The document describes an experimental study that evaluated applying intensive water quenching techniques to carburized steel universal joint crosses. Parts were carburized for either full, 60%, or 50% of the standard time and then either oil quenched or intensively water quenched. Metallurgical analysis found that parts carburized for only 60% of the standard time and intensively quenched achieved the same case depth as fully carburized and oil quenched parts. Intensively quenched parts also exhibited greater core hardness and a more uniform and finer martensitic microstructure compared to oil quenched parts. The results demonstrated that intensive water quenching allowed reducing the carburization time by 40
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
STUDY THE DAMPING EFFECT OF TWO TYPES OF METALS (CK 45, 40 X) USING OILS (AST...IAEME Publication
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the circles of damping by using two types of oils ((ASTRALUBE and SHIELD)) as well as the use of central damping of a third oil resulting from the mixing of these two oils on the hardness and tensile strength of the two types of minerals have been chosen and two iron Carbon type (CK 45) and on alloy type (40 X) , where the operation took place by damping these metals to those medias oily three after he was placed in a furnace
dedicated to raise the temperature of each of them to ( 850 ) degrees Celsius and the installation of such class for an hour each and every one Lang .
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
STUDY THE DAMPING EFFECT OF TWO TYPES OF METALS (CK 45, 40 X) USING OILS (AST...IAEME Publication
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the circles of damping by using two types of oils ((ASTRALUBE and SHIELD)) as well as the use of central damping of a third oil resulting from the mixing of these two oils on the hardness and tensile strength of the two types of minerals have been chosen and two iron Carbon type (CK 45) and on alloy type (40 X) , where the operation took place by damping these metals to those medias oily three after he was placed in a furnace
dedicated to raise the temperature of each of them to ( 850 ) degrees Celsius and the installation of such class for an hour each and every one Lang .
Conventional heat treatment of low carbon steelAyush Chaurasia
Heat treatment of Low Carbon Steel via heat treatment processes of annealing, quenching and normalising and observing the structural changes affecting the hardness property of material.
Hardening is a process of heating a metal above its upper critical temperature and quenched in water,oil,and salt solutions. In this material is heated because the heated materials are some of the precipitants to inside them
Improved Material and Enhanced Fatigue Resistance for Gear ComponentsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Abstract
This paper shows the latest progress in steel grades and in case hardening technology for gear components.
To answer the demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, modern gear boxes are built much lighter. Improving fatigue resistance is a key factor to allow for the design of thin components to be used in advanced vehicle transmissions. The choice of material and the applied heat treat process are of key importance to enhance the fatigue resistance of gear components.
By applying the technology of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ), the tooth root bending strength can be significantly enhanced, compared to traditional heat treatment with atmospheric carburizing and oil quenching.
Besides heat treatment, significant progress has been made over the past years on the steels being used for gear components. The hardenability of case hardening steels such as 5130H, 5120H, 20MnCr5, 27MnCr5, 18CrNiMo7-6 etc. has been stepwise increased in recent years. An important factor for fatigue resistance is the grain size after heat treatment. Therefore, grain size control is a key goal when developing new modifications of steel grades.
After enhancing grain size control, it was possible to increase the carburizing temperatures over the past years from 930°C to 980°C (1700°F to 1800°F) which resulted in shorter heat treatment cycles and thus in significant cost savings.
With the introduction of new microalloyed steels for grain size stability, carburizing temperatures can now be even further increased to temperatures of up to 1050°C (1920°F), leading to even more economic process cycles. By adding microelements such as Niobium or Titanium in the ppm-range, nitride and carbonitride-precipitates are formed. These precipitates effectively limit the grain-growth during the heat treatment process.
Conventional heat treatment of low carbon steelAyush Chaurasia
Heat treatment of Low Carbon Steel via heat treatment processes of annealing, quenching and normalising and observing the structural changes affecting the hardness property of material.
Hardening is a process of heating a metal above its upper critical temperature and quenched in water,oil,and salt solutions. In this material is heated because the heated materials are some of the precipitants to inside them
Improved Material and Enhanced Fatigue Resistance for Gear ComponentsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Abstract
This paper shows the latest progress in steel grades and in case hardening technology for gear components.
To answer the demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, modern gear boxes are built much lighter. Improving fatigue resistance is a key factor to allow for the design of thin components to be used in advanced vehicle transmissions. The choice of material and the applied heat treat process are of key importance to enhance the fatigue resistance of gear components.
By applying the technology of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ), the tooth root bending strength can be significantly enhanced, compared to traditional heat treatment with atmospheric carburizing and oil quenching.
