The document summarizes a study on the heat treatment process and microstructure of low carbon steel. It describes various heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening, austempering, and tempering. Experimental details are provided on specimen preparation, heat treatment processes, hardness and tensile testing, and microstructure analysis. Results show that hardness decreases and ductility increases with higher tempering temperature and longer time. Austempering provides an optimal combination of properties. Microstructure analysis found that martensite fraction increases with higher annealing temperature. In conclusion, mechanical properties vary by heat treatment process, and austempering yields the best balance of properties for many applications.
Bearings support moving parts, such as shafts and spindles, of a machine or mechanism.
Bearings may be classed as
(i) Rolling contact (Ball and roller) bearings.
(ii) Plain bearings.
The document discusses the process of rolling metals. It begins by defining rolling as the plastic deformation of materials caused by compressive force applied through revolving rolls, which reduces the thickness and increases the length of the workpiece. It then discusses hot rolling and cold rolling processes. Hot rolling is performed above the recrystallization temperature and allows for large deformation, while cold rolling is used for finished sheets and plates. The document also covers grain structure changes during rolling, mechanics of rolling including forces, entry conditions, and roll pressure distribution. It concludes with discussing types of rolling mills.
Rolling is a metal forming process that uses rolls to reduce the thickness and increase the length of metal workpieces. It can be done hot or cold. Hot rolling occurs above the metal's recrystallization temperature and results in a more uniform structure, while cold rolling occurs at room temperature and produces closer tolerances and a better surface finish. The document defines various products of rolling like billets, blooms, slabs, plates, sheets and strips based on their dimensions. It also describes different types of rolling processes like continuous, transverse, shape, ring and thread rolling as well as the types of mills used like two-high, three-high and four-high mills.
This document provides an overview of various grinding operations and processes. It describes how grinding is used to machine hard materials by producing a smooth surface with minimal surface pressure. The types of grinding operations discussed include rough and precision grinding, as well as specific processes like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding, form and profile grinding, and plunge cut grinding. Electrochemical grinding is also summarized as a process that removes metal primarily through electrolysis rather than abrasion.
The document discusses gating and risering concepts for metal casting. It defines gating as flow passages that distribute molten metal into a mold cavity. The main types of gates include top gates, bottom gates, branch gates, and horn gates. Risering involves vertical passages that store liquid metal and supply it to the casting as it solidifies, preventing shrinkage. The functions of risering are outlined. Types of risers include open risers exposed to air at the top and blinder risers fully enclosed in the mold.
This document discusses different types of gating systems used in metal casting and their design considerations. It describes top gates, bottom gates, parting line gates, and step gates. It then covers gating ratios for pressurized and unpressurized systems. Pressurized systems use a 1:2:1 ratio of sprue to runner to ingate areas to control flow. Unpressurized systems use a 1:2:2 ratio with the choke controlling flow. It provides examples of questions on gating systems and their components.
- Drill bushes are used to guide tools like drills and reamers and are made of hardened steel.
- There are different types of bushes including press fit, removable, and special bushes. Press fit bushes provide long life while guiding tools. Removable bushes like renewable and slip bushes allow for replacement of worn bushes. Special bushes can have unique shapes to prevent tool deflection.
- Drill bushes may have collars to control hole depth or be headless. Renewable bushes are replaced through a liner bush while slip bushes provide quick changeover between operations. Threaded and plate bushes can accommodate closely spaced holes.
This document discusses the geometry of plain milling cutters and twist drills. It describes the key features of milling cutters such as radial rake angle, radial relief angle, land, and lip angle. It also explains different types of milling operations including up milling, down milling, string milling, and gang milling. For twist drills, it outlines the drill point, twist drill nomenclature, and recommended drill geometries for different materials. Equations are provided for estimating drilling forces based on drill diameter and feed rate.
Bearings support moving parts, such as shafts and spindles, of a machine or mechanism.
Bearings may be classed as
(i) Rolling contact (Ball and roller) bearings.
(ii) Plain bearings.
The document discusses the process of rolling metals. It begins by defining rolling as the plastic deformation of materials caused by compressive force applied through revolving rolls, which reduces the thickness and increases the length of the workpiece. It then discusses hot rolling and cold rolling processes. Hot rolling is performed above the recrystallization temperature and allows for large deformation, while cold rolling is used for finished sheets and plates. The document also covers grain structure changes during rolling, mechanics of rolling including forces, entry conditions, and roll pressure distribution. It concludes with discussing types of rolling mills.
Rolling is a metal forming process that uses rolls to reduce the thickness and increase the length of metal workpieces. It can be done hot or cold. Hot rolling occurs above the metal's recrystallization temperature and results in a more uniform structure, while cold rolling occurs at room temperature and produces closer tolerances and a better surface finish. The document defines various products of rolling like billets, blooms, slabs, plates, sheets and strips based on their dimensions. It also describes different types of rolling processes like continuous, transverse, shape, ring and thread rolling as well as the types of mills used like two-high, three-high and four-high mills.
