Sphagnum moss is a genus of moss that grows in damp and wet places. It has a unique morphology that allows it to hold large amounts of water. Sphagnum moss has been dated back to the Triassic period and is found on every continent except Antarctica. It plays an important ecological role by creating peatlands and preserving remains. Sphagnum moss also has economic uses as fuel, compost, and medical dressings. A sphagnum bog was documented in the Philippines in the early 1900s. Conservation efforts aim to protect wetland areas that support sphagnum moss.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
Ginkgo is known as a Living Fossil.Anatomy of Ginkgo clearly shows primary and secondary structures. sex in Ginkgo is determined by sex chromosomes (XY in male and XX in female). Reproductive bodies of Ginkgo are most primitive among living seed plants except some Cycadales. Ginkgos are dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls, each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around a central axis. Female plants do not produce cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after pollination, one or both develop into seeds. The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
Ginkgo is known as a Living Fossil.Anatomy of Ginkgo clearly shows primary and secondary structures. sex in Ginkgo is determined by sex chromosomes (XY in male and XX in female). Reproductive bodies of Ginkgo are most primitive among living seed plants except some Cycadales. Ginkgos are dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being female and others being male. Male plants produce small pollen cones with sporophylls, each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around a central axis. Female plants do not produce cones. Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after pollination, one or both develop into seeds. The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae.
This is a detailed presentation on Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia spp. with high quality pics and eye capturing transitions and animations
INTRODUCTION Gorgonians are marine coelenterates (referring to the hollow body cavity) of the class Anthozoa, which include sea fans, sea whips, corals, sea anemones, and other related species.
Gorgonids are soft corals commonly known as sea fans or sea whips, coming under the subclass Octocorallia and have eightfold radial symmetry.
It composed of numerous polyps—cylindrical sessile (attached) forms—that grow together in a flat fanlike pattern.
They are colonial animals that have a beautiful, branching structure that is covered by soft tissue and are generally found in warm waters and around reefs.
Seed production and breeding of pearl Oyster &.pptxAbhayBamaniya2
so this presentation includes breeding and seed production of both edible and pearl oyster, which are basically same in a way. note that this does not includes pearl formation in the pearl oyster but after reading this presentation you might learn how to the culture the oyster. good luck! and have fun.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
Sphagnum
1. B O T 1 5 0 – F O RTA L E Z A , M . A .
SPHAGNUM
2. SPHAGNUM
• Taxonomy and Evolutionary History
• Description
• Geographical Distribution
• Morphology
• Life Cycle
• Species Interaction
• Importance & Impacts
• Philippine Context
• Conservation
3. I. TAXONOMY & EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY
• The oldest fossils of the Sphagnopsida belong to the order Protosphagnales.
• Sphagnophyllites triassicus was known to be the oldest species of sphagnum moss
traced from the Triassic period.
• Modern fossils of Sphagnum were dated back from the Jurassic period.
• Taxonomic Key:
Kingdom: Plantae Order: Sphagnales
Division: Bryophyta Family: Sphagnaceae
Class: Bryopsida Genus: Sphagnum
Subclass: Sphagnopsida
4. I. TAXONOMY & EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY
The success of Sphagnum is due to its ability to create a habitat in which few other
plants can flourish.
Its morphology, anatomy, physiology and composition (organo-chemical) make it an
effective ecosystem engineer.
Organochemical properties:
• Consists mainly of polysaccharides, made up of glucose and galacturonic acid units
• Rich in phenols, including the genus specific and very stable Sphagnum acid [p-
hydroxy-beta-(carboxymethyl)-cinnamic acid]
5. II. DESCRIPTION
• Common names: peat moss, bog moss, turf
moss
• ‘Sphagnum’ would refer to the genus of
between 151 and 350 species of mosses.
• It is the only genus of the family
Sphagnaceae.
• They are capable of holding water of about
16-20 times as much as their dry weight,
depending on the species.
• Aside from acting like a sponge, it is also
known for its uses in several aspects.
6. They are found mostly in damp or wet places, beside streams, in wet woodlands, moorlands and
particularly on bogs. They prefer acidic (low pH) soils and they are not found in woods or in areas
with waters that contain the mineral lime.
III. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
7. IV. MORPHOLOGY
The plant exhibits two types of branches:
• pendant branches – aid in capillary movement
• divergent branches – provide the plant structure
A. STEM
- has inner pith and cortical layer
- inner pith: site of food production and storage
- cortical layer: for water absorption and protection
The cortical layer have retort cells that are believed
to help the moss retain water under intense sunlight
and are home to a wide variety of invertebrates and
microorganisms.
8. IV. MORPHOLOGY
B. LEAVES
Sphagnum leaves have unique and unusual
arrangement and they are of two types:
• hyaline cells – large and the most
obvious cells; they have thickened bands
strengthened by fibrils that serve as
supporting material; they help retain water
because they are perforated and dead at
maturity
• chlorophyllous cells – small and slender
cells having chlorophyll to manufacture
food
9. IV. MORPHOLOGY
C. RHIZOIDS
In the absence of roots, rhizoids occur for the Sphagnum moss and these would aid in
anchorage or attachment to their preferred substrate. However, these rhizoids are not
capable of absorbing nutrients.
10. V. LIFE CYCLE
Like other mosses, the Sphagnum also
has alternation of generations where
the haploid gametophyte is dominant
and persistent.
They could either be dioecious or
monoecious but 80% of Sphagnum
species are dioecious.
