Mineral deposits of potential economic significance in Sinai:; Most of the metallic and non-metallic deposits are found in the Middle Western portion of South Sinai, close to the Gulf of Suez.
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion of Eastern Desert.
In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
Occurrences of asbestos, vermiculite, corundum, magnesite and talc, are typically associated with Pan-African ultramafic rocks such as peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, and norite.
Migif-Hafafit area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt contains asbestos-vermiculite deposits at several sites, occurs in the magnesium-rich metapelitic schist-ultramafic complex.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Manganese ore deposits are widely scattered in various districts in Egypt.
They occur at some localities in Sinai Peninsula and at a few localities in the Eastern Desert.
Manganese deposits are known:
in the Um Bogma district in west central Sinai; and
in the Halaib "Elba" district in the southern portion of Eastern Desert.
In addition, minor occurrences are known in Wadi Mialik near Abu Ghosun and Ras Banas in the Southern Eastern Desert, and Wadi Abu Shaar El Qibli (Black Hill), to the north of Hurghada
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Geological Setting of Egyptian Phosphate; Geology of the Main Phosphate Regions; Egyptian Phosphate Ore Deposits:; Red Sea Coast Phosphate Deposits; Nile Valley Phosphate Deposits; New Valley Phosphate Deposits; Abu Tartur Ore Phosphate; Dakhla Phosphate; Common Characters of the Egyptian Phosphorites; Characteristics of the phosphate producing facies area; Phosphate Microfacies; Mineralogical composition ; Geochemistry ; Phosphate Reserves and Production
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
Slides related to wall rock alteration.In these slides it is described that how host rock behave when it comes in contact with the hydro thermal fluid coming from deep Earth (Mantle) and their results.
This presentation will enlist about the Gemstones found in Azad Kashmir, mainly Nangli Mali Ruby Deposits, and Various other Gemstones like Aquamarine, Morganite etc
This is an abstract from the 5th Annual Minerals South Conference & Tradeshow of October 2009 in Cranbrook, British Columbia.
The subject is the Wicheeda rare earth carbonatite being explored by Spectrum Mining Corp.
PRIMARY GEOCHEMICAL HALOES IN PROSPECTING FOR GOLD DEPOSITS, UMM RUS MINE, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz veins which are commonly detected in some parts of level-279/ and level-487/. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to reduce a number of potential pathfinder variables to an optimum group of pathfinder variables that differentiate between mineralized and unmineralized quartz vein samples.
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz vein
GOLD CONTENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC
FEATURES OF QUARTZ VEINS
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
Classification Equipment
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
5. Geology
• The geology of South Sinai is characterized by the presence
of thick Precambrian granites, weakly deformed granitoids
and alkali feldspar granites present in the core of the South
Sinai Peninsula triangle.
• The Precambrian rocks are associated with Paleozoic-
carboniferous dolomitic limestone deposits.
• Bordering the peninsula triangle are thick quaternary
sediments in the limestone plateaux, raised coral reefs and
gravel terraces along the Gulf of Suez and Aqabah, Ras
Mohamed and Sharm co-exist in these raised terraces. As
for Dahab, the city is surrounded by Precambrian granites.
• Patches of Mesozoic cretaceous carbonates are found in the
western middle part of South Sinai.
10. MINERAL DEPOSITS
Mineral deposits in Sinai could be classified into:
➢Metallic Ores
➢Nonmetallic Deposits
➢Building Materials; and
➢Ornamental Stones.
11. Locations of Deposits
• Most of the metallic and non-metallic deposits are found in the
Middle Western portion of South Sinai, close to the Gulf of Suez.
• These deposits are scattered in evaporites and chemical organic
sediments.
• Most of the deposits, contrary to the metallic and non-metallic,
are found in the Mesozoic cretaceous carbonates and siliciclastics,
in lower Eocene limestone with shales and in lower and middle
Miocene biogenic carbonates with shales and marls. The eastern
part of South Sinai is characterized by deposits found in igneous
intrusive granites and syenites.
• It is apparent from the two tables that the building materials and
ornamental stones exceed the metallic and non-metallic deposits.
Also both are predominantly found in the western part of South
Sinai in sedimentary rocks.
• Figure (1) shows the metallic and nonmetallic deposits in South
Sinai.
13. Types of Deposits
Mineral deposits of potential economic significance in
Sinai:
Construction aggregate and sand
Limestone and dolomite (for cement production)
White Sand (High silica sand for glass production)
Coal
Gypsum
Kaolin
Manganese- Iron
Iron
Turquoise (semi-precious stones)
Copper
Uranium
Phosphate
Heavy mineral-bearing beach sands (monazite, ilmenite, zircon)
Sulfur
14. Location
No.*
Name of Locality Deposit Ore Comments
Non-Metallic Occurrences
1 Port Said Common Salt
Under Exploition, Major
Saline sources
10 Farsh el Ghozlan Kaolinitic clay Exploited until 1967
12 Musabba Salama Kaolinitic clay Exploited until 1967
13 Abu Zenima Limestone
14 Budra Kaolinitic clay Exploited until 1967
15 Abu Natash Kaolinitic clay Exploited until 1967
16 El Deheissa Kaolinitic clay
17 Gini Kaolinitic clay
19 Sarabit el Khadim Turquoise
Under exploitation since
ancient Egyptian times
20 Sulfur
*Refer to map in Figure 3-1.