This document provides an overview of various grinding operations and processes. It describes how grinding is used to machine hard materials by producing a smooth surface with minimal surface pressure. The types of grinding operations discussed include rough and precision grinding, as well as specific processes like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding, form and profile grinding, and plunge cut grinding. Electrochemical grinding is also summarized as a process that removes metal primarily through electrolysis rather than abrasion.
The document discusses gating and risering concepts for metal casting. It defines gating as flow passages that distribute molten metal into a mold cavity. The main types of gates include top gates, bottom gates, branch gates, and horn gates. Risering involves vertical passages that store liquid metal and supply it to the casting as it solidifies, preventing shrinkage. The functions of risering are outlined. Types of risers include open risers exposed to air at the top and blinder risers fully enclosed in the mold.
This document discusses different types of gating systems used in metal casting and their design considerations. It describes top gates, bottom gates, parting line gates, and step gates. It then covers gating ratios for pressurized and unpressurized systems. Pressurized systems use a 1:2:1 ratio of sprue to runner to ingate areas to control flow. Unpressurized systems use a 1:2:2 ratio with the choke controlling flow. It provides examples of questions on gating systems and their components.
- Drill bushes are used to guide tools like drills and reamers and are made of hardened steel.
- There are different types of bushes including press fit, removable, and special bushes. Press fit bushes provide long life while guiding tools. Removable bushes like renewable and slip bushes allow for replacement of worn bushes. Special bushes can have unique shapes to prevent tool deflection.
- Drill bushes may have collars to control hole depth or be headless. Renewable bushes are replaced through a liner bush while slip bushes provide quick changeover between operations. Threaded and plate bushes can accommodate closely spaced holes.
This document discusses the geometry of plain milling cutters and twist drills. It describes the key features of milling cutters such as radial rake angle, radial relief angle, land, and lip angle. It also explains different types of milling operations including up milling, down milling, string milling, and gang milling. For twist drills, it outlines the drill point, twist drill nomenclature, and recommended drill geometries for different materials. Equations are provided for estimating drilling forces based on drill diameter and feed rate.
The document summarizes the rolling process. It defines rolling as plastically deforming metal by passing it between rolls. Rolling provides close dimensional control and high production. There are two main types: hot rolling and cold rolling. The document describes various rolling terminologies, mill products, defects, and different rolling processes like hot rolling, cold rolling, shaped rolling, and thread rolling. It also discusses factors like angle of contact, forces involved, and how to control flatness.
Rolling is a metal forming process where metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and increase the length. There are two main types:
1) Hot rolling is performed above the metal's recrystallization temperature for lower pressure and improved ductility. It produces coarse grains and no residual stresses.
2) Cold rolling is performed below the recrystallization temperature, requiring higher pressures but improving dimensions, finish and strength through residual stresses and elongated grains.
Rolling mills are classified by the number of rolls used, including two-high, three-high, four-high and cluster/sendzimir mills. Continuous mills use multiple stands to continuously roll sheet metal.
This document provides an overview of investment casting (lost wax casting). It discusses the history of the technique dating back 5000 years, the process which involves creating a wax pattern, coating it with ceramic slurry to create a mold, and then melting out the wax to pour molten metal. The document outlines the key steps and provides examples of applications where investment casting is used in industries like aerospace, medical, military, automotive, and 3D printing due to its ability to produce parts with complex geometries and tight tolerances.
This document provides information on threading operations for mechanical engineering technology students. It defines threading terminology like major diameter, minor diameter, crest, root, flank, pitch and lead. It describes the two main categories of threads - external and internal - and different types of threads. It explains how to cut threads using taps and dies by hand as well as on a lathe, outlining the steps and safety precautions for each method. The goal is for students to understand threading concepts and processes.
The document discusses the lathe machine tool. It describes the main parts of a lathe including the bed, headstock, spindle, tailstock, carriage and tooling. It explains the different types of lathes such as engine lathes, bench lathes, and special purpose lathes. It also outlines various operations that can be performed on a lathe like turning, facing, threading and drilling.
The document discusses different types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, rack and pinion gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and planetary gears. It describes the design and function of each gear type, their advantages and disadvantages, and common applications. Spur gears transmit power between parallel shafts and are used in machines, power plants, and automobiles. Helical gears operate more quietly than spur gears and are used in automobile transmissions. Planetary gears can produce different gear ratios and are commonly used in automatic transmissions.
This document provides information on TIG and MIG welding processes used in manufacturing. It describes that TIG welding uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and inert gas shielding to produce high quality welds, especially on thin materials. MIG welding uses a continuous wire feed and inert gas shield to allow for faster, more automated welding. The document discusses their applications in industries like aerospace, bicycle, automotive and discusses how they are used for tasks like pipe welding and repairing equipment. Safety precautions for fumes, electric shock and gas cylinders are also outlined.
Gauges are precision measurement tools used to ensure dimensional accuracy and interchangeability of manufactured components. There are several types of gauges classified by their design, including plug, ring, snap, and thread gauges. Key materials for gauges include high carbon steel and cemented carbides due to their hardness and wear resistance. Proper design of limit gauges involves allocating tolerances for manufacturing variability and wear over the gauge's lifespan.