Besides heat treatment, significant progress has been made over the past years on the steels being used for gear components. The hardenability of case hardening steels such as 5130H, 5120H, 20MnCr5, 27MnCr5, 18CrNiMo7-6 etc. has been stepwise increased in recent years. An important factor for fatigue resistance is the grain size after heat treatment. Therefore, grain size control is a key goal when developing new modifications of steel grades.
After enhancing grain size control, it was possible to increase the carburizing temperatures over the past years from 930°C to 980°C (1700°F to 1800°F) which resulted in shorter heat treatment cycles and thus in significant cost savings.
With the introduction of new microalloyed steels for grain size stability, carburizing temperatures can now be even further increased to temperatures of up to 1050°C (1920°F), leading to even more economic process cycles. By adding microelements such as Niobium or Titanium in the ppm-range, nitride and carbonitride-precipitates are formed. These precipitates effectively limit the grain-growth during the heat treatment process.
Évaluation de la politique des pôles de compétitvité : la fin d'une malédicti...France Stratégie
La France compte aujourd'hui soixante-et-onze pôles de compétitivité. Créés en 2005, ces « clusters à la française », avaient pour objectif de dynamiser l’innovation et de renforcer l’industrie en stimulant les dépenses de R-&-D. Promesse tenue ?
En savoir plus :
http://strategie.gouv.fr/publications/evaluation-de-politique-poles-de-competitivite-fin-dune-malediction
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation The Mechanical Properties of Carburized Low Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this study, the limitation of surface carburizing for low carbon steel was investigated in oil solution. The microstructure, mechanical properties; hardness and wear resistance has been investigated taken different temperatures; (850, 900, and 950 ˚C) with constant time (2 hr) of carburizing process. The experimental work shows that at carburizing temperature (850 ˚C), the hardness was increases from the inside to outside of specimen from ( 102 to HV 250)., while increases for temperatures (900 and 950 ˚C) from (105 to 272 HV), and (115 to 192 HV) respectively. This experiment also been conducted for wear resistance for harder specimen which was at 950 ˚C carburized sample for three times (2, 4 and, 6 hr) and the wea
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Team Members :
- Omar Amen Ahmed Mohamed
- Habashy Shabaan Habashy
- Ahmed samy Ali
- Ahmed Ebrahem Bkhit
- Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Ghany Al-Ashry
- Gheath Mostafa Koujan
- Mohamed Ashraf Kamel
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Analysis of mechanical properties of heat treated mild steelSaugata Chowdhury
The aim of this project was to make a comparison between the changes in mechanical properties of mild steel quenched in various quenching mediums namely Vegetable oil, Brine solution, NaOH solution and Super-quenchant. Mild-Steel specimens for hardness test, tensile test and impact test were prepared and heated upto the austenizing range of temperature. After holding at that temperature for the necessary sintering time, they were immediately quenched in the four mediums.
Upon carrying the various tests, it was observed that hardness of all the specimens increased at the expense of toughness. Further the rate of cooling influenced the hardness of the specimens. Specimens quenched in NaOH exhibited maximum increase in hardness and tensile strength of steel. Oil quenched steel showed rise in hardness and tensile strength with least decrease in toughness among the four mediums. Brine also improved the hardness and tensile strength but maximum reduction in toughness was encountered. Finally, superquenchant was found to be the best quenching medium with appreciable rise in the hardness and tensile strength at very less reduction in toughness.
ASM 2003 Paper Application of IQ Processes toCarburized Parts
1. Application of Intensive Quenching Processes for Carburized
Parts
Michael A. Aronov, Nikolia I. Kobasko, Joseph A. Powell
IQ Technologies Inc
Akron, Ohio, USA
Pratap Ghorpade, D. Gopal
Hightemp Furnaces Limited
Bangalore, India
Abstract
The paper describes results of extensive experimental study of
intensive water quenching techniques for carburized steel
parts. Experiments were performed for a variety of steel
products including automotive parts, railroad parts, etc. Paper
presents detailed metallurgical analysis data obtained for the
intensively quenched parts, particularly for universal joint
crosses. The following parameters have been evaluated for
both intensively quenched and oil quenched parts: surface and
core hardness, micro hardness distribution, microstructure, etc.
The results of these experiments clearly demonstrated that the
duration of the carburization cycle could be reduced by 40-
50% when using intensive water quenching techniques.
Introduction
Since 1997, IQ Technologies Inc (IQT) of Akron, Ohio, has
conducted over one hundred “intensive quenching” (IQ)
demonstration studies for a variety of steel products (see, for
example, References 1 and 2). Our working definition of “IQ
process” is the following two elements: (1) Parts are through
heated and then quenched in highly agitated water to form a
uniform hardened shell on the part surface, while eliminating
film boiling and distortion. (2) Once the surface is under
optimal compressive stress (as determined by the IQT
computer models), the “intensive” quench is “interrupted” by
removing the part from the IQ tank and the cooling of the part
is finished in still air.
