The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the circles of damping by using two types of oils ((ASTRALUBE and SHIELD)) as well as the use of central damping of a third oil resulting from the mixing of these two oils on the hardness and tensile strength of the two types of minerals have been chosen and two iron Carbon type (CK 45) and on alloy type (40 X) , where the operation took place by damping these metals to those medias oily three after he was placed in a furnace dedicated to raise the temperature of each of them to ( 850 ) degrees Celsius and the installation of such class for an hour each and every one Lang .

1. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 01-07© IAEME
1
STUDY THE DAMPING EFFECT OF TWO TYPES OF
METALS (CK 45, 40 X) USING OILS (ASTRALUBE AND
SHIELD) IN TERMS OF HARDNESS AND TENSILE
HAMID HUSSEINALI
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Middle Technical University, Kut - Technical Institute, Wasit, Iraq
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the circles of damping by using two types
of oils ((ASTRALUBE and SHIELD)) as well as the use of central damping of a third oil resulting
from the mixing of these two oils on the hardness and tensile strength of the two types of minerals
have been chosen and two iron Carbon type (CK 45) and on alloy type (40 X) , where the operation
took place by damping these metals to those medias oily three after he was placed in a furnace
dedicated to raise the temperature of each of them to ( 850 ) degrees Celsius and the installation of
such class for an hour each and every one Lang . The results showed that the highest hardness was
obtained was (HRC40.5) of the metal (CK45) in the middle shale mixed and tensile strength and
yield was (800, 630), respectively, and with comparison with the alloy 40 X)) was the hardness of
the alloy (HRC 39.5) in the same center oil and tensile strength and yield was (775,611). Either the
values of the rest of the hardness and tensile strength resulting from the remaining medias were less
on this, the output of the mixing media oils is the most appropriate to give the value of high hardness
and high tensile strength.
INTRODUCTION
Most of the engineering properties of metals and alloys are related to their structure.
Equilibrium structure can be predicted for an alloy with the help of an equilibrium diagram.
Mechanical properties can be change by varying the relative properties of micro constituents. In
practice, change in mechanical properties is achieved by a process known as heat treatment. This
process consists of heating a metal or alloy to a specific predetermined temperature, holding at this
temperature for required time, and finally cooling from this temperature. All these operations are
carried out in solid state. Sometime, it becomes necessary to repeat these operations to impart some
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characteristics. Therefore, heat treatment may be defined as heating and cooling operation (s) applied
to metals and alloy in solid state so as to obtain the desired properties. Heat treatment of metals is an
important operation in the final fabrication process of many engineer components. The object of this
process is to make the metal better suited, structure and physically, for some specific application [1].
Most of the oils used as quenchants are mineral oils. These are, in general, paraffin based and do not
possess any fatty oils. Quenching in oils provides slower cooling rates as compared to those achieved
by water quenching. The slow cooling rate developed during oil quenching reduces the possibility of
introduction of hardening defects in the quenched work piece. The temperature difference between
the case and core of the work piece is less for oil quenching than for water quenching.
Quenching oils are graded according to their viscosity values. Commonly used quenching
oils have the viscosity values of about 100 SUS (Saybolt Universal Seconds) at 40c. For these oils,
the duration of the first stage is found to be longer than the corresponding value achieved by water
quenching. In addition to this, the cooling rate in second stage is also considerably lower, and the
duration of this stage is shorter than that associated with water quenching. On account of all these
factors, these oils are not considered well suited as quench ants where severe quenching is desired.
However, they offer less distortion. For majority of application these oils are used at temperature
varying from room temperature to 65 c. however, in certain cases, specially where slow cooling rates
are required, oils are maintained in the temperature range 65 95 c.
For obtaining faster cooling rate, oils with viscosity values as low as 50 SUS at 40 c are
employed. These oils are referred to as fast quenching oils. The duration of the fast stage is
considerably less for these oils than for common oils. The initial cooling rate associated with these
oils than approaching the value developed by water quenching.
Hot quenching oils generally possess viscosity values in the range 250-3000 SUS at 40 c.
these include plain and inhibited mineral oils, which are generally used in the temperature range 100-
150C. The use of these stable oils may result in low distortion and cracking. These oils are very well
suited to quenching intricately shaped objects. Marquenching oils have viscosity values more than
2000 SUS at 40C. These oils are inhibited to provide excellent oxidation and thermal stability.
Marquenching oils are generally used at temperature higher than 150 C. These oils have specific
advantage such as uniform cooling rate, minimum possible distortion and cracking.
The presence of water as an impurity in quenching oils is most undesirable. It may lead to
development of non-uniform hardness distribution, distortion and crack; water can be removed by
heating oil to 1300
C for about 4 hours [2]. If a slower cooling rate is desired, oil quenches are often
utilized. Various oils are available that have high flash points and different degrees of quenching
effectiveness. Since the boiling points can be quite high, the transition to third-stage cooling usually
precedes the martensite start temperature. The slower cooling through the M to Mi martensite
transformation, leads to a milder temperature gradient within the piece, reduced distortion and
reduced likelihood of cracking. Heating the oil actually increases its cooling ability, since the
reduced viscosity assists bubble formation and removal. Problems associated with oil quenchants
include water contamination smoke fumes spill and disposal problems and fire hazard in addition
quench oils tend to be somewhat expensive [3].
TEMPERING
The tempering process takes place after steel is hardened, but is no less important in metal
heat treatment. Tempering temperatures are usually below the lower transformation temperature. The
main purpose of tempering is to increase the steel’s toughness, yield strength and ductility, to relieve
internal stresses, to improve homogenization, and to eliminate brittleness [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
The transformation to martensite through quenching creates a very hard and brittle structure.
Untempered martensite is typically too brittle for commercial use and retains a lot of stresses. As