14
10
12
13 14 15
1716
19
20
2
5
16. Location
No.*
Name of Locality Deposit Ore Comments
Metallic
Occurrences
1 Wadi el Arish Black sands
2 Umm Bugma Manganese
Largest manganese
reserves in Egypt,
discovered 1898
production began in
1908, production from
1911 to 1967 totalled 5.5
million tonnes, reserves 4
million tonnes.
3 Wadi Nassib Manganese
4 Wadi el Noaman Manganese
5 Wadi Shallal Manganese
6 Gebel Abu Qafas Manganese
7 Wadi el Husseni Manganese
8 Gebel el Adidiya Manganese
9 Sarabit el Khadim Copper Ancient workings
10 Abu Suweira Copper
11 Abu Rudeib Copper
12 Rashidia Copper
13 Abu Zagatan Copper
14 Tawlleh Copper
15 Abu el Nimran Copper
16 Tarfa Copper
17 Tarr Copper
18 Feiran Copper
19 East of El Agma Copper Ancient mine
20 Regeita Copper
Ancient mine 0.21 to
8.85% Cu
21 Rahaba Copper
22 Samra Copper Ancient mine
23 Sharm el Sheikh Manganese Small reserves
*Refer to map in Figure 3-2. 16
18. Tab. 1: Chemical and Physical Properties of Local ores from Sinai
Ore Type
Chemical
Composition
Physical Properties
Specific
Gravity
Moisture %
Oil Absorp.
at 100gm
pH
Matter
Soluble
Hardness Brightness
L.S & Chalk 92-96 CaCO3 2.633- 2.693 0.33-0.70 26-40 8.0 0.10- 0.375 2.5- 3.0 96-97
Kaolin 49 SiO2 2.647 0.53 35 7.86 0.23 2.5 79.0
Glass Sand 99% SiO2 2.62 0.16 29 9.14 0.025 7.0 86.6
Gypsum 43% SO3 2.325 5.00 29 7.65 0.65 2.0 98.0
19. 1) Construction Aggregate and Sand
Materials suitable for the production of mortar and
cement sand, cement gravel, and base rock occur
widely as pediment cover and wadi fill throughout
Sinai.
Materials readily available for economic use in the
northern third of the region consist of poorly sorted
clastic limestone, dolomite, and chert, with a
moderate-to-high soluble salt content.
Quarrying of cretaceous limestone exposed in Gebel
Libni or Gebel Asagil would yield excellent
construction aggregate, but at costs far above that
of screened alluvium.
Regional exploration and testing may locate
presently unknown major sources of quality alluvial
construction aggregate. High quality sources of
construction aggregate occur in nearly every wadi
throughout south Sinai. In this region, production
sites can be conveniently located near each
construction project for minimum transport
expense.
As for building materials and ornamental stones
there are numerous deposits in the lower, middle
and middle upper part of South Sinai, again
concentrated along the Gulf of Suez. Very scattered
deposits are found on the eastern side
20. 2) Natural Calcium Carbonate (Limestone & Chalk)
• Limestone and dolomite suitable for cement manufacturing occur
throughout the Platform and Suez Rift Provinces. However, use of this
resource in Sinai is more contingent on other siting and resource
criteria (i.e., energy availability, infrastructure, transport distances)
than on limestone availability.
Fig. 2: Limestone of (A) Wadi Nukhl, South of Sinai; and (B) Limestone of Gabal
Egma, South of Sinai
Chalk of Wadi Matulla: Chalk is composed of rounded oolitic forms of calcite cemented by
fine grains of calcite and little organic matter. The colorless or cloudy, fine to coarse
aggregates and organic structure„ oolitic or spherulitic ‟ are characterize the chalk of Wadi
Matulla .
Chalk of Wadi Nukhul is composed mainly of calcite, and fossiliferous skeleton, organic
matter and clay matrix.
21. Natural Calcium Carbonate
The carbonate materials are abundant in West Central Sinai; they occur as thick beds of large extension.
Therefore, limestone reserves in Sinai are considered unlimited. Important sites for limestone, from north to
south are Gabal Libna, Um Mafroth, El Hegam, Reasan Eneiza, El Mostan, El Maghara, El Halal, Ekma,
Wadi Nukhul (Fig. 2 & 3), Wadi Ferain, and Wadi Matullah.
➢ Limestone deposits are characterized by having large parts of it with no overburden.
➢ The limestone differs in their hardness as a result of differences in their degree of crystallization.
➢ All limestone could be considered hard to very hard, CaO: 40 to 55.6 % and MgO: up to 7 %.
➢ The wide availability and the low cost of CaCO3 make it the most widely used as extender pigments
today.
➢ They are used in all kinds of decorative and protective coating.
The carbonate ore deposits are abundant in South Sinai, Abu Zenima and Egma.
❖ Abu Zenima carbonates were formed at the Miocene age (Fig. 2& 3). The CaO content 51.0% to 53.0%.
They possess the following physical properties; high brightness (96 % to 97 %), specific gravity (2.633 to
2.693), low oil consumption (26 to 40), pH (8), low moisture content (0.33% to 0.70%), low matter soluble
in water (0.10% to 0.375%) and viscosity (90 to 112.5 cp.).
❖ Wadi Nukhul carbonate rocks are classified as biomicrite limestone, these limestone are silty and
fossiliferous, they contain abundant iron oxides and have low porosity. Wadi Nukhul limestone is finely
crystalline calcite containing few grains of quartz. The matrix composed of clay transformed to
Glauconite. Most of ore samples are composed of Foraminefral limestone contains organic matter. The
limestone composed of fine aggregates. Dolomite and magnesite are associated with limestone.
22. 3) Coal
Prospecting for coal carried out in 1958-1962 resulted in the discovery of the coal deposits of Maghara,
Ayun Musa, and Wadi Thora in Sinai.