This document provides an overview of different grinding machine types used in manufacturing processes. It describes the principle of grinding where a rotating abrasive wheel removes a thin layer of material from a workpiece. The main types discussed are surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, centerless grinding machines, and internal grinding machines. For each type, the document outlines the basic principles and sub-types like horizontal or vertical spindle orientations for surface grinding or chucking vs planetary configurations for internal grinding.
Forging is the operation where the metal is heated and then a force is applied to manipulates the metals in such a way that the required final shape is obtained.
Forging is a metalworking process that involves shaping metal using localized compressive forces. It can be performed hot, warm, or cold. Forged parts range in weight from under a kilogram to 580 metric tons. Forging improves metals' strength and durability through grain refinement. There are several forging techniques including smithy forging (traditional hand forging), drop forging (using a hammer), press forging (applying continuous pressure), and roll forging (using opposing rolls). Forged parts generally require further processing to achieve their final shape. Common forgeable metals include carbon steels, aluminum, and titanium.
Factors affecting tool life in machining processesmohdalaamri
This document discusses factors that affect tool life in machining processes. It identifies the main factors as cutting tool geometry, material, characteristics, cutting conditions, workpiece material, and cutting fluid. Cutting tool geometry influences machined surface quality, productivity, chip control, and forces/temperatures. Cutting tool material and coatings must have properties like heat/wear resistance. Cutting conditions like depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed also impact tool life. Workpiece material properties and machinability affect tool performance. Cutting fluids provide lubrication, cooling and chip removal to extend tool life. Environmental impacts of fluids are also considered.
Gears are components that transmit rotational motion between two shafts. There are several types of gears classified by the position of their shafts, including spur gears where the teeth are parallel to the axis of rotation, helical gears which are cut at an angle, and bevel gears where the shafts meet at an angle. Gears are used in many machines and mechanisms to increase torque or change the speed and direction of rotation between two shafts.
This document discusses the basics of roll pass design for rolling mills. It describes the components of a rolling mill, which consists of at least two cylindrical rolls used to shape and reduce the cross-sectional area of metal stock. Roll passes can be definite, having two equal axes, or intermediate, having one larger axis. Passes are also classified as open or closed based on the joint between rolls. Proper pass design involves calculating roll groove dimensions, gap, filled width, area reduction, and bite angle to achieve the desired cross-section with maximum productivity and efficiency. Passes are designed to gradually reduce the stock area and form it to the desired profile through multiple reductions.
Rolling is a metal forming process where metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and change the cross section of the metal. There are both hot and cold rolling processes. The metal is compressed between the rolls through frictional forces, changing the shape of the metal. Rolling processes can produce shapes like plates, sheets, rods, bars, pipes and rails. Rolling mills can have two, three, four or multiple rolls depending on the specific application and required shape. Rolling is used to mass produce metal products and form complex cross sections.
Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses a high-pressure stream of water mixed with abrasive particles to erode materials. It works by converting the kinetic energy of the water-abrasive jet into high pressure upon impacting the workpiece surface, removing material when the pressure exceeds the part's strength. The document discusses the AWJM process, including its mechanism of localized erosion, key parameters like water pressure and abrasive flow rate, applications in cutting a wide range of materials, advantages like flexibility and lack of heat, and limitations for hard or thick materials.
The document provides instructions for removing, disassembling, and assembling the front fork suspension of a KYMCO XCITING 400i motorcycle. It describes removing the front wheel, speed sensor, and fork from the vehicle. It then gives steps for disassembling the fork into components like the inner and outer tubes, seals, springs, and damper rod. Reassembly instructions are also provided in reverse order. Troubleshooting tips are given for issues like a soft, hard, or noisy suspension.
This document discusses different types of cutting tool materials and their properties. It covers seven main types of toolbit materials including high-speed steel, cast alloys, cemented carbides, ceramics, cermets, cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline diamond. The key properties for cutting tools are hardness, wear resistance, shock resistance, shape/configuration. Cemented carbides are widely used and offer high hardness, wear resistance and can operate at high speeds without losing sharpness. Coatings like titanium carbide and nitride and aluminum oxide are used to improve wear resistance at different speeds. Tool geometry including side relief, side clearance, rake angles and nose radius are also covered.
STUDY OF MICRO STRUCTURE OF HEAT TREADTED EN8 STEEL Anis Haider
EN8 is a very popular grade of through-hardening medium carbon steel, which is readily machined able in any condition. EN8 is suitable for the manufacture of parts such as general-purpose axles and shafts, gears, bolts and studs
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
The document summarizes the rolling process. It defines rolling as plastically deforming metal by passing it between rolls. Rolling provides close dimensional control and high production. There are two main types: hot rolling and cold rolling. The document describes various rolling terminologies, mill products, defects, and different rolling processes like hot rolling, cold rolling, shaped rolling, and thread rolling. It also discusses factors like angle of contact, forces involved, and how to control flatness.