The results of the IQ demonstrations have proved that, in
many cases, the carburization cycle can be significantly
shortened or even fully eliminated when applying the IQ
process. This is because of the following reasons:
IQ process provides higher hardness and deeper
hardness depth into the part compared to conventional
quenching.
Steel may have lower carbon content or a lower alloy
content yet IQ can still provide the required hardness. For
example, 12.7 mm bar made of 1060 steel and quenched
in oil has the same as-quenched hardness (59 HRC) as the
same bar made of 1040 steel and intensively quenched.
When intensively quenching carburized parts to specified
case depth, the carbon content in the part case can be less
compared to that needed to achieve the same hardness in
the same part quenched in oil.
This paper presents the results of one of the IQT studies
conducted in cooperation with Hightemp Furnaces Ltd of
Bangalore, India. In this study, we evaluated the application
of the IQ processes to the universal joint crosses made of 8620
steel (Figure 1).
Figure 1 8620 Universal Joint Cross
2. Currently, Hightemp Furnaces Ltd processes the universal
joint crosses in integral, oil quench furnaces of their own
design. A typical effective furnace size is 1230x660x650 mm.
The furnace is atmosphere tight, allowing precise control of
the furnace atmosphere. A typical universal joint cross load is
presented in Figure 2. As seen, the parts are placed in a
special fixture.
Figure 2 Typical Universal Joint Cross Load
1. IQ Process Evaluation
Hightemp Furnaces carburized four sets of crosses. Two sets
were carburized and quenched in oil using a “standard”
thermal cycle (Figure 3). An additional two sets were
carburized only, using a reduced-time carburization cycle: one
set of parts was carburized for 60% of the standard
carburization time (“60% carburized”), and the second set of
parts was carburized for only 50% of the standard
carburization cycle (“50% carburized”).
Figure 3 Applied Carburization Cycles
The two sets of parts from the reduced carburization cycles as
well as the parts from one set that was fully carburized to the
“standard” cycle were reheated in a neutral salt bath furnace
and intensively quenched individually in IQT’s experimental
500-gallon IQ system (Reference 3).
The IQ system uses highly agitated water with a low
concentration of sodium nitrite (primarily as a rust inhibitor)
as the quenchant in this system. Once the part surface has
reached the temperature of the bath and has the optimal
compressive surface stresses (as determined by the IQT
computer models), it is removed from the “intensive” quench
and permitted to cool in air. The core cools by uniform
conduction through the cold, intensively quenched shell. The
entire intensive quench process takes less than a minute on the
subject parts. (The quenchant flow velocity in the 500-gallon
system is the same as in our 6,000-gallon and 11,000-gallon
production batch-type IQ systems. The production systems
use the same water quenchant as well.) To evaluate the effect
of the IQ process, we measured the following parameters and
compared them to the “standard” carburization, oil quenched
parts:
Surface hardness
Core hardness
Case depth
Microstructure
Inter granular oxidation
Products of non-martensitic transformation
Part distortion
Figure 4 shows the location on each of the crosses where we
took these measurements.
Figure 4 Schematic of Points of Measurements
2. Metallurgical Analysis Results
The results of the metallurgical analysis are the following:
No unacceptable distortion or cracks were observed
The case depth was uniform throughout the
intensively quenched surface of the cross
3. The specified mean case depth of 1.5 mm was
achieved with 60% of the “standard” process time
and intensive water quenching
The core hardness was greater than the required
minimum
No inter granular oxidation was observed in the
intensively quenched crosses
Let’s consider the above results in more detail.
2.1 Hardness Profile And Case Depth. Figure 5 presents the
hardness distribution in the universal joint crosses for different
carburization cycle times. The hardened depth is defined as a
depth of the part surface layer with a minimum hardness of 50
HRC (513 HV1). Figure 6 presents the relationship of the part
case depth from the carburization time for both the oil
quenched parts and intensively water quenched parts. As seen
from Figures 5 and 6, the case depth is 1.5 mm for standard oil
quenched crosses. Fully carburized crosses that were
intensively quenched have a case depth of 1.7 mm or 13%
greater than the standard case depth. The crosses that were
partially carburized for 60% of the standard carburization time
(for 5 hours 10 minutes instead of 8 hours 30 minutes) have
the same case depth as the standard cycle carburized and oil
Figure 5 Hardness Distribution for Different
Carburization Times
Figure 6 Case Depth vs. Carburization Time
quenched parts. Note also that the intensively water quenched
crosses have a greater core hardness compared to the standard
parts by 50-115 HV1 units.
