Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Experimental Determination of Compacting Characteristics of Copper–Redmud Com...IJERA Editor
Composite materials are capable of providing higher temperature operating limits than their base metal counter
parts and they can be tailored to give improved strength, stiffness, hardness, thermal conductivity, abrasion
resistance, creep resistance and dimensional stability .Powder metallurgy is an appropriate process for the
preparation of composite materials. Copper appears to have a potential as a base metal for composites for
obtaining various improved properties. Red Mud is an industrial waste obtained in both solid state and powder
form produced during the production of Alumina by Bayer‟s Process. The objective of the present work is to
prepare copper red mud composite specimens using conventional powder metallurgy and to determine green
characteristics of these compacts
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Experimental Determination of Compacting Characteristics of Copper–Redmud Com...IJERA Editor
Composite materials are capable of providing higher temperature operating limits than their base metal counter
parts and they can be tailored to give improved strength, stiffness, hardness, thermal conductivity, abrasion
resistance, creep resistance and dimensional stability .Powder metallurgy is an appropriate process for the
preparation of composite materials. Copper appears to have a potential as a base metal for composites for
obtaining various improved properties. Red Mud is an industrial waste obtained in both solid state and powder
form produced during the production of Alumina by Bayer‟s Process. The objective of the present work is to
prepare copper red mud composite specimens using conventional powder metallurgy and to determine green
characteristics of these compacts
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Fly ash, Sic, Red mud, Al7075 alloy composite, mechanical properties, and sti...ijsrd.com
The aluminium Al 6061 alloys are mainly used in the application of automobile and aeronautical industries. In the present investigation Al6061 alloy composites having varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%) Silicon Carbide, Fly ash and Red mud were fabricated by liquid metallurgical (Stir Casting) method. The casted composite specimens were machined as per BS: 18: 1962 test standards. The specimens were tested to know the mechanical properties such as tensile test, impact (Charpy) test and wear test. The result reveals higher tensile strength, impact strength and wears resistance in Al6061-SiC-Flyash samples when compared to Al6061-SiC-Redmud samples.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Influence of Zirconium on the Grain Refinement of Al 6063 alloyIJERA Editor
The influence of zirconium on the grain refinement of Al 6063 alloy has been experimentally investigated. The microstructure and macrostructure of the refined alloy were investigated. The experimental results reveal that, the coarse dendrites in the microstructure of the alloy are effectively refined with the addition of zirconium to the melt prior to solidification. Grains of Al 6063 alloy can be refined from 256 μm to 95 μm via addition of 0.2 wt. % Zr at holding time 90 seconds. The grain refinement effect of zirconium is found to be due to addition of zirconium to the melt in the form of master alloy introduces Al3Zr particles which are effective nucleating sites for the primary aluminium phase.
Performance of Composite Materials Using a Novel Techniqueinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Fly ash, Sic, Red mud, Al7075 alloy composite, mechanical properties, and sti...ijsrd.com
The aluminium Al 6061 alloys are mainly used in the application of automobile and aeronautical industries. In the present investigation Al6061 alloy composites having varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%) Silicon Carbide, Fly ash and Red mud were fabricated by liquid metallurgical (Stir Casting) method. The casted composite specimens were machined as per BS: 18: 1962 test standards. The specimens were tested to know the mechanical properties such as tensile test, impact (Charpy) test and wear test. The result reveals higher tensile strength, impact strength and wears resistance in Al6061-SiC-Flyash samples when compared to Al6061-SiC-Redmud samples.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Influence of Zirconium on the Grain Refinement of Al 6063 alloyIJERA Editor
The influence of zirconium on the grain refinement of Al 6063 alloy has been experimentally investigated. The microstructure and macrostructure of the refined alloy were investigated. The experimental results reveal that, the coarse dendrites in the microstructure of the alloy are effectively refined with the addition of zirconium to the melt prior to solidification. Grains of Al 6063 alloy can be refined from 256 μm to 95 μm via addition of 0.2 wt. % Zr at holding time 90 seconds. The grain refinement effect of zirconium is found to be due to addition of zirconium to the melt in the form of master alloy introduces Al3Zr particles which are effective nucleating sites for the primary aluminium phase.