Coal deposits have been explored to varying degrees at Gebel Maghara; Ayun Musa, 14 kilometers
southeast of Suez; and wadi Thora, roughly 25 kilometers east of Abu Zenima.
Exposed coal deposits are known in two areas of Sinai, the Maghara district and Um Bogma district.
Thin coal seams have also been recorded in oil and gas exploration boring logs elsewhere in Sinai, but
none suggest sufficient depth and seam thickness to justify further exploration.
❖ At present, the only deposit considered economic is that of Maghara in north Sinai (Hussein,
1990).
❖ Coal Reserves:~167 million tons
Coal seams appear in middle Jurassic Bathonian sediments on the northwest limb of the Maghara
Anticline. The estimated reserves are about 51.8 million tons in a 30 km2 area. The sequence contains
up to 10 coal seams, of which two are of commercial thickness. The entire sequence dips northwestward
at angles of 5 to 10 degrees. It is divided into numerous blocks by small faults of the same trend.
The principal seams at Maghara-named Upper and Lower-range from a minimum thickness of 20 cm to a
maximum thickness of 190 cm, with few partings, and are separated by 8 to 10 m of limestone
sandstone, clay, and shale. The coal is black, half dull, hard, resinous, and subbituminous A in rank. It is
low ash, high sulfur, and based on tests to date-has limited coking potential.
Drill holes at Ayun Musa penetrated up to 11 seams of coal in a 70 to 100 m sequence of lower
Cretaceous rocks, at depths ranging from 400 to 600 m below surface. Ten coal seams occupied the
upper 30 m of the section, with a maximum seam thickness of 120 cm. The lower part of the sequence
contained a single seam, ranging in thickness from 18 to 120 cm. The seams are lenticular and
nonpersistent, with no apparent workable thickness; because of these characteristics, and great depths
and complicated geologic structures, the deposits at Ayun Musa are considered noncommercial. Future
exploration potential in the region is also believed to be limited.
Twenty drill holes and several pits and adits have served to test a coal horizon that occurs in
Carboniferous sediments at Wadi Oeda and Wadi Thora, roughly 14 km apart, east of Abu Zenima. The
single seam was found to range between 10 and 80 cm in thickness and to be of low quality. It has
limited potential beyond local heating use.
23. Landsat TM image of the northern
Sinai inversion folds
23
Simplified structural form-line
map of northern Sinai after Khalil
and Moustafa (1994)showing the
Syrian Arc folds in northern Sinai
and the nearby area of the Naqb
Desert
25. 4) Manganese -Iron Deposits
Manganese- iron deposits occur as lens-shaped, concordant bodies and
fissure fillings in the Carboniferous Um Bogma Formation east of Abu Zenima
and Abu Rudeis.
The ore lenses average 2 m in thickness, but locally achieve a thickness of 4
m.
The host rock consists of red and yellow crystalline dolomite, variegated
shale, and sandy clay.
The mineralization consists of manganese oxides mixed with iron oxides;
earthy oxides and pyrolusite are associated with goethite, hematite and other
minerals such as calcite.
Traces of uranium and copper accompany the manganese.
An average lens might contain 10,000 tonnes of ore above a cut-off of 20 %
manganese.
Ore specimens with up to 60 % manganese occur in the deposits; historically
mined, hand-sorted, high-grade material from the Umm Bogma district
averages up to 40 % manganese. Remaining explored deposits of significant
tonnage average between 20 and 30 % manganese.
Around 30,000 tons of Ferro- manganese alloys are exported to Japan,
Europe, and Arab countries most of it by sea from the Abu Zenima terminal
and some by truck to El Aqaba in Jordon.
25
26. Fig.2 : Distribution map of the Lower Carboniferous in the Um Bogma area, west-central Sinai,
Egypt (after Kora and Jux, 1986).
26
27. Abu Thora Formation
Um Bogma Formation
Sarabit El Khadim-Adedia formations
Precambrian Basement
27
28. Um Bogma District
Um Bogma region West Central Sinai are considered to be the most important area in Egypt for
manganese deposits.
Extensive workable manganese deposits contributed significantly to the Egyptian economy up to 1967,
when the mines were abandoned.
Reopening the best mines is being considered and evolution of newly discovered occurrence.
Manganese- iron deposits occur as lens-shaped, concordant bodies and fissure fillings in the
Carboniferous Um Bogma Formation east of Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis.
Manganese ore deposits occur wide spread at eight localities of the manganese deposits from the Um
Bogma region, west central Sinai. These localities are:
1) Abu Hamata left,
2) Abu Hamata right,
3) Abu Thor,
4) Abu Zarab,
5) Rass EI-Homara ,
6) Area 10,
7) Area 9, and
8) Area 8.
Manganese ore deposits occur in Paleozoic sediments of Lower Carboniferous age.
Traces of uranium and copper accompany the manganese.
28
29. Table 2. Chemical composition of Um Bogma manganese ores.
Low Mn Ore
wt%
Medium Mn Ore
wt%
High Mn Ore
wt%
Fe2O3 30.37 17.94 14.96
MnO 35.30 43.00 48.59
Mn/Fe 1.46 3.32 4.54
29
The reserve of these ores in Um Bogma is ~5 million tonnes of Fe-Mn.
An average lens might contain 10,000 tonnes of ore above a cut-off of 20 %
manganese.
Ore specimens with up to 60 % manganese occur in the deposits; historically
mined, hand-sorted, high-grade material from the Umm Bogma district
averages up to 40 % manganese. Remaining explored deposits of significant
tonnage average between 20 and 30 % manganese.