Rolling is a metal forming process where metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and increase the length. There are two main types:
1) Hot rolling is performed above the metal's recrystallization temperature for lower pressure and improved ductility. It produces coarse grains and no residual stresses.
2) Cold rolling is performed below the recrystallization temperature, requiring higher pressures but improving dimensions, finish and strength through residual stresses and elongated grains.
Rolling mills are classified by the number of rolls used, including two-high, three-high, four-high and cluster/sendzimir mills. Continuous mills use multiple stands to continuously roll sheet metal.
This document provides an overview of investment casting (lost wax casting). It discusses the history of the technique dating back 5000 years, the process which involves creating a wax pattern, coating it with ceramic slurry to create a mold, and then melting out the wax to pour molten metal. The document outlines the key steps and provides examples of applications where investment casting is used in industries like aerospace, medical, military, automotive, and 3D printing due to its ability to produce parts with complex geometries and tight tolerances.
This document provides information on threading operations for mechanical engineering technology students. It defines threading terminology like major diameter, minor diameter, crest, root, flank, pitch and lead. It describes the two main categories of threads - external and internal - and different types of threads. It explains how to cut threads using taps and dies by hand as well as on a lathe, outlining the steps and safety precautions for each method. The goal is for students to understand threading concepts and processes.
The document discusses the lathe machine tool. It describes the main parts of a lathe including the bed, headstock, spindle, tailstock, carriage and tooling. It explains the different types of lathes such as engine lathes, bench lathes, and special purpose lathes. It also outlines various operations that can be performed on a lathe like turning, facing, threading and drilling.
The document discusses different types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, herringbone gears, rack and pinion gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and planetary gears. It describes the design and function of each gear type, their advantages and disadvantages, and common applications. Spur gears transmit power between parallel shafts and are used in machines, power plants, and automobiles. Helical gears operate more quietly than spur gears and are used in automobile transmissions. Planetary gears can produce different gear ratios and are commonly used in automatic transmissions.
This document provides information on TIG and MIG welding processes used in manufacturing. It describes that TIG welding uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and inert gas shielding to produce high quality welds, especially on thin materials. MIG welding uses a continuous wire feed and inert gas shield to allow for faster, more automated welding. The document discusses their applications in industries like aerospace, bicycle, automotive and discusses how they are used for tasks like pipe welding and repairing equipment. Safety precautions for fumes, electric shock and gas cylinders are also outlined.
Gauges are precision measurement tools used to ensure dimensional accuracy and interchangeability of manufactured components. There are several types of gauges classified by their design, including plug, ring, snap, and thread gauges. Key materials for gauges include high carbon steel and cemented carbides due to their hardness and wear resistance. Proper design of limit gauges involves allocating tolerances for manufacturing variability and wear over the gauge's lifespan.
This document provides an overview of different grinding machine types used in manufacturing processes. It describes the principle of grinding where a rotating abrasive wheel removes a thin layer of material from a workpiece. The main types discussed are surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, centerless grinding machines, and internal grinding machines. For each type, the document outlines the basic principles and sub-types like horizontal or vertical spindle orientations for surface grinding or chucking vs planetary configurations for internal grinding.
Forging is the operation where the metal is heated and then a force is applied to manipulates the metals in such a way that the required final shape is obtained.
Forging is a metalworking process that involves shaping metal using localized compressive forces. It can be performed hot, warm, or cold. Forged parts range in weight from under a kilogram to 580 metric tons. Forging improves metals' strength and durability through grain refinement. There are several forging techniques including smithy forging (traditional hand forging), drop forging (using a hammer), press forging (applying continuous pressure), and roll forging (using opposing rolls). Forged parts generally require further processing to achieve their final shape. Common forgeable metals include carbon steels, aluminum, and titanium.
Factors affecting tool life in machining processesmohdalaamri
This document discusses factors that affect tool life in machining processes. It identifies the main factors as cutting tool geometry, material, characteristics, cutting conditions, workpiece material, and cutting fluid. Cutting tool geometry influences machined surface quality, productivity, chip control, and forces/temperatures. Cutting tool material and coatings must have properties like heat/wear resistance. Cutting conditions like depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed also impact tool life. Workpiece material properties and machinability affect tool performance. Cutting fluids provide lubrication, cooling and chip removal to extend tool life. Environmental impacts of fluids are also considered.
Gears are components that transmit rotational motion between two shafts. There are several types of gears classified by the position of their shafts, including spur gears where the teeth are parallel to the axis of rotation, helical gears which are cut at an angle, and bevel gears where the shafts meet at an angle. Gears are used in many machines and mechanisms to increase torque or change the speed and direction of rotation between two shafts.
This document discusses the basics of roll pass design for rolling mills. It describes the components of a rolling mill, which consists of at least two cylindrical rolls used to shape and reduce the cross-sectional area of metal stock. Roll passes can be definite, having two equal axes, or intermediate, having one larger axis. Passes are also classified as open or closed based on the joint between rolls. Proper pass design involves calculating roll groove dimensions, gap, filled width, area reduction, and bite angle to achieve the desired cross-section with maximum productivity and efficiency. Passes are designed to gradually reduce the stock area and form it to the desired profile through multiple reductions.