Performance of Composite Materials Using a Novel Techniqueinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Effect of artificial aging temper t6 on tensile properties of aluminum alloy ...FreddyTaebenu
Penjelasan mengenai efek dari proses artificial aging untuk melihat perilaku dari properti material paduan aluminium pada pengujian uji tarik, ditujukan untuk teman-teman yang mengambil bidang atau konsentrasi serupa dalam ilmu material engineering guna untuk menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas terbaik
Steels for machine manufacturing can be hardened through thermal treatments. In the
quenching treatment is possible to use different substances to improve mechanical
properties, in particular hardness and probably the wear resistance. As quenching media,
the water, water and salt solutions, polymer solutions, vegetable oils and mineral oils are
commonly used. In this work, vegetable oils (vegetable blended, soybean, canola and
sunflower) and mineral oil (10W30) were used as an alternative of quenching media to
study the performance of the hardness and the microstructures obtained. The quenching
treatment was carried out involving heating at temperature of 850º C and keeping inside
electric furnace for 50 minutes to achieve homogeneity in the internal structure. The
quenched was carried out at room temperature using each vegetable and mineral oils.
The results showed that use of vegetable oils is a good alternative as a tempering
substance. The results showed that vegetable oils have a better performance than mineral
oil, as they allow to reach hardness above 40 HRC and generate high strength and
toughness microstructures. Among vegetable oils, Canola oil allowed the highest
hardness and the microstructure with the best presence of bainite.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPOSURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AEROSPACE...Journal For Research
Aluminum alloys are becoming increasingly important available data were utilized to prepare maps that are intended to serve to design Al Alloys with desired combination especially in the automotive and aerospace industries aluminum alloys AA6061 T6 is subjected to several combinations of solution treatments to correlate their mechanical tensile properties to hardness and conductivity measurement Additional the AA6061 T6 alloys were thermally exposed to several temperature to simulate heat damage effects the thermal exposure was correlated to the tensile properties and hardness and conductivity measurement however these materials tend to have poor wear resistance during working conditions study was to evaluate the wear behavior of Al alloys with various parameter by using pin-on-disk machine the wear rate was decreased then after database were created to consolidate the information about microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior for Al Alloys.
Investigation The Mechanical Properties of Carburized Low Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this study, the limitation of surface carburizing for low carbon steel was investigated in oil solution. The microstructure, mechanical properties; hardness and wear resistance has been investigated taken different temperatures; (850, 900, and 950 ˚C) with constant time (2 hr) of carburizing process. The experimental work shows that at carburizing temperature (850 ˚C), the hardness was increases from the inside to outside of specimen from ( 102 to HV 250)., while increases for temperatures (900 and 950 ˚C) from (105 to 272 HV), and (115 to 192 HV) respectively. This experiment also been conducted for wear resistance for harder specimen which was at 950 ˚C carburized sample for three times (2, 4 and, 6 hr) and the wea
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechani...Dr.M BALA THEJA
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of Aluminium 6061-T6 is investigated in the present work
The test castings were solutionized at 525°C for 08 hrs and water quenched to room temperature. One set of samples were subjected to cryogenic treatment at -196°C in Cryo- treatment unit, while the other set is subjected to age hardening at 160°C for durations of 3 hrs, 5hrs and 7hrs. Again cryogenic treated specimens were subjected to age hardening at 165°C for durations of 3hrs, 5 hrs and 7hrs. All the samples were taken for Mechanical properties evaluation.
The total duration of the Cryogenic treatment cycle was 36 hrs, which includes 3hrs of cooling from room temperature to -196°C, 24hrs of holding and 09 hrs of warming to room temperature. The Cryogenic treatment was carried out in a specially designed Cryogenic unit
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP.31-34
Effect of Austempering Time on the Mechanical Properties 0f
Ductile Iron, Austempered in Rubber Seed Oil
Akor, T1. Tuleun, L. T2.
1.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nigerian Defence Academy Kaduna
2.Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi.
Abstract:-. Austempering is a high performance isothermal heat treatment that imparts superior performance to
ferrous metals. Salt bath has been recognized as the conventional quenching medium for austempering. This
study investigated the effect of austempering time on the mechanical properties of ductile cast iron austempered
in rubber seed oil at 250 0C. Test samples were austenitized at 950 0C; socked for 1hr; austempered for varying
periods of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5hrs. The result showed significant increase in tensile strength and impact energy apart
from achieving an appreciable increase in hardness, implying that rubber seed oil can be used as hot bath for the
austempering of ductile cast iron.
Keywords: - ustempering, austenitized, ausferrite, socked, matrix rubber seed oil
I. INTRODUCTION
Ductile cast iron, frequently referred to as nodular or spheroid graphite iron is a recent member of the
family of cast irons. It contains spheroid graphite in the as cast condition, through the addition of nucleating
agents such as cerium or magnesium to the liquid iron, [1]. The graphite spheroids are dispersed in a matrix
similar to that of steel with the graphite spheroids exerting only a minor influence on the mechanical properties
in contrast to the effect of graphite flakes in gray cast iron, [2]. The matrix structure then has the greatest effect
on the properties of the iron. Ductile irons are therefore a family of alloys, which combine the advantages of
gray cast iron (low melting point, good fluidity and castability, excellent machinability, and good wear
resistance) with the engineering advantages of steel ( high strength, toughness, ductility, hot workability and
hardenability), [3].