3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue
discussed above, in surface hardening, only a thin surface layer of the work piece is heated. The
surface is raised to a relatively high temperature in a short period of time. A sign
core temperature difference and steel transformation phenomena results in the buildup of internal
stresses. Reheating the steel for tempering after hardening and quenching
relaxation of these internal stresses. In
the mechanical properties of the work
treatment stage without losing too much of the achieved hardness. Tempering temperatures are
usually in the range of 120–6008C (248
there is no change in the metal structure, and tempering will not take place. Low
tempering is typically performed at temperatures of 120
low-temperature tempering is stress relieving. Hardness reduction typically does not exceed 1
points HRC. If the tempering temperature is higher than 6008
structure of the steel may result
exceeds 15 points HRC and maximum hardness is typically in a range of 36
tempering is always a reasonable compromise between maintaining the required hardness and
obtaining a low-stress and ductile m
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The following procedure has been applied for the experiment; six types of samples were used
in this research three from (CK45) and three from (
as shown in the table given below
Table 1:
CK45 C
0.42
0.50
Alloy
40 X
C SI
0.45 0.40
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976
6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 01-07© IAEME
3
discussed above, in surface hardening, only a thin surface layer of the work piece is heated. The
surface is raised to a relatively high temperature in a short period of time. A sign
core temperature difference and steel transformation phenomena results in the buildup of internal
stresses. Reheating the steel for tempering after hardening and quenching,
relaxation of these internal stresses. In other words, because of tempering it is possible to improve
the mechanical properties of the work piece and to reduce the stresses caused by the previous heat
treatment stage without losing too much of the achieved hardness. Tempering temperatures are
6008C (248–11128F). If the steel is heated to less than 1208C (2488F),
there is no change in the metal structure, and tempering will not take place. Low
tempering is typically performed at temperatures of 120–30080
C (248–5728F). The main purpose of
temperature tempering is stress relieving. Hardness reduction typically does not exceed 1
points HRC. If the tempering temperature is higher than 60080
C (11128F), essential changes in the
that can lead to a significant loss in hardness. Hardness reduction
exceeds 15 points HRC and maximum hardness is typically in a range of 36
tempering is always a reasonable compromise between maintaining the required hardness and
stress and ductile microstructure in the metal [12].
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The following procedure has been applied for the experiment; six types of samples were used
45) and three from (Alloy 40X). The compositions of these are types
as shown in the table given below:
Table 1: compositions of (CK 45 and alloy 40X)
SI
0.15
0.35
Mn Cr S
0.9 1.2 0.35
Figure 1 Sample of work piece
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
discussed above, in surface hardening, only a thin surface layer of the work piece is heated. The
surface is raised to a relatively high temperature in a short period of time. A significant surface-to-
core temperature difference and steel transformation phenomena results in the buildup of internal
, leads to a decrease or
other words, because of tempering it is possible to improve
piece and to reduce the stresses caused by the previous heat
treatment stage without losing too much of the achieved hardness. Tempering temperatures are
11128F). If the steel is heated to less than 1208C (2488F),
there is no change in the metal structure, and tempering will not take place. Low-temperature
5728F). The main purpose of
temperature tempering is stress relieving. Hardness reduction typically does not exceed 1–2
C (11128F), essential changes in the
that can lead to a significant loss in hardness. Hardness reduction
exceeds 15 points HRC and maximum hardness is typically in a range of 36–44 HRC. Therefore,
tempering is always a reasonable compromise between maintaining the required hardness and
The following procedure has been applied for the experiment; six types of samples were used
compositions of these are types
Mn
0.50
0.80
P
0.35