It is also Producing Ferromanganese Alloys at the plant installed at nearby
Abu Zeneima, a port on the Gulf of Suez.
Around 30,000 tons of Ferro- manganese alloys are exported to Japan,
Europe, and Arab countries most of it by sea from the Abu Zenima terminal and
some by truck to El Aqaba in Jordon.
30. Egyptian Ore Deposits 30
Shallow
Open
Marine
Pink colour, Sandy Dolostone -
Marl Dolostone
Mn-Fe ore
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
i) Middle Carbonate Unit (Um Bogma
Formation, 0 – 41 m, Lower
Carboniferous):
▪ This is represented by dolomite and
limestone rocks and are covered
conformably the lower sandstone unit.
▪ Four members are differentiated from
base to top:
➢Dolomite Member.
➢Marly dolomite and Silt member,
➢Silt-Shale member,
➢ Dolomite and Manganese-
bearing member,
Lower Sandstone
Unit (Cambo-
Ordovician to
Devonian)
ii) Upper Sandstone Unit (Abu
Thora Formation, 30 – 200 m;
Visean)
➢ represented by medium to coarse
grained sandstone.
➢ Some beds are almost Snow-white,.
Friable Sands With Three Kaolinitic
Claystone Layers (~80 Million Tons)Kaolinitic Claystone Layers
Medium to Coarse Grained
Sandstone
Glass Sand Member
Um
Bogma
Abu
Thora
Carboniferous
Fluviatile
,
Swampy
To
Coastal
Marine
Adedia
32. Figure: (a) The lower sandstone series capped with Um Bogma Formation (A Sarabit El-Khadim Formation, B Abu
Hamata Formation, and C Adedia Formation).
(b) Layer of manganese ore interbedded with dolomites of Um Bogma Formation.
( c ) Manganese lens in the dolomite of Um Bogma Formation.
(d) Green copper staining in the fine-grained sandstone of Sarabit El-Khadim Formation
32
33. ▪ The Manganese Ore is a stratiform
type occupying more or less the same
stratigraphic horizon in the dolomitic
limestone member of the Um Bogma
formation which caps the clastic
Adedia Formation.
▪ Ore deposits always tend to occupy a
particular stratigraphic horizon (i.e.
Dolomite and manganese-bearing
member), representing the base of the
middle carbonate (dolomitic limestone)
unit, which belong to Lower
Carboniferous.
▪ The manganese bodies are usually
surrounded by a zone of calcareous
shale, siltstone or sandstone that
form the transition with the
surrounding dolomite.
▪ The ore bodies usually show abrupt
contacts with the dolomite and are
frequently found to fill depressions in
the underlying Adedia formation.
▪ The ore bodies are irregular
in shape, tending to be
lenses or lenticular beds
(The thickness varies from 10
cm to 8 m and the extent of the
beds may reach 100 m).
▪ In some occurrences, the ore
bodies are present as veins
cutting the calcareous shale
that forms a transition with the
dolomite.
▪ Several forms characterize the
constituents of the ore
deposits such as Massive
Crystalline, Granular,
Nodular, Botryoidal,
Reniform, Fibrous,
Radiating, Need-like
Crystals, Earthy Soft And
Ochreous varieties.
33
FormsOre deposits
34. Mineralogy
The ore body:
➢varies in composition from Pure Manganese ore to Pure Iron ore; but
➢it generally represents a mixture of the two ore in variable
concentrations.
❖Small lenses are richer in Mn than the lenticular beds, where Mn
occurs admixed with Fe.
❖Multistage formation of the Mn minerals is noticed especially in the
regeneration and recrystallization of pyrolusite.
❖The transition between the ore bodies and the surrounding dolomite
is abrupt distinguished by enrichment (up to 73%) of quartz and
grains.
Ore Minerals:
➢Main Minerals: Pyrolusite, Psilomelane, Hematite, and
Goethite.
➢Minor Minerals +/- subordinate amounts: Polianite,
Manganite, Cryptomelane, Hausmannite, and Ramsdellite.
➢Rare Minerals: Chalcophanite Turquoise, Malachite, Alunite
and Pyrochroite.
Gangue minerals include Quartz, Dolomite, Calcite, Barite, Gypsum, and
some Clay minerals.
34
35. Mineralogy
Um Bogma manganese ore deposits divided into three
mineralogical zones:
i) The inner manqaniferous zone:
➢ essentially composed of Psilomelane and Pyrolusite with
rare Manganite, Hausmannite, Polianite and Pyrochroite.
➢ Hematite and Clay minerals usually <25%.
➢ The structure is massive, but concretions of Pyrolusite may
be present.
ii) The intermediate ferruginous-manganese zone:
➢ consists of Psilomelane, Pyrolusite and Hematite
➢ Goethite, Quartz, Barite, and Clay minerals up to 15%.
➢ The ore is massive and constitutes the main ore reserves of
Um Bogma.
iii) The outer ferruginous zone:
➢ composed mainly of Hematite and Goethite with minor
Psilomelane.
➢ Detrital quartz is common and spherulitic concentrations are
frequent.
35
36. 5) Gypsum
• Gypsum and anhydrite in Sinai are associated with marl and
sandstone in the Miocene Ras Malaab and Ras Gemsa Formations
along the Suez Rift Border Province.
• Ras Malaab gypsum occurs on the Eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez
at lat. 29º-10' N & long. 32º-50º E, 110 km south of Suez.