Rolling is a metal forming process where metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and change the cross section of the metal. There are both hot and cold rolling processes. The metal is compressed between the rolls through frictional forces, changing the shape of the metal. Rolling processes can produce shapes like plates, sheets, rods, bars, pipes and rails. Rolling mills can have two, three, four or multiple rolls depending on the specific application and required shape. Rolling is used to mass produce metal products and form complex cross sections.
Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a non-traditional machining process that uses a high-pressure stream of water mixed with abrasive particles to erode materials. It works by converting the kinetic energy of the water-abrasive jet into high pressure upon impacting the workpiece surface, removing material when the pressure exceeds the part's strength. The document discusses the AWJM process, including its mechanism of localized erosion, key parameters like water pressure and abrasive flow rate, applications in cutting a wide range of materials, advantages like flexibility and lack of heat, and limitations for hard or thick materials.
The document provides instructions for removing, disassembling, and assembling the front fork suspension of a KYMCO XCITING 400i motorcycle. It describes removing the front wheel, speed sensor, and fork from the vehicle. It then gives steps for disassembling the fork into components like the inner and outer tubes, seals, springs, and damper rod. Reassembly instructions are also provided in reverse order. Troubleshooting tips are given for issues like a soft, hard, or noisy suspension.
This document discusses different types of cutting tool materials and their properties. It covers seven main types of toolbit materials including high-speed steel, cast alloys, cemented carbides, ceramics, cermets, cubic boron nitride and polycrystalline diamond. The key properties for cutting tools are hardness, wear resistance, shock resistance, shape/configuration. Cemented carbides are widely used and offer high hardness, wear resistance and can operate at high speeds without losing sharpness. Coatings like titanium carbide and nitride and aluminum oxide are used to improve wear resistance at different speeds. Tool geometry including side relief, side clearance, rake angles and nose radius are also covered.
STUDY OF MICRO STRUCTURE OF HEAT TREADTED EN8 STEEL Anis Haider
EN8 is a very popular grade of through-hardening medium carbon steel, which is readily machined able in any condition. EN8 is suitable for the manufacture of parts such as general-purpose axles and shafts, gears, bolts and studs
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Cryogenic treatment of tool steel after heat treatment improves tool performance compared to untreated tool steel. A study compared M2 tool steel that underwent standard heat treatment (HTTT) versus those that also received cryogenic treatment after heat treatment (HTTTCD). HTTTCD tools exhibited longer tool life, less flank wear, lower power consumption, better surface finish, and improved microstructure compared to untreated HTTT tools. Cryogenic treatment involves cooling the treated steel to around -196°C and holding for some time, transforming retained austenite to martensite and producing very small carbides that improve the steel's properties.
Comparative studies on mechanical properties of aisi 4340 high strength alloy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the present work, the mechanical properties and microstructures of AISI 4340 high strength alloy steel under different conditions are investigated. Generally time quenching is substituted for surface hardening wherein martensite structure is formed in the case of the softer products towards core but austempering gives always uniform grained bainitic structure without any residual stresses and retained austenite. Austempering is given to hot working dies and springs to obtain maximum elastic limit. To assure uniform finer grains in the specimen normalizing treatment is given prior to other treatments. Samples were prepared and all of them were normalized at 9000C for 2 hrs and then air cooled to room temperature. After normalizing specimens are separated into 2 groups, timed quenching is performed on one set and austempering heat treatment is performed on another set of specimens. During timed quenching, the specimens are heated to 9000C. After reaching 900 0C, the specimens are soaked at that temperature for two hours. The specimens are then taken out of the furnace and quenched in engine oil for less than 4 seconds followed by air cooling. Hardness, microstructure and impact tests were performed on the timed quenched specimens to analyze the hardness value, grain size distribution and the energy absorbed respectively. Another set of the normalized specimens were taken and austempering was carried out on them. During austempering the specimens were heated at 9000C for 2 hrs in one furnace followed by transferring the specimens to the second furnace immediately within 10 seconds, which was maintained at 3200C and the specimens were soaked in the second furnace for 2 hrs and 45 min and then furnace cooling was done.
Hardness, microstructure and impact tests were again performed and obtained values were compared with timed quenched specimens. Difference in the mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel at timed quenched and austempered conditions was observed. It is found that grain size of the austempered specimen is higher than the time quenched specimen. It is also observed that the austempered specimen has maximum strength and very good impact energy as compared to that of the timed quenched specimen. As a result mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength are improved in the austempered specimens than the timed quenched specimens..
Keywords: Microstructure, Impact energy, Ductility, Austempering, Hardness, Grain size
A Review on the Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on MetalsIRJET Journal
This document reviews the effect of cryogenic treatment on metals. Cryogenic treatment involves cooling conventionally hardened metals to sub-zero temperatures, usually using liquid nitrogen at -196°C, and holding for 12-48 hours before controlled warming. This treatment improves several metal properties by reducing retained austenite content and facilitating formation of finer carbides in martensite. Studies have found cryogenic treatment increases hardness, wear resistance, ductility and toughness of metals like tool steels, carburized steels and cast irons. However, the exact mechanisms are still unclear. The document outlines the cryogenic treatment process and reviews several studies finding benefits like increased tool hardness and wear resistance after treatment.