4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 01-07© IAEME
4
Oil types
Two type of oil are used in this research:
1- Aster lab, the specification of this oil show in the table below:
Table 2: specification of shield oil
2:- Shield, the specification of this oil show in the table below.
Table 3: Specification of shield oil
TYPICAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS 20W-50
Kinematic Viscosity (IP 71)@ 40°C mm2/s@ 100°C mm2/s 15719.0
Viscosity Index (IP 226) 137
Density @ 15 kg/m3 (IP 365) 888
Flash Point °C (PMCC) (IP 34) 215
Pour Point °C (IP 15) –27
After that mix the two type of oil above to gather to obtain on three different kinds of medias.
After heating the six samples to temperature equal to 850 C° [13] and fix the temperature for 45
minute inside the furnace then hardening by that through of following procedures:
1- put the samples (CK45, alloy 40X) in the first media (asterlab).
2- put the second sample (CK45, alloy 40X) in second media (shield).
3- put the third sample(CK45, alloy 40X) in the third media (mix).
Then do the Tempering at 3500
C and shutdown the furnace then left it inside the same
furnace for cooling .the hardness tester device and tensile test were used on the sample above, the
results are shown in the table 4 and figures below:
Table 4: Hardness by HRC
Metal Oil
ASTRALUBE SHIELD MIX
Ck 45 38.5 35.5 40.5
Alloy 40x 38 39 39.5
Properties value Test method
SAE grade 20w50 SAE J300
Specific density at 15 c 0.889 ASTM D 1298
Colour ASTM 2.5 ASTM D 1500
Flash point COC-C 200 ASTM D 92
viscosity @ 40 C - cST 181.6 ASTM D 445
@ 100 C-Cst 19.2 ASTM D 445
Viscosity index 120 ASTM D 2270
Poor point- c 20-24 ASTM D 97
TBN base number mg KOH/g 8 ASTM D 2896

5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue
Figure 2
Figure 3 Variations of Stress and Strain for Starlab CK 45
Figure 4 Variations of Stress with Strain for Mix CK 45
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0
Sress
0
200
400
600
800
0
Stress
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976
6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 01-07© IAEME
5
Figure 2 Variations of Stress and Strain for CK 45
Variations of Stress and Strain for Starlab CK 45
Variations of Stress with Strain for Mix CK 45
0 10 20 30
Strain
…
10 20 30
Strain
…
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
Variations of Stress and Strain for Starlab CK 45
Variations of Stress with Strain for Mix CK 45
40
40

6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 01-07© IAEME
6
Figure 5 Variations of Stress with Strain for Shield Alloy 40X
Figure 6 Variations of Stress with Strain for Starlab Alloy 40X
Figure 7 Variations of Stress with Strain for Mix Alloy 40
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 10 20 30 40
Stress
Strain
…
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10 20 30 40
stress
Strain…
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Stress
Strain
…

7. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 3, March (2015), pp. 01-07© IAEME
7
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
1- From the result is appear the higher impartibility it was 40.5 for the material CK 45 in the in
the mix as shown in chart number (3).
2- The Higher impartibility for alloy 40 X it was 39.5 in the mix oils as shown in chart number
(6).
3- The resistant of tensile for the material CK 45 it was the higher rank result in the mix oils,
while the higher rank result in the alloy 40 X it was in mix oils and it was the higher among
anthers oils.
4- We found in the mix oils is the best one if used in the hardening.
REFERENCES
1. T.V. Rajan and C. P. Sharma, heat treatment principles and techniques, 2008.
2. Ronald A. Kohser 2008 ‘materials and process in manufacturing’ tenth edition
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Park, OH, 1986.
4. A. D. Demichev, Surface Induction Hardening, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1990 (in Russian).
5. American Metal Treating Co., General Presentation, 1999.
6. ASM, Heat treating, in Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 4, ASM, Cleveland, OH, 1991.
7. K. Shepeljakovskii, Induction Surface Hardening of Parts, Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1972.
8. K. Weiss, In-line tempering on induction heat treating equipment, Proceedings of the First
International Induction Heating Seminar, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil, 1995.
9. General Presentation of HWG, Germany, 1993.
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advantageously, Industrial Heating, December, 1995.
11. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.2006.
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