
material and thus destroys it’s superconducting property.
• Induced Critical Current iC = 2πrHC
where Hc is the critical magnetic field required and r is the
radius of superconductor .
i
9. 7. Diamagnetic property :- Meissner Effect
• Magnetic Lines of force penetrate through a normal conducting
material when placed in a magnetic field of flux density B.
• Whereas, a superconducting material repels the magnetic field &
thus behaves as a diamagnetic material.
• A superconducting material also ejects magnetic lines of force
when cooled for superconductivity.
B ¹0 B = 0
Normal state
T>Tc
H>Hc
Superconducting
state
T<Tc
H<Hc
10. Types of Superconductors
Type I
• Exhibit Meissner Effect
• Behave as a prefect diamagnetic
material
• There is only one Hc
• No mixed state is present
• Sudden loss of magnetisation
• Soft superconductor
• Eg. – Pb, Sn, Hg
Type II
• Does not exhibit complete
Meissner Effect
• Does not behave as a perfect
diamagnetic material
• There are two HCs – HC1 & HC2
• Mixed state present
• Gradual loss of magnetisation
• Hard superconductor
• Eg. – Nb-Sn, Nb-Ti
M
Superconducting
Normal
H H C
Super-conducting
-M
Normal
Mixed
HC1 HC
HC2
H
11. High-Temperature Superconductors
• High Temperature superconductors have high Tc values.
• They are not metal or intermetallic compounds but oxides of
copper in combination with other elements.
• In 1983, 1987 & 1988, materials with Tc up to 40K, 93K and 125K
have been discovered respevtively.
• The HTSC compounds are represented by simplified notations as
1212, 1234, etc. These notations are based on number of atoms in
each metal element.
• They are brittle and easy to form wires and tapes.
• HTSC wires/tapes provide transmission of electrical power over a
long distance without any resistive loss.
13. Application of Superconductors
1. Josephson Effect
• In 1962, Brain Josephson predicted the flow of current in
insulator sandwiched between two superconductors on the
application of a D.C. Voltage.
Insulator
14. Components Of Current
• D.C. Component of Current – This component of
current exists even after the applied voltage is
removed.
• A.C. Component of Current – This component of
current exists only during the existence of applied
voltage.
The frequency of A.C. components is
g = 2eV / h
15. Uses of Josephson devices
• Magnetic Sensors
• Gradiometers
• Oscilloscopes
• Decoders
• Analogue to Digital converters
• Oscillators
• Microwave amplifiers
• Sensors for biomedical, scientific and defence purposes
• Digital circuit development for Integrated circuits
• Microprocessors
• Random Access Memories (RAMs)
16. Application of Superconductors
2. SQUID
(Superconducting Quantum Interface Device)
• SQUID is a type of magnetometer.
• It is the most sensitive type of detector known to science.
• Low Temperature superconductors are used for fabricating SQUID.
• It consists of a superconducting loop of two Josephson junctions.
17. Discovery:
• The DC SQUID was invented in 1964 by Robert Jaklevic, John
Lambe, Arnold Silver and James Mercereau of Ford Research
Labs
Principle :
• Small change in magnetic field, produces variation in the flux
quantum.
Uses :
• Storage device for magnetic flux
• Study of earthquakes
• Removing paramagnetic impurities
• Detection of magnetic signals from brain, heart etc.
18. Application of Superconductors
i
A
B
3.Cryotron
The cryotron is a switch
that operates using
superconductivity. The
cryotron works on the
principle that magnetic
fields destroy
superconductivity.
19. • Hca & Hcb are critical fields of material A & B
respectively & Hca<Hcb.
• The current ‘i’ induces some magnetic field ‘H’
in both materials. If ‘H’ lies between Hca & Hcb,
then the induced field will destroy the
superconductivity of material A & hence
contact will be broken due to increase in
resistivity.
20. Application of Superconductors
4. Maglev (Magnetic Leviation)
• Principle: Electro-magnetic
induction
Magnetic levitation transport,
or maglev, is a form of
transportation that suspends,
guides and propels vehicles via
electromagnetic force. This
method can be faster than
wheeled mass transit systems,
potentially reaching velocities
comparable to turboprop and jet
aircraft (500 to 580 km/h).
21. Advantages
No need of initial energy in case of magnets for low speeds
One litre of Liquid nitrogen costs less than one litre of mineral water
Onboard magnets and large margin between rail and train enable highest
recorded train speeds (581 km/h) and heavy load capacity. Successful
operations using high temperature superconductors in its onboard magnets,
cooled with inexpensive liquid nitrogen
Magnetic fields inside and outside the vehicle are insignificant; proven,
commercially available technology that can attain very high speeds (500
km/h); no wheels or secondary propulsion system needed
Free of friction as it is “Levitating”