• Gypsum at Ras Malaab, varies from 5 to 30 m in thickness. It has
been segmented by normal faults with throws ranging up to 10 m,
and is overlain by 1 to 3 m of alluvium and leached weathered cap-
rock. Gypsum and anhydrite appear in thick inter-lensing zones
surrounded laterally by sandy shale and clay.
• The high grade gypsum deposits of Ras Malaab, possesses calcium
sulphate content ranging from (93% to 98%), pH (7.65), matter
soluble (0.65), high brightness (98 %).
• Gypsum of Ras Malaab has a colorless and fibrous structure. Fibrous
grain shape gives a good reinforcement for the paint film after
application on substrate. Gypsum occurs associated with calcite,
dolomite and halite .
36
37. 6) Kaolin Deposits
West Central
Sinai at Abu
Zenima District
Lower
Carboniferous
Sandstone (Glass sand
member) and kaolinitic
claystone rocks of the
Abu Thora Formation
North Abu Zeneima
area: Gabal Hasbar
and Khaboba, Nukhl
South of Abu Zeneima
area: Wadi Abu
Natash, Farsh El
Ghoazlan, Wadi Budra,
El Dehesa, El Shellal,
and Mukattab.
Lower
Cretaceous
Sandstones belong to
the Malha Formation
Mosabaa, Esela, Kheel,
Sakar, Hanash and Teeh
Abu Zenima area : Kaolin Reserves in Abu Zeneima district are estimated to be
about 1,453,000 tons
Kaolin deposits are ranging from are ranging from Lower Cretaceous and Lower
Carboniferous age.
38.
39. The Carboniferous sedimentary kaolin deposits
i) in North and East of the Abu Zenima area, west central Sinai, occur in the Khaboba
and Hasbar areas between latitudes 29o03/00// and 29o13/30//north and longitudes
33o10/00// and 33o16/33// east and belong to the Abu Thora Formation.
❖ Kaolin deposits in these two areas occur as moderately hard, gray to dark
gray, massive or rarely fine laminated kaolin.
❖ They exist in the form of lenses that may attain a maximum thickness of
about 2.5 m.
❖ The clay fractions of the Carboniferous deposits at the Khaboba and Hasbar
areas are composed of kaolinite, anatase, illite and traces of chlorite and were
sourced from a mixture of low grade, granitic and/or alkaline rocks.
ii) Southeast of the Abu Zenima area, the Carboniferous kaolin deposits cover the floor of
wadis Abu Natash, El Shellal, and Mukattab.
❖ The kaolin deposit of Abu Natash area looks different in lithology compared
to those of the Kaboba and Hasbar areas.
❖ It occurs as whitish gray to earthy gray, massive, moderately hard beds that
range in thickness from few centimeters up to 7 m and are bounded by
sandstones.
❖ On the other hand, the clay fraction of the Carboniferous deposit at Abu
Natash deposit is composed of kaolinite and anatase and was derived from
mafic rocks.
40. • Known occurrences of kaolin appear in the Carboniferous Abu Zarab Formation
and a clayey and sandy horizon in the Cretaceous Nubian Formation. All reported
deposits are located in the Suez Rift Border Province, east of Abu Zenima and Abu
Rudeis. The best known of these, where some development and production have
occurred, is at Budra near the Um Bogma manganese mine.
• At the Budra site four kaolinite beds with an aggregate thickness of 36 m occur in a
95 m thick sequence of Nubian sandstone. The Kaolin horizons are lensoidal-
pinching and swelling with variations in quality. The beds dip to the southwest at
angles between 20 and 40 degrees and are offset by faults with throws of up to
100 m. The kaolin horizons are pure or slightly silty and sandy and range in color
from light grey through violet to dark grey. The clay is chemically pure or slightly
ferruginous and consists principally of kaolinite with small admixtures of dickite
and hydromica. Its quality is suitable for the production of fine ceramics.
• The kaolin composition of Farsh El Ghozlan and Wadi Budra at southern Sinai is
mainly composed of kaolinite and montmorillonite of Senonian age. The chemical
analyses show that, the ore contains (37.23%) Al2O3, (46.40%) SiO2., and L.O.I
about 14%. Many authors (Boulis and Attia, 1994; Abdel Razek, 1994) explain the
origin of kaolin deposits, it is suggested that, these deposits were derived from the
weathering mantle of the underlined feldspathic rocks of the basement complex.
41. The lower Cretaceous sedimentary kaolin deposits
• in west central Sinai belong to the Malha Formation and occur mainly in
the north and northeast of Abu Zenima covering an area of 200 km2
between latitudes 29o03/00// and 29o13/30// north and longitudes
33o10/00// and 33o16/33// east where the Mosabaa, Esela, Hanash and
Teeh deposits are located.
• Kaolin deposit in the Mosaba area occurs in the form of lenticular beds in
three kaolin horizons (20 cm to 2 m thick) that are separated by
sandstones, while at the Esela area, kaolin deposit attains approximately 7
m thick of intercalations of black, gray, yellowish, brownish, massive, and
moderately hard kaolin.
• In the Teeh Plateau, kaolin deposit occurs as separated beds range in
thickness from 10 cm to 1.5 m that are intercalated, underlain and
overlain by yellowish to reddish sandstones.
• The clay fractions of the lower Cretaceous deposits in Sinai are composed
of kaolinite and anatase and were derived from a mixture of medium to
high grade metamorphic, granitic and/or alkaline rocks.
42. 7) High Silica Sand (or White Sands)
White sand occurs at several localities in Sinai namely Gabal Dalal, Wadi Maktab, Wadi Mussaba,
Khabouba, Abu Kafas, Abu Natash at Abu Zeneima area and the area of El Gunna plateau in south Sinai.