Figures 7 and 8 present the hardness profiles in the crosses
that were carburized for 50% and 60% of the standard
carburization cycle time. As seen from the figures, the 50%
carburized and 60% carburized, intensively quenched crosses
have a deeper case depth at 50 HRC compared to standard
carburized and oil quenched crosses, by 10% and 32%,
respectively.
Figure 7 Hardness Profile in 50% Carburized Cross
Figure 8 Hardness Profile in 60% Carburized Cross
Figure 9 presents the uniformity of hardness distribution in the
60% carburized cross. As seen from the figure, the IQ process
provides very uniform hardness distribution throughout the
part surface. Samples 1, 2 and 3 were taken from different
surface areas (see Figure 5 above). The uniformity of
hardness throughout the part surface from intensive water
quenching is mainly due to the absence of the sporadic film
boiling on the part surface in the “intensively agitated”
quench; no film boiling, equals no soft spots.
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Depth From Surface, mm
Hardness,HV1
100% Carburized Oil
100% Carburized IQ
60% Carburized IQ
50% Carburized IQ
Minimum case hardness
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Carburization Time, minutes
CaseDepth,mm
Oil quenched
IQ
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Depth From Surface, mm
Hardness,HV1
50% Carburized Oil
50% Carburized IQ
Minimum case hardness
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Depth From Surface, mm
Hardness,HV1
60% Carburized Oil
60% Carburized IQ
Minimum case hardness
4. Figure 9 Uniformity of Hardness Distribution in 60%
Carburized and Intensively Quenched Cross
2.2 Part Microstructure. Figures 10–13 present the
photographs of the part microstructure in the case and in the
core for the standard cycle carburized, quenched in oil cross,
and for the 60% carburized intensively quenched cross.
Figure 10 Case Structure of 60% Carburized IQ Cross
Figure 11 Case Structure of 100% Carburized Oil Quenched
Cross
Figure 12 Core Structure of 60% Carburized IQ Cross
Figure 13 Core Structure of 100% Carburized Oil Quenched
Cross
For both parts, the case microstructure consists of fine
tempered martensite with approximately 5% of retained
austenite with no products of non-martensitic transformation
and no carbide network. However, as seen from Figures 10
and 11, the martensitic structure was finer in the intensively
quenched part compared to the standard oil quenched part.
The intensively quenched cross core consists of low carbon
martensite, while the core of the standard cross consists of low
carbon martensite and bainite.
3. Carburization Cycle Shortening for Different
Parts
Table 1 summarizes the results of previous IQ Technology
demonstration studies performed for different steel parts. As
the data in the table shows, the carburization cycle can be
reduced significantly using the IQ process; approximately
40%-50% less furnace carburization time from the standard
carburization cycle using conventional oil quenching.
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
Depth From Surface, mm
Hardness,HV1
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
5. Table 1 Carburization Cycle Reduction for Different Parts
Part Steel Case Depth,
mm
Cycle Time
Reduction
Universal joint
cross
8620 1.5 40%
Bearing cage 8617 1.8 50%
Crankshaft 8620 1.5 40%
Railroad part 4130 2.0 50%
Railroad part 4138 2.0 Full
elimination
4. Summary
Numerous intensive quenching studies conducted by IQ
Technologies Inc for carburize grades of material have
demonstrated significant benefits to part properties and
processing efficiencies. Environmentally friendly, intensive
water quench processes provide the following benefits for
carburized steel parts:
Increased case depth for a given carburization cycle
Improved core hardness
Acceptable distortion and no part cracking
Reduced carburization cycle for the same case depth
or full elimination of the carburization process
Possible use of lower alloy or smaller, lighter steel
parts with the same performance as oil quenched
parts
No use of hazardous quench oil or expensive
polymers.
For more information on the intensive quenching methods, see
the IQ Technology Inc web site www.IntensiveQuench.com.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the Edison Material
Technology Center (EMTEC) of Ohio, USA for its support in
the commercialization of the intensive quenching methods, as
well as the personnel of the Hightemp Furnaces Ltd,
Bangalore, India for conducting the metallurgical analysis.
References
1. M. A. Aronov, N. I. Kobasko, J. A. Powell, “Application
of Intensive Quenching Process for Steel Parts”,
Proceeding of The 22nd
ASM Heat Treating Conference,
Indianapolis, Indiana, (2001).
2. M. A. Aronov, N. I. Kobasko, J. A. Powell, “Review of
Practical Application of Intensive Quenching Process for
Steel Parts”, Proceeding of The 13th
International
Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering
Congress, Columbus, Ohio, (2002).
3. M. A. Aronov, N. I. Kobasko, J. A. Powell, D.V.
Lipnicki, “Peculiarity of Intensive Quenching
Equipment”, Proceeding of The 13th
International
Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering
Congress, Columbus, Ohio, (2002).