11. V. LIFE CYCLE
Gametophyte
-have substantial asexual reproduction by
fragmentation, producing much of the living
material in sphagnum peat lands
Sporophyte
-short lived and consists of shiny, black,
spherical spore capsule
-raised on stalks to expose the spores in
aerial setting to facilitate its dispersal
12. V. LIFE CYCLE
• Different kinds of sphagnum mosses grow at
different rates.
• When they die, they do not rot away because
the ground is both wet and acidic.
• Sphagnum mosses produce chemicals which
potentially increases the acidity of water and
further prevent the decay of dead plants.
• The dead remains of sphagnum mosses pile
up and get pressed together to eventually
form the soil we know as peat.
13. VI. SPECIES INTERACTION
Sphagnum mosses provide vital wetland habitats for rare plants and birds.
A. FLORA
• Heathers, bog asphodels, cranberry, bog been and cloudberry
These are colorful plants that grow among sphagnum mosses which are
capable of coping with the harsh conditions in bogs.
• Carnivorous plants (sundew)
They have specially adapted leaves which catch and digest small insects.
14. VI. SPECIES INTERACTION
B. FAUNA
• Huge dragonflies
These dragonflies lay their eggs directly on sphagnum mosses.
• Birds
They feed and nest on bogs, including those rare bird species like the red
throated diver.
• Red deer
They wallow in peat baths to get rid of flies and other parasites.
• Otters and badgers
They search in bogs for eggs and chicks of ground nesting birds.
15. VI. SPECIES INTERACTION
B. FAUNA
• Sphagnum dependent frogs
• Pseudophryne pengilleyi
• Philoria sphagnicola
• Pseudophryne corroboree – assessed by the
IUCN in 2001 as Australia's most endangered
frog
• All these frogs lay their eggs on moist
sphagnum beds instead of laying them on
stagnant waters.
17. VII. IMPORTANCE & IMPACTS
• Ecological Importance
• Soil conditioner – to increase soil’s capacity to hold water and nutrients by increasing capillary forces
and cation exchange capacity
• Preservation:
*plant fragments and pollen – allow reconstruction of past environments
*human bodies – Tollund Man, Haraldskaer Woman, Clanycavan Man, Lindow Man, Egtved Girl
• Due to the acidity of peat, bones are being dissolved rather than being preserved. Peat
beds can also preserve food as a 2000 year old container of butter/lard was found.
18. VII. IMPORTANCE & IMPACTS
• Ecological Importance
Preservation:
This is attributed to a tanning-like process involving 5-keto-D-mannuronic acid, associated with
sphagnan. Sphagnan suppresses microbial activity by strongly binding N through inactivation of exo-
enzymes and by sequestering essential multivalent metal cation by chelation.
19. VII. IMPORTANCE & IMPACTS
Ecological Impact: Peat Fires
Peat has a high carbon content and can
burn under low moisture conditions. Once
ignited by the presence of a heat source
(e.g. a wildfire penetrating the
subsurface), it burns.
Peat fires are emerging as a global threat
with significant economic, social and
ecological impacts.
20. VII. IMPORTANCE & IMPACTS
• Economic Importance
• moss carpets for interior housing accents
• used in making garden compost and added to
potting mix
• critical element for mushroom production
(pinning)
• fuel for heating and cooking; provide roofing for
houses
• Medical Benefits
• when dried, the sphagnum becomes a good
absorbent and mild antiseptic
• used for centuries as dressing for wounds
because it inhibits bacterial and fungal growth
21. HEALTH HAZARD
Sporotrichosis – caused by infection of the
fungus Sporothrix schenckii
• S. schencki is naturally found in
soil, hay, sphagnum moss, and plants, it
usually affects farmers, gardeners, and
agricultural workers.
• It enters through small cuts and
abrasions in the skin to cause the
infection.
• Sporotrichosis can also be acquired from
handling cats with the disease; it is an
occupational hazard for veterinarians.
22. VIII. PHILIPPINE CONTEXT
Frank C. Gates
-In his journal entitled “A Sphagnum Bog in the Tropics” published online through
JSTOR, he was able to identify a bog in the Philippines along with the students of
College of Agriculture, Los Baños. This was located in Mt. San Cristobal, an extinct
volcano 85 km SE of Manila.
-It has a lake of about 45 by 20 meters and the bog was found out to be developing on
the eastern part of the basin, particularly near the bottom.
-However, this investigation was made between 1913 and 1914 and the bog there may
have disintegrated due to climatic changes.
23. VIII. CONSERVATION
• Due to increased urbanization, farming demands, industrial developments and global
warming challenges, several organizations have campaigned to ensure the
conservation and sustainable use of wetlands in different parts of the world.
• Scottish Wildlife WATCH in Scotland and SANBI (South African National Biodiversity
Institute) for South Africa
24. REFERENCES
Bold, H. C. (1967). Morphology of plants. Retrieved August 26, 2012 from
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnum>
Gates, F. C. (1915). A Sphagnum bog in the tropics. Retrieved September 04, 2012 from
<http://www.jstor.org.>
Phephu, N. (2009). Sphagnum. Retrieved August 26, 2012 from
<http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantqrs/sphagnum.htm>
Scottish Natural Heritage and Forestry Commission. All about...sphagnum moss. Retrieved August 26,
2012 from <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/education/sphagnum%20moss.pdf>
Sphagnum moss. Retrieved August 26, 2012 from
<http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Survival/Pages/sphagnummoss.html>
The Public Face of Biology 321, UBC. Introduction to bryophytes. Retrieved August 26, 2012 from
<http://blogs.ubc.ca/biology321/?page_id=54>