The ores of both north and south of Sinai belong to lower the Cretaceous and occurs in the form off
lenticular beds that range in thickness from centimeters to 15m or so, with alternating beds of
ferrugineous sandstone, shale or kaolin.
The deposit has little or no overburden, and is exposed in extensive areas.
Quartzitic sand, which is optimum for the production of clear glass should be uniformly distributed in size
between 200 and 600 micrometers, have SiO2 content is 99.54% ; an iron content of less than 0.07% and
have minimum contaminating sodium, calcium and potassium.
The ore reserves are huge, and exceed billions of tons but not yet evaluated and the SiO2 content is
99.54% (Attia and Ghaalib, 1960) and (Geological Survey report on glass sand, 1994).
The best source of glass sand in Egypt occurs in a quartz sandstone horizon of Carboniferous sedimentary
rocks east of Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis.
White Sand of Abu Zenima
➢ white sand horizons outcrops in west central Sinai.
➢ The quartz sand horizon at the best known location near Wadi el Khabouba northeast of Abu Zenima
is approximately 30 m thick. The Abu Zenima white sand is related to the Cretaceous age.
➢ Further south near Wadi Budra where the same quartz sand horizon was approximately 15 m thick.
➢ This physically and chemically persistent horizon represents an unlimited source of high quality silica
for glass manufacturing, which may have export potential. Its development for economic production
and marketing will require some exploration and testing.
➢ It is chemically inert and contains (99 %) SiO2, with an ideal physical and rheological property for
utilization as pigment for paints. The moisture content is (0.16 %), oil absorption (29g/100g), matter
soluble in water (0.025), hardness (7.0), good brightness (86.6 %). It can be used in producing epoxy
paint (Sigma cap EP primer)
White Sand of Um Bogma has a clear appearance, lack of cleavage. The quartz grains are predominant
and ranges from sub-rounded to round. Clay matrix and carbonate cement the quartz grains.
Two million tons of Silica sand deposits are sent to El Arish Port for export.
46. 8) Cupriferous Sandstone
Precambrian crystalline rocks at a number of locations in south
Sinai bear thin quartz veins of short length which contain
copper carbonate, probably an oxidation product of sparse
chalcopyrite.
Historically, copper has been produced from copper oxide-
bearing sandstones of the Cambrian Serabit el Khadim
Formation or from overlying lower Carboniferous strata.
Extensive beds of cupriferous sandstone in these units are
reported to have been mined in ancient times near Wadi
Maghara in west central Sinai. Ores are described as
containing up to 18% copper in carbonates and silicates.
Several occurrences of copper were recorded in Phanerozoic
sediments in the Center and West Sinai (e.g., Wadi El-
Maghara, Wadi Samra and Serabit el-Khadim) as secondary
malachite and in some places mixed with Manganese.
The deposits are sometimes associated with sandstone-
bearing uranium and silver.
48. 7) Turquoise
Chemically, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum
{CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8*5H2O}, turquoise is formed by the percolation of
meteoric or groundwater through aluminous rock in the presence
of copper. For this reason, it is often associated with copper
deposits as a secondary mineral, most often in copper deposits in
arid, semiarid, or desert environments.
Turquoise mining is known to have been carried
on at Serabit el Khadim, near Um Bogma, for an
extended period.
Hume (1906) also reported turquoise
occurrences at Gebel Maghara.
Turquoise mining is typically a small, labor-
intensive industry.
Deposits generally occur as thin seams along
fractures or small pockets of pebbly stone in a
sandstone matrix.
49. To mine the turquoise and copper, the Egyptians would hollow out
large galleries in the mountains, carving at the entrance to each a
representation of the reigning pharaoh who was the symbol of the
authority of the Egyptian state over the mines. A huge quantity of
turquoise over that period was mined, carried down the Wadi
Matalla to a Garrisoned port located at el-Markha (south of Abu
Zenima), and loaded aboard ships bound for Egypt.
The turquoise was then used both for jewelry and to make color
pigments for painting. Stone tool assemblages made up of flint
scrapers, hand axes, and pounders comprise the largest corpus of
mining tools found at the Serabit el-Khadim turquoise and copper
mines (Elizabeth, 2010).
Copper staining, Eastern Desert, Egypt
49
50. The Sinai malachite (sehmet) and turquoise (mafaket)
deposits have attracted miners since the sixth
millenium BCE. Near Serabit el-Khadim, a few
kilometres inland from the western cost of the Sinai
peninsula, turquoise deposits were discovered by the
middle of the fourth millenium BCE and taken over by
the Egyptians a few centuries later. Following the
turquoise veins they excavated large galleries in the
sandstone, supported the roof with pillars and carved
at the entrance reliefs of the Pharaoh into the rock. In
winter water was conducted into the mine in order to
e x t r a c t t h e s t o n e s.
TURQUOISE DEPOSITS OF EGYPT
http://www.terraflex.co.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/mining.htm
52. By about 3000 BC the Egyptians had become masters of the Sinai mines, and at
Serabit el-Khadem they set up a large and systematic operation. For the next two
thousand years, great quantities of turquoise were carved from Serabit el-Khadem
For the Egyptians, the brilliant blue-green stone served myriad purposes: scarabs
were carved from it, and the bright mineral enamels of powdered turquoise were
used to color everything from fine statuettes to bricks.
http://www.geographia.com/egypt/sinai/serabit.htm
53. Egyptian Turquoise
Egypt was a country rich in gold and precious stones.