Austempering is a high performance isothermal heat treatment that imparts superior performance to
ferrous metals. It is a multi-step process that includes austenitizing, followed by cooling rapidly enough to avoid
the formation of pearlite to a temperature above the martensite start (Ms) and then holding until the desired
microstructure is formed and then air cooled. The metallurgical phase obtained is called ausferrite. It is
composed of acicular ferrite and residual austenite saturated by carbon atoms. The proportion of phase changes
with the chemical composition and heat treatment makes it possible to produce a family of ADIs. The presence
of retained austenite in ADI exhibit excellent combination of strength and ductility together with good fatigue
and wear properties,[4] The The high silicon content of ductile iron suppresses the formation of carbides which
are normally associated with bainitic reactions, allowing the rejected carbon to austenite surrounding the formed
ferrite platelets during transformation,[5]. The carbon content in austenite is enriched and makes it thermally
stable to retain even well below room temperature. During austempering ductile iron undergoes two-stage
transformation. In stage I, two step reaction take place which has an important effect on mechanical properties.
The austenite (ϒ) decomposes into ferrite (α) and high carbon austenite (ϒHC):
ϒ → α + ϒHC (stage I)
If the sample is held at the austempering temperature for too long, then a next reaction (stage II) takes place
where high carbon austenite further decomposes into ferrite and carbide:
ϒHC → α + carbide (stage II)
The product of this second reaction is undesirable because it results to embrittlement of the material
and degrades the mechanical properties. Therefore, this reaction should be avoided during heat-treatment. [6].
Austenizing temperature and time are factors that affect the final properties of ADI, [7] and [8]. Braka
confirmed this when investigating effect of austenizing temperature on austempering Kinetics of alloyed ductile
iron. He studied the morphology of the matrix after austempering at 3500c for 60,120, 240, 360, 480 min and
after austenizing at 8500c, 9000c and 9300c for 120 min. In all cases the microstructure consists of an austenite
matrix and upper banite with relatively coarse ferrite needles. The microstructure of the specimen austenized at
8500c consists of different proportions of procutectoid ferrite and banitic ferrite. This depends on the austenizing
31
2. Effect Of Austempering Time On the Mechanical Properties 0f Ductile Iron, Austempered In Rubber Seed Oil
temperature and austempering time. A coarser structure is produce at high austempering temperature which has
lower tensile strength. With lower austempering temperatures a structure that is finer, with more strength,
hardness and wear resistance can be obtained. T he time at the austempering temperature is also important: too
short a time resulst in unstable austenite which is readily more brittle [9]. A small amount of fine martensite can
be beneficial in improving both the wear and the fatigue resistance.
Austempered ductile iron has been long recognized for its high tensile strength, ductility, wear
resistance and toughness making it a possible replacement for forged steels in many applications [10]. Strength
to weight ratio is more than that of aluminium, so ADI can replace aluminium also, where strength of the
component is to be considered for minimum weight.
Salt bath has been the conventional quenching medium for austempering heat treatment of steels and
cast iron. However, oils are among the quenching media of industrial significance, [11]. Oils of mineral and
vegetable origins have been used as quenchant. The use of oils of mineral origin is however compromised by the
film or nucleate boiling heat transfer they exhibit, resulting to lower-temperature cooling rates. This
characteristic is absent in vegetable oils, where heat transfer is dominated by convective cooling, [11] The
cooling rate for vegetable oils is faster than that of comparable quenchants, making them suitable for
austempering heat treatment. The cooling time-temperature and cooling-rate curves obtained show that the
cooling properties of series of vegetable oils appear to be comparable to each other.
This research work investigated the potential of rubber seed oil as austempering quenchant for ductile
cast iron. The development of a quenchant from locally source raw materials is expected to be a significant
contribution to the foundry industry. Rubber seed oil is non consumable vegetable oil which has little or no
application in human nutrition
II. METHODOLOGY
The raw materials used in this study include rubber seed oil and ductile cast iron. Rubber seeds oil
while ductile cast iron was produced in a commercial foundry (Nasir Foundries Jos, Plateau State. Nigeria).
Fifteen Y-blocks were produced using open ladle treatment method for this study. The chemical composition
(in wt. %) of castings was as follows: 3.63C, 2.60Si, 0.35Mn, 0.02S, 0.03P, 0.03Mg, the balance was Fe.
