The interest in superconducting systems stems from their promise to be more efficient, smaller, and lighter than those made from conventional conductors. The types of applications in which superconductivity has the potential to be effective in an electric power system can be separated into two general classes. The first type includes those technologies in which superconductivity is simply a replacement of existing resistive materials, for example, cables, motors, generators, and transformers. The second type includes technologies that will be enabled by superconductivity and that have little or, at most, limited capability if conventional resistive or other materials are used. Examples are superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and large fault current limiters (FCL). Before looking at the applications under development the article discusses the discovery and development of superconductivity.

1. Presented by:-
Manas Ranjan Mahanta
Electrical Engg.
Regd.1101221009
Guided by:-
Asst. Prof. Santwana Pradhan
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN
ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR
1

2. Contents:-
• Introduction
• Types of SC
• LTS Vs HTS
• Properties of SC
• Energy Applications
• Conclusion
2

3. Introduction:-
• Superconductors(SC) are materials which exhibit
zero resistivity below a certain temperature.
• The phenomenon of superconductivity was first
observed in mercury by the Dutch physicist Heike
Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 .
• Discovery of High Temperature superconductors in
1986 reignited interest in superconducting Power
application because of lower cooling costs.
3

4. What is Superconductivity?
• Superconductivity is a phenomenon observed in
several metals and ceramic materials cooled to
temp. ranging from near abs. zero (0 K, -2730 C) to
liquid nitrogen temp. ( 77 K, -1960 C), their electrical
resistance drops with a jump down to zero.
• The temperature at which
electrical resistance is zero is
called the critical temperature
(Tc).
4

5. Types of Superconductor:-
• Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS)
Ex- Nb3Sn,Nb3Ge
• High Temperature Superconductors (HTS)
Ex- YBCO
5

6. Disadvantages of LTS:-
• Critical Temperatures are Very low
• Cost of cooling is very high using Liquid Helium
• For LTS TC < 20K
Advantages of HTS:-
• Comparatively higher critical temperatures
• HTS show superconductivity at or above 77K
i.e. temp. of Liquid Nitrogen.
• Liquid nitrogen is 15 times cheaper than liquid
helium.
6

7. Properties of Superconductors:-
• Zero resistivity.
• Critical temperature (Tc).
• Critical magnetic field (Bc).
• Critical current (Jc).
7

8. Applications:-
• Superconducting transmission line cables
• Superconductor magnetic energy storage (SMES)
• Superconducting generator
• Other power applications.
8

9. Transmission line cables:-
LTS Cables..
• Superconducting cable has to be cooled
(nearly absolute temp -273.16℃).
• Cooled by liquid Helium (too expensive).
• Difficult to utilized in industrial field, such as
power transmission system.
9

10. HTS Cables..
• Superconducting property about temp 70[K] .
• Cooled by liquid Nitrogen [Liquid N2].
10

11. Cross-sectional view of HTS cable..
11

12. 12

13. Advantages of superconducting cable
over underground cable:-
• Zero resistance
• Small physical size
• Reduced clearance for terminal facilities
• Higher reliability
• Overload capability
13

14. Superconductor magnetic energy
storage(SMES):-
• SMES is a device for storing and instantaneously
discharging large quantities of power.
• It stores electric energy in the magnetic field
generated by DC current flowing through a coiled
wire.
• The SMES recharges within minutes and can
repeat the charge/discharge sequence thousands
of times without any degradation of the magnet. 14

15. Components Of SMES System
• Superconducting Coil
• Power Conditioning System (PCS)
• Refrigeration unit
15

16. Operation Of SMES System:-
• SMES stores energy in form of magnetic field.
• The magnetic field is created with the flow of DC
current.
• Conversion of AC to DC in PCS .
• DC Voltage charges the Superconducting Coil.
• The coil discharges and acts as a source of energy
when AC network requires power.
16

17. • Superconductors have zero resistance to DC
electrical current at low temperatures.
• Very low Ohmic heat dissipation.
• Energy stored within the coil is given by
17

18. Advantages Of SMES :-
• Time Delay during charge and discharge is quite
short.
• Very High Power is available almost
instantaneously.
• Loss of power is less than other storage method.
• High Reliability.
• Environmental friendly and highly efficient.
18

19. Uses of SMES:-
• Power quality control at manufacturing plants.
• Grid stability.
• Power system transmission control and
stabilization.
• High penetration of renewable energy sources,
such as wind and solar.
19

20. Superconducting generator:-
Characteristics :-
• Rotor with the HTS field windings spinning.
• The HTS field windings is cooled at 25 - 40 K
temp. range.
• The field coils are cooled by a cryocooler
system using either cold gas or liquid as the
heat transfer medium.
20

21. Schematic Diagram Of Superconducting
Generator:-
21

22. Advantages:-
• 50% reduced the size and weight .
• Approximately 70% lower transportation costs.
• Easier transportation.
• Cheaper foundations and buildings.
• 1% higher electrical efficiency.
• Higher stability due to lower machine reactance.
22

23. Disadvantages…..
• High cost.
• Difficult for maintaining cryoogenic temp.
required for cooling.
• Generator fails to work ,if the SC leave their
superconductivity state.
23

24. Other power applications:-
1. Transformers
2. Fault Current Limiters
3. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
4. Transportation (Maglev Trains)
5. Military
• SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference
Device)
• E-Bombs
24

25. Conclusion
• In this era SC Generators and Energy Storage
seems to be the only solution to our ever-
increasing energy demand.
• They help by ensuring good quality power and
system-stability.
• SCPA is the technology of tomorrow.
25

26. Reference…
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_ma
gnetic_energy_storage
• http://www.ornl.gov/
• http://www.superconductorweek.com/
• http://www.ieeexplore.org/
26

27. 27