2600 years BC, there were turquoise mines at Wadi Maghara in the Sinai.
53
54. Heavy Mineral Bearing Sands
The beach sediments at El-Arish and surrounding on both eastern and western sides along the
northern Sinai coast are characterized by the presence of extensive black sand placer deposits.
The area between Port Said to east of Bir El-Kharoba on the northern Sinai coast is
characterized by beach sediments containing a huge amount of black sands. The distribution
patterns of non-opaque heavy mineral assemblages and heavy mineral indices in the study area
were studied in details. The non-opaque heavy minerals in the investigated coastal sands
include, amphiboles, pyroxenes, epidotes, zircon, rutile, tourmaline and garnet (not necessarily
in this order of abundance), they constitute together more than 85% of the total assemblages.
Other minerals such as staurolite, biotite and monazite occur as minor components.
The maximum, minimum and averages of the relative frequency percentage of the identified non-
opaque heavy minerals lead to establish three well defined non-opaque heavy mineral
provinces:
❖ The area between Port Said and east of El-Tinah bay, Rommana. The beach sands of this
area are characterized by the predominance of pyroxenes, amphiboles, epidotes, zircon and
reduced amounts of rutile, tourmaline and garnet. The great similarity between the distribution
of pyroxenes, amphiboles and epidotes in this mineralogical assemblage and those of the
main Nile sediments indicates their derivation from the Nile sediments contributed at El-Tinah
bay by the old extinct Pelusaic Nile branch which poured its sediments at Tel El-Farma, to be
drifted eastward by the Mediterranean long shore currents.
❖ The area between Port Said to east of Bir El-Kharoba on the northern Sinai coast is
characterized by beach sediments containing a huge amount of black sands.
❖ The area from Rommana to El-Arish. The beach sands in this area were characterized by the
high frequency of the ultra stable minerals (zircon, rutile and tourmaline) with considerable
amounts of amphiboles, garnet and epidotes and obvious lower values of pyroxenes. The
sands in this province are most probably derived from the neighboring sand dune by the
northwesterly winds prevailing in the area.
54
55. The area between El-Arish and east of Bir El-Kharoba. The beach sands present in this area are
characterized by the enrichment of amphiboles, epidotes, garnet, staurolite with considerable
amounts of zircon, rutile and tourmaline. The reduced amounts of pyroxenes are also a distinctive
feature of this assemblage. The main source of these sands is Wadi El-Arish which drains big
quantities of fluvial sediments from both northern and central Sinai.
At El-Arish and the area around it from both eastern and western sides the beach sediments are
characterized by containing a huge amount of black sand deposits, which in turn contains a number
of heavy economic minerals (Osman et al, 2008).
These areas extend from 2 km West of Al Arish to the East of Sabkhat El Bardaweel over an area
of 18 km2.
The total reserves in this area, to a depth of 1 m, are about 88 million tonnes with 1.1 million tonnes
as proved ore.
The proved reserves to a depth of 10m are estimated by 3 million tonnes of ore. The concentration
and extension of the black sands to the East of Al Arish are negligible.
55
56. Sulfur
Elemental sulfur has been reported at Abu Durba, 40
km south of Abu Rudeis along the Gulf of Suez coast,
and in the Platform Province near Gebel Bedabaa and
the Agama Mound.
Near Abu Durba, sulfur is rumored to occur in fractures
in shale and sandstone of the Upper Ras Malaab
Formation. At these locations, sulfur is directly and
genetically related to gypsum-anhydrite deposits.
Comparable deposits have no practical potential as
sources of raw elemental sulfur.
Economically, the production of sulfur by acid
processing of gypsum-anhydrite holds greater
opportunities.
56
58. Figure 1: South Sinai map for metallic and
non-metallic deposit
Source: Metalogenic Map, EGSMA, 1998
A Abu Zunaymah Copper Western lower S. Sinai
H Wadi Nassib Copper Western upper S. Sinai
N Ra's Qillah Copper Eastern lower S. Sinai
B Umm Bujmah Carbonaceous Shale Western lower S. Sinai
D Wadi Thura Carbonaceous Shale Western upper S. Sinai
C Wadi as Shaww Uranium Western lower S. Sinai
E Wadi 'Alluqah Uranium Western upper S. Sinai
F Umm Bujmah Manganese Western upper S. Sinai
O Sharm ash Shaykh Manganese Eastern lower S. Sinai
G Sarabit al Khadim Turquoise Western upper S. Sinai
I Jabal Abu Thura Turquoise Western upper S. Sinai
J Umm Zurayq Fluorite Eastern lower S. Sinai
L Wadi at Tarr Soda Feldspar (Albite) Eastern lower S. Sinai
K Wadi Kid Pyrite Eastern lower S. Sinai
M Wadi Firani Pyrite Eastern lower S. Sinai
South Sinai Governorate
South Sinai is characterized manly by Turquoise, Uranium,
Copper, and Soda Feldspar in the metallic and non-metallic
category and by Limestone, Kaolin, Egyptian Alabaster,
and White Sand in the building materials and ornamental
stones category.