IJERD(www.ijerd.com)International Journal of Engineering Research and Develop...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested, one with copper and one without. Samples underwent various heat treatments including annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at different temperatures. Hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility were then measured. Results showed that steel with copper had higher hardness and strength but lower ductility. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The study provides data on the mechanical properties and microstructure of heat treated medium carbon steel.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel. Two grades of steel were tested: one with copper and one without. Samples underwent annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering at 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C. Testing showed that steel with copper had higher hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and lower ductility than steel without copper. Hardness and strength decreased with increasing tempering temperature, while ductility increased. The microstructure of heat treated steel consisted of martensite and tempered martensite matrices.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
The document summarizes an experiment that investigated the effects of supercooling on free cut brass through heat treatment and quenching. Samples of brass were quenched in dry ice (-78°C) and liquid nitrogen (-275°C) after being heated to 1000°F. Hardness tests showed the liquid nitrogen quenched sample was softest with an average hardness of -14.1 HRB, while the dry ice sample was slightly harder at 5.7 HRB. Charpy impact tests found the liquid nitrogen sample absorbed less energy, supporting it being softer and more ductile. The experiment demonstrated that higher cooling rates through quenching produce greater softening and increases in ductility of brass due to
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Deep cryogenic treatment of D2 tool steel at -1930°C following conventional heat treatment improves surface roughness and hardness slightly. Microstructural analysis shows more uniform precipitation of fine secondary carbides in cryogenically treated samples. Dimensional testing of navy C-rings reveals that while size distortion is similar, shape distortion increases more after deep cryogenic treatment compared to conventional heat treatment alone. The higher distortion is attributed to section sensitivity of D2 tool steel and incomplete relief of thermal stresses induced during deep cryogenic processing.
Effect of water temperature on the mechanical properties of water quenched me...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of water temperature on the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel samples quenched in water. Two steel samples with carbon contents of 0.33% and 0.42% were heated to 900°C and quenched in water ranging from 35°C to 95°C. Results showed hardness was reduced by over 18% and impact strength improved by over 50% at higher water temperatures, as the hard martensite structure was replaced with tempered martensite. Maximum hardness occurred at a water temperature of 65°C while maximum impact strength and tensile properties occurred at 95°C. The study concluded water quenching at higher temperatures can improve steel toughness with only slight
Investigation of the mechanical, corrosion properties and wear behaviour of e...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1. The document examines the effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of cold work tool steels. Cryogenic treatment involves cooling tool steels to very low temperatures after conventional heat treatment to improve properties.
2. Two tool steel grades, D2 and D3, were subjected to different combinations of heat treatment and cryogenic treatment. Their microstructure and hardness were analyzed.
3. Preliminary results showed that cryogenic treatment improved hardness, transformed retained austenite to martensite, reduced residual stresses, and led to finer carbide precipitation compared to conventional heat treatment alone. Further studies are needed to fully understand the impact on mechanical properties.
Microstructual Analysis Of Heat Treated EN8 SteelSourav Mahato
The document discusses heat treatment processes including quenching, annealing, normalizing, and tempering that are performed on EN-8 steel. Specifically, it describes treating EN-8 steel samples via quenching, annealing, and normalizing, followed by single tempering. The treated samples are then tested for tensile strength using a universal testing machine and hardness is compared. Microstructures of samples after different heat treatments are also examined.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN24...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
Analysis and Improvement of Distortion of Lathe Machine Main SpindleIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the distortion of lathe machine main spindles and proposes improvements through a sub-zero heat treatment process. It begins by describing how lathe spindles made of En353 steel undergo distortion from high stresses during conventional heat treatment. The document then details the conventional heat treatment process and proposes applying a sub-zero treatment instead. Samples are tested with microstructures analyzed and hardness measured. Results show the sub-zero treated sample has lower retained austenite, higher hardness, and improved dimensional stability compared to conventional treatment. The document concludes the sub-zero treatment is an effective way to reduce distortion in lathe machine main spindles.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document investigates the optimal heat treatment strategy for M2 tool steel. M2 tool steel is categorized as a molybdenum tool steel with high hardness and wear resistance, making it well-suited for drill bits, milling cutters, and hobs. Samples of M2 tool steel were subjected to different heat treatment sequences involving annealing, hardening at temperatures of 11,800°C, 12,000°C and 12,200°C, and tempering at temperatures between 540-570°C. Mechanical testing showed that maximum tool life was obtained when M2 tool steel was hardened at 12,000°C and tempered at 560°C, achieving a good balance of hardness and tough
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Similar to Study and Analysis on Heat Treatment Process and Microstructure of Low Carbon Steel (20)
Security Issues in Biomedical Wireless Sensor Networks Applications: A SurveyIJARTES
Abstract The use of wireless sensor networks in healthcare
applications is growing in a fast pace. Numerous applications
such as heart rate monitor, blood pressure monitor and
endoscopic capsule are already in use. To address the growing
use of sensor technology in this area, a new field known as
wireless body area networks has emerged. As most devices
and their applications are wireless in nature, security and
privacy concerns are among major areas of concern. Body
area networks can collect information about an individual’s
health, fitness and energy expenditure. Comprising body
sensors that communicate wirelessly with the patients
control device for monitoring and external communication.