Samples for tensile tests and charpy impact tests were machined from the blocks. Screw-type samples
(ASTM.A370-68) with 10mm diameter and 75mm gauge length were used for tensile tests. All tensile tests
were performed at room temperature at a strain rate 1.3x10-3s-1. The dimensions of the notched charpy samples
(ASTM E 23-93a) were 10x10x50mm. Impact tests were also performed at room temperature applying 300J
impact energy. Prior to testing samples were austenitised at 9500C for 1h and then austempered in hot rubber
seed oil bath at 250 0C for varying periods of 1hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, 4hrs and 5hrs. After austempering samples were
air cooled, after which they were washed with kerosene. Samples were tested in the as cast and austempered
condition. A minimum of three samples were tested for each heat-treatment condition.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from this research work are displayed in form of graphs in Figures 1 -3. Fig. 1
shows the effect of austempering time on the tensile and yield strength of ductile cast iron specimens austenised
at 950 0C and austempered in hot rubber seed oil bath maintained at 250 0C. The tensile strength reached a
maximum at 4 hrs then decreased. This increase in tensile strength is attributed to the formation of ausferrite in
the matrix of the ductile cast iron. At the austempering period of 5 hrs a drop in tensile strength was noticed,
indicating that the reaction crossed from toughening stage to embrittlement. Stage I reaction ϒH → α + ϒHC
(toughening); Sage II reaction ϒHC → α + ε – carbides (embrittlement).[7]. There was a corresponding increase
in the yield strength of the tested specimen as shown on Figure 1.
Figure 2, shows percentage elongation and reduction in area of the austempered ductile cast iron
increasing with austempering time. This is also in agreement with the stage I austempering reaction shown
above. Figure3 shows the effect of austempering time on the hardness and impact strength of ductile cast iron
specimens austempered in rubber seed oil bath. It is evident that as the austempering time increased the hardness
values of the austempered specimens decreased to minimum values of 286 BHN, 269 BHN, and 256 BHN. The
drop in hardness at 2hrs, 3 hrs, 4 hrs and 5hrs austempering periods shows transformation of the matrix to
stabilized austenite and ferrite structure. The impact energy also increased progressively with austempering
time. This indicates a progression in the stage 1 reaction, increasing the stability of austenite in the ferrite matrix
of the cast iron. This is in agreement with [8]. The highest impact energy value of austempered ductile iron for
this study was 69J in hot rubber seed oil bath at 4hrs austempering period.
32
3. Effect Of Austempering Time On the Mechanical Properties 0f Ductile Iron, Austempered In Rubber Seed Oil
0 2 4 6
33
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
Austempering Time (hrs)
Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
Tensile
800
700
600
500
400
300
Yield Strength (N/mm2)
Yield
Fig. 1: Effect of austempering time on the tensile and yield strength of ductile cast iron austenitized at
9500C and austempered in hot rubber seed oil at 2500C for varying periods
0 2 4 6
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Auatempering Time (hrs)
% Elongation
Elongation
6
5
4
3
2
1
% Reduction in Area
Areareducti
Fig. 2: Effect of austempering time on elongation and contraction of ductile cast iron austenitized at
9500C and austempered in hot rubber seed oil at 2500C for varying periods
4. Effect Of Austempering Time On the Mechanical Properties 0f Ductile Iron, Austempered In Rubber Seed Oil
0 2 4 6
34
70
60
50
40
30
20
Austempering Time (hrs)
Impact Strength (J)
Impact
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
Hardness Value (BHN)
Hardness
Fig. 3: Effect of austempering time on Hardness superimposed on Impact energy values of ductile cast
iron austenitized at 9500C and austempered in hot rubber seed oil at 2500C for varying periods
IV. CONCLUSION
This research work investigated the potential of rubber seed oil as austempering medium for ductile
cast iron. From the observations and analysis of the results obtained, it can be deduced that; rubber seed oil was
able to cause the formation of „ausferrite‟ structure at 2500C in the ductile cast iron. There is appreciable
improvement in mechanical properties of ductile cast iron when austempered in the rubber seed oil. The as-cast
tensile, hardness and impact energy values of 570 N/mm2; 196 BHN and 31 J increased to 962 N/mm2; 349
BHN and 47 J. The optimum combination of mechanical properties was obtained at austempering time of
4hrs.for the austempering temperatures studied. The variation in the properties with the bainitic level reveals the
relationship between mechanical properties and bainitic ferrite and retained austenite contents. The tensile
strength values are increased with increasing bainitic level in the matrix structure. The impact strength and
hardness values are also influenced significantly by the matrix microstructure.
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