The governorate has 170 quarries by:
➢ 72 Stone Quarries
➢ 14 Natural Stone Quarries and Building Sand
➢ 37 Gypsum Quarries
➢ 33 Glass Sandstone Quarries
➢ 2 Shale Quarries
➢ One Dolomite Quarry
60. Reserves in South Sinai
Source: South Sinai Governorate, 2002
Material Reserve Reserve Geological Locations
Soda Feldspar (Albite) 26,000,000 tons 1,500,000,000 ton
40 km north Sharm El Sheikh, Sharm Dahab road & 20 km
east in Wadi El Tour
Potassium Feldspar 15,000,000 tons N/A Dahab & Newbie
Red Granite 477,000 m
3
1,431,000 m
3 Al 'Ayn al Akhdar, Wadi Firani, Wadi Shakik Al'Agouz, Wadi as
Sidd, Wadi Maktab, Wadi Mndira, Jabal al Looz
Pink Granite 21,118,800 m3
6,356,400 m3
Wadi Lathi, Wadi Zaghra, Wadi Umm as Sidd, Wadi al Osh,
Wadi Kassab, Wadi al Akhdar, Wadi Al Torfa, Wadi Soal, Wadi
Umm Adawi, Wadi al Giebi, Wadi Umm Looz, Wadi Umm Erk,
Wadi Sohieb, Wadi as Seida, Wadi Umm Amer, Wadi Nakhil,
Wadi al Megarra, Wadi Meknas, Wadi Abu Hasib, Wadi Torfat
al Kadreen, Bear Eliance, Wdai al A't, Wadi Maitora, Wadi
Mander, Wadi Umm Oror, Wadi al Hammam, Jabal al Manader,
etc..
Gray Granite 1,801,000 m
3
5,403,000 m
3
Wadi Raiha, Wadi al Rasasa, Jabal al Manader, Wadi Zagra,
Jabal al Mokhtar, Wadi Agir Ariha, Wadi Sahab, Wadi So Laf,
Wadi Miar, Wadi Seada, Wadi al Malha, Wadi Nakhil, Wadi
Mandiri, Wadi Nassib, Jabal ash Sheikh al Frenga, Wadi
Yahmed, Ayn al Akhdar, Wadi Mekhizna, Wadi Abu Hassib,
Jabal Khotar, Miah Dakik, Wadi Mander, Wadi Mokbela, Wadi
ak Keid, Wadi Madsos & Wadi Mozeimer
Rose & Pink Granite 995,000 m3
2,985,000 m3 Wadi Mander, Wadi Mokbla, Wadi an Nafkh, Wadi Umm Adawi,
Jabal ash Shallal, Wadi Zograh & Wadi al Mahash as Sofly
Black Granite 297,170 m
3
895,100 m
3 Wadi al Mahash al A'lla, Wadi Saal, Wadi an Nasb, Wadi
Zagrah, Wadi Firan, Wadi Mokbela & Wadi al Keid
Green Marble 160,000 m
3
480,000 m
3
Wadi Dehisa Abu Taleb & Wadi So Laf
Dark Brown Marble 120,000 m
3
360,000 m
3
Wadi Dehisa Abu Taleb & Wadi So Laf
Light Marble 30,000 m3
90,000 m3
Wadi Umm Grifat
Volcanic ashes 70,000 m3
210,000 m3
Wadi Okir & Wadi Khashib
Volcanic rocks 146,000 m
3
438,000 m
3
Wadi Umm Shoky, Wadi ash Shallal
Volcanic
Conglomerates
5,000 m3
N/A Wadi Zagrah
Yellow Limestone 225,750 m
3
N/A
Wadi Wata, Wadi as Seih, Wadi Kasseb, Wadi ash Shalah,
Jabal al Keih Wadi Umm al Baroud & Wadi Firan
Limestone 127,000 m
3
381,000 m
3 Wadi an Nazazat, Wadi Firan, Wadi Umm Mahagier, Wadi
al Karifi & Wadi al Kabbash
Black Limestone 205,000 m
3
N/A Jabal al Matalla
Gray Limestone 84,000 m
3
N/A Jabal al Bazary & Wadi as Sieh
White Sands N/A N/A
Abu Natsh, Abu Kafas, Farsh al Ghezlan, Aldehisah, Umm
Tamim, Nakb Bodra & Jabal al Gannah
Kaolin 9,610,000,000 tons N/A Masbaa Salamah, Wadi Natash, Wadi Bodra,
Gypsum 20,000,000 tons 216,000,000 tons Ras Mala'ab & Wadi El Rayainah
Coal 15,000,000 tons 60,000,000 tons
Bituminous Sand N/A 200,000,000 m3
Abu Darb
61. Figure 2:
South Sinai
map for
building
materials
and
ornamental
stones
Source: Metalogenic Map, EGSMA, 1998
62.
63. REFERENCES
Attia, MI, & Ghalib, SE (1960). Ore minerals in Sinai. Sinai Manganese Co.: Arabic Internal Report.
Abdel Aziz A.H.(1990). Mineral deposits. Geological Survey of Egypt., Mineral deposits section 2.5 &
2.6, 557-558.
Abdel Razek, M.M.(1994). Geology and processing trials on kaolin - bearing sandstone from the
Gulf of Aqaba and Abu Zeneima areas, southern Sinai , Egypt . Geological Survey of Egypt, 1st
International symposium on industrial application of clays, 78-88.
British Geological Survey (1994). Mineral Resource Development in the Third World.
Boulis, S.N. & Attia, A.K.M.(1994). Mineralogical and chemical composition of carboniferous and
Cretaceous kaolin‟s from a number of localities in Egypt. 1st International symposium on
industrial application of clays, 99-127.
Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority report on Glass sand of Sinai (1994).
El Sawy, S.M.(1994). Egyptian Kaolin as a filler and extender pigment for anticorrosive paints. Corro.
Prev. & Control, 41, 31 – 35.
Soliman, M. S.(1998). Limestone‟s appraisal of classifications and environmental modeling‟s.
Sedimentologic Lecture Season, 6, 196 – 198.
63