This paper provides the challenges of using the wireless
sensor network in biomedical field and how to solve most of
these issues. To analyze the different security strategies in
Wireless Sensor Networks and propose this system to give
highest quality medical care with full security in their
reliability
Surface Traping in Silicon Nanowire Dual material engineered Cylindrical gate...IJARTES
In this paper, the effect of gate field screening by surface
trap charges are studied using COMSOL 5.0. A nano wire
dual material Cylindrical gate (DMCG) MOSFET is
modeled and shift of turn on voltage due to the screening
effect is computed. It is shown that DMCG design increase
the drain current enhancement .However here the concept
of work function difference also present in term of gate bias
and comprehensive study of short channel effect of DMCG
has been focused .The objective of this paper is focus on
Current vs Gate voltage, Energy Band diagram,
CurrentDensity, electron and hole concentration and
Electric field when MOSFET is turn on. It is also examined
that Cylindrical MOSFET the minimum surface potential in
the channel reduces which resulting increasing in electron
velocity and thereby improving carrier transport efficiency.
1) The document presents a framework for automatic generation control (AGC) in a two-area restructured power system with non-linear governor characteristics, including hydro-hydro systems.
2) It models the addition of a frequency stabilizer equipped with an energy storage system to stabilize frequency and tie-line power oscillations under disturbances.
3) The gains of controllers and parameters of the stabilizer are optimized using genetic algorithms. Simulations show the response of the optimized load frequency controller under different transactions in the restructured electricity market.
Integration of Other Software Components with the Agricultural Expert Systems...IJARTES
Expert System is a rapidly growing technology in
the field of Artificial Intelligence. It is a computer program
which captures the knowledge of a human expert on a given
problem, and uses this knowledge to solve problems in a
fashion similar to the expert. The system can assist the expert
during problem-solving, or act in the place of the expert in
those situations where the expertise is lacking. Expert systems
have been developed in such diverse areas as agriculture,
science, engineering, business, and medicine. In these areas,
they have increased the quality, efficiency, and competitive
leverage of the organizations employing the technology. This
paper highlights the major characteristics of expert systems,
reviews several systems developed for application in the area
of agriculture and an overview about the integration of other
software components with the agricultural expert systems.
Short term Multi Chain Hydrothermal Scheduling Using Modified Gravitational S...IJARTES
This paper proposes the modified Gravitational
search algorithm (GSA) to solve short term multi chain
hydrothermal scheduling problem while satisfying all
operational and physical constraints. The effect of the valve
point loading has been considered. Gravitational search
algorithm is based on the Newton’s law of gravitation. All
objects attract each other and global movement is towards
the heavier masses .However GSA has certain randomness
in search direction resulting in the weak local search ability.
In modified GSA, a time varying maximum velocity equation
is used which controls the exploration and improves the
convergence rate which strengthens its local search ability
and the quality of the hydrothermal solution.
Investigation of Heat Dissipation in Petrol Engine Cylinder during Explosion ...IJARTES
The current work determines the rate of heat flow
from an engine cylinder. The heat addition during the heat
addition stage or during explosion is determined by using the
classical equations. The heat dissipation from the cylinder is
enhanced by the fins provided around the cylinder. The results
which are obtained are validated with the finite element
analysis software ANSYS APDL. A study is conducted by
considering various materials to obtain optimum material
selection to enhance the better flow of heat from the system.
Integrated Air Conditioning Unit for AutomobilesIJARTES
This document summarizes several research papers on using waste heat from vehicle exhaust to power an absorption refrigeration system for automotive air conditioning. The key points are:
1) Absorption refrigeration systems can utilize low-grade waste heat from exhaust to run the air conditioning, unlike vapor compression which increases fuel use. Measured COP of a proposed system is 0.85 to 1.04.
2) A study designed a generator heat exchanger to transfer exhaust heat to the refrigerant in the generator. Experimental results showed exhaust is a viable alternative heating source.
3) Other studies analyzed using exhaust heat to power ammonia-water and lithium bromide absorption systems for vehicle air conditioning. Re
Power Generation from Speed Breaker Using Crank ShaftIJARTES
Power Generation from Speed Breaker Using
Crank Shaft
This paper attempts to show how energy can
tapped and used at a commonly used system the load speed
breaker. As the demand of electric power is increasing day-byday
for the working of various appliances. Producing
electricity from various sources is needed like from a speed
breaker is a new concept that is an undergoing research. The
number of vehicles on road is increase rapidly and if we
convert some of the kinetic energy of this vehicle into
rotational motion of roller then we can produce considerable
amount of electricity. The demand of the hour is to have some
source of green energy which can be produce with less (or) no
harmful by-products. Our project is to develop an alternative
green source of energy by moving vehicles on the road ways
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in TIG WeldingIJARTES
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in
TIG Welding
Aluminium Alloy is containing high strength,
light weight and good Corrosion resistance. Then Gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is an important joining
method for high strength aluminium alloys using
applications in transport applications like that marine,
aerospace, bicycle components, marine Engine components,
External throw away tanks for military aircrafts and other
industries. Gas tungsten arc welding have been used to
investigate the Weldability of high strength aluminium
alloys. Some important GTAW process parameters and their
effects on weld quality are discussed. Mechanical properties
of welds such as tensile strength and hardness properties are
discussed. The aim of the report is to investigation in GTAW
of high strength aluminium alloy 7075 and to provide a basis
for follow-on research.
The document discusses stress analysis and durability studies of spur gears using finite element analysis tools. It outlines how FEA can be used to model contact stresses and bending stresses in gears to better understand gear failure from factors like pitting. The analysis aims to reduce transmission error and thereby noise generated by more accurately predicting stresses, stiffness, and life of gears.
Ijartes v2-i1-001Evaluation of Changeability Indicator in Component Based Sof...IJARTES
The maintaining of software system is a major
cost concern. The maintaining of a software system depends
on how the changes made to it. The maintainability of a system
depending on the folw of software, its design pattern and
CBSS. In Maintainability phase of a sotware system there are
4 parts, like analyzing, testing, stability, and changes made to
it. In some side areas, these systems emerged very rapidly.
There are many companies which purchase software instead
of developing it .These companies do not have any interst in
the testing of the system but wants to like smoothness in the
flow of the system during changes.
Changeability is one of the characteristics of maintainability.
Software changeability is associated with refactoring which
makes code simpler and easier to maintain (enable all
programmers to improve their code).Factors that affect
changeability include coupling between the modules, lack of
code comments, naming of functions and variables.
Basically,”changeabilty” is the ability of a product or software
to be able to change the structure of the program. It is the rate
the product allows the modification to its components.
In this paper changeability based cost estimation is done.
Initially we take four components; these components are
evaluated based on the coupling, cohesion and Interface
metrix. Next some changes are made to the existing
components and than again these components are evaluated.
Now, on the basis of these two evaluations some conclusion is
made for changeability cost.
Web Personalization Using Usage Based Clustering
In today’s internet environment it is more difficult to
access the relevant information from the web. Because
www is a vast data warehouse of web pages and links .On
internet huge amount of information is available which
are approximately 1 millions of pages are added day to
day. To get the “right” information from such warehouse
to the user and to avoid website exploration web
personalization get needed. It is the life blood of web
usages mining and e-learning process to improve the
system and its design as per the user’s interest. It acts as
a tool to avoid the content over loading on websites for
effective web navigation. Here we present web
personalization which introduces web mining that is
application of a data mining.
The document describes an Adaptive Source Provision System (ASPS) proposed to control traffic rates and ensure load balancing in WiMAX networks. The system considers relay stations and uses an adaptive resource management approach. When new users arrive, their data rates are computed and compared to relay station data rates. If a user's rate is lower, the base station's rate is also compared. Connections are switched from congested to non-congested stations to minimize network load and balance traffic. The system aims to improve traffic management and load balancing compared to existing approaches.
This document summarizes research on enhancing the DSR routing protocol to prevent distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how DDoS attacks work, the challenges they present for MANETs due to their dynamic nature, and existing research on DDoS attack detection and prevention. The document reviews literature on analyzing DDoS attack behaviors and properties, characterizing attack traffic patterns, and using statistical analysis and neural networks to identify attacks. The goal of the research is to develop an enhanced DSR protocol that can detect and mitigate DDoS attacks in MANETs more effectively than previous approaches.
This document compares four clustering algorithms (K-means, hierarchical, EM, and density-based) using the WEKA tool. It applies the algorithms to a dataset of software classes and evaluates them based on number of clusters, time to build models, squared errors, and log likelihood. The results show that K-means performs best in terms of time to build models, while density-based clustering performs best in terms of log likelihood. Overall, the document concludes that K-means is the best algorithm for this dataset because it balances low runtime and good clustering accuracy.
This document discusses surface reconstruction from point cloud data. It describes how surface reconstruction involves three phases: initial surface estimation, mesh optimization, and smooth surface optimization. The crust algorithm and umbrella filtering are discussed as methods for surface reconstruction from point clouds. Challenges in surface reconstruction like noise, lack of normal vectors, non-uniform sampling, and holes are also outlined. The document reviews several related studies on surface reconstruction techniques.
This document analyzes power density in LTE femtocells. It discusses how femtocells can be deployed to improve coverage in areas where LTE networks have little to no coverage, such as inside buildings. The document describes an experiment conducted using NS-3 simulation software to analyze how transmitted power and power consumption are affected by increasing the number of femtocells. The results show that transmitted power increases linearly with additional femtocells up to a threshold, but rises more sharply above the threshold, while power consumption increases linearly with no sharp rises.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.