Strep Throat
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Strep throat is the most common throat infection caused by bacteria. It is found most often in children between the ages of 5 and 15, although it can occur in younger children and adults. Children younger than 3 years old can get strep infections, but these usually don’t affect the throat. Strep throat infections usually occur in the late fall, winter, and early spring.
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Strep throat
Strep Throat is caused by a Streptococcus bacteria that is commonly spread through sharing items like water bottles or touching surfaces with the bacteria. It causes a sudden, severe sore throat and other symptoms like fever, headache, and stomach ache. Diagnosis involves a throat culture or rapid antigen test to detect the presence of the bacteria. While strep throat is not usually a serious illness, it is important to take the full course of antibiotics prescribed to prevent complications. Simple prevention methods include handwashing, not sharing drinks, and covering coughs and sneezes.
Sore throat and streptococcal pharyngitis
This document discusses sore throats and streptococcal pharyngitis, including causes, diagnosis, and management. Sore throats can be caused by infections like strep throat, allergies, acid reflux, and other issues. Strep throat is a common childhood bacterial infection caused by Group A Streptococcus. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and signs of infection, and confirming with a throat culture or rapid strep test. Treatment of strep throat is usually penicillin or other antibiotics to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Proper diagnosis and treatment can eliminate symptoms and prevent spread of infection.
Respiratory tract infection
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It defines respiratory tract infection and further classifies them as upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), noting that LRTIs such as pneumonia are more serious. It then discusses specific URTIs including the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and their causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments. It also discusses specific LRTIs including bronchitis and pneumonia, their classifications, causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment approaches.
Sore throat
This document discusses the diagnosis of sore throat. It can be caused by various viruses and bacteria that are transmitted through respiratory droplets. Laboratory diagnosis involves collecting a throat swab and examining it under a microscope for pathogens like streptococcus pyogenes or doing cultures on selective media to identify organisms. Tests like bacitracin sensitivity and toxigenic tests help to further identify strep pyogenes and corynebacterium diphtheriae. The Paul Bunnell test detects heterophile antibodies to diagnose sore throat caused by Epstein Barr virus.
Thrush
Thrush is a medical condition caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus in the mouth and throat. Small amounts of Candida are normally present but are kept in balance by the immune system and bacteria. However, illnesses, medications, stress, or other factors can disrupt this balance and cause Candida to grow excessively, resulting in thrush. Symptoms include white patches in the mouth and throat, soreness, and strange tastes. Thrush is diagnosed visually or microscopically and treated with antifungal medications, by addressing its underlying cause, or using home remedies to reduce discomfort.
Anthrax
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It has three main clinical forms - cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation. The inhalation form has a high fatality rate without treatment. Anthrax can be used as a bioterrorism agent by dispersing spores through aerosolization. Vaccines containing protective antigen from B. anthracis have been developed and are recommended for pre-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk groups and post-exposure prophylaxis along with antibiotics after suspected exposure.
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Strep throat
Strep Throat is caused by a Streptococcus bacteria that is commonly spread through sharing items like water bottles or touching surfaces with the bacteria. It causes a sudden, severe sore throat and other symptoms like fever, headache, and stomach ache. Diagnosis involves a throat culture or rapid antigen test to detect the presence of the bacteria. While strep throat is not usually a serious illness, it is important to take the full course of antibiotics prescribed to prevent complications. Simple prevention methods include handwashing, not sharing drinks, and covering coughs and sneezes.
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This document discusses sore throats and streptococcal pharyngitis, including causes, diagnosis, and management. Sore throats can be caused by infections like strep throat, allergies, acid reflux, and other issues. Strep throat is a common childhood bacterial infection caused by Group A Streptococcus. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and signs of infection, and confirming with a throat culture or rapid strep test. Treatment of strep throat is usually penicillin or other antibiotics to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Proper diagnosis and treatment can eliminate symptoms and prevent spread of infection.
Respiratory tract infection
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It defines respiratory tract infection and further classifies them as upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), noting that LRTIs such as pneumonia are more serious. It then discusses specific URTIs including the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and their causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments. It also discusses specific LRTIs including bronchitis and pneumonia, their classifications, causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment approaches.
Sore throat
This document discusses the diagnosis of sore throat. It can be caused by various viruses and bacteria that are transmitted through respiratory droplets. Laboratory diagnosis involves collecting a throat swab and examining it under a microscope for pathogens like streptococcus pyogenes or doing cultures on selective media to identify organisms. Tests like bacitracin sensitivity and toxigenic tests help to further identify strep pyogenes and corynebacterium diphtheriae. The Paul Bunnell test detects heterophile antibodies to diagnose sore throat caused by Epstein Barr virus.
Thrush
Thrush is a medical condition caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus in the mouth and throat. Small amounts of Candida are normally present but are kept in balance by the immune system and bacteria. However, illnesses, medications, stress, or other factors can disrupt this balance and cause Candida to grow excessively, resulting in thrush. Symptoms include white patches in the mouth and throat, soreness, and strange tastes. Thrush is diagnosed visually or microscopically and treated with antifungal medications, by addressing its underlying cause, or using home remedies to reduce discomfort.
Anthrax
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It has three main clinical forms - cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation. The inhalation form has a high fatality rate without treatment. Anthrax can be used as a bioterrorism agent by dispersing spores through aerosolization. Vaccines containing protective antigen from B. anthracis have been developed and are recommended for pre-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk groups and post-exposure prophylaxis along with antibiotics after suspected exposure.
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Diphtheria
This document provides an overview of diphtheria including its introduction, history, epidemiology in India and worldwide, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and control. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as respiratory or cutaneous infection. While immunization has reduced cases in developed countries, it remains endemic in India and other developing areas due to lack of widespread vaccination. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Control relies on maintaining high immunization coverage with DPT vaccine along with identifying and treating cases and carriers.
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This document provides an overview of anthrax, including its history, epidemiology, causative organism, transmission, clinical manifestations, management, prevention and control. It notes that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis spores and primarily affects herbivores. The most common form is cutaneous anthrax, which presents as a characteristic skin lesion. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin. Prevention strategies include vaccinating animals and properly disposing of infected carcasses.
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Diphteria
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection that primarily involves the tonsils, pharynx, nose, and occasionally other mucous membranes. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a toxin that can destroy tissues and organs. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and a gray or white membrane in the throat. Complications can include abnormal heart rhythms, myocarditis, and respiratory obstruction leading to death. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin, oxygen therapy, and supportive care. Vaccination is important to prevent and control diphtheria.
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Mumps is an acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus, which typically involves swelling of the parotid glands. It is spread through direct contact, airborne droplets, or fomites contaminated by saliva. While complications are rare, they can include meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and myocarditis. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms and confirmed through serologic testing or virus isolation. Treatment is supportive, and vaccination provides effective prevention against mumps infection and its complications.
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Measles
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1. Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus that is transmitted via respiratory droplets and spreads from the nasopharynx.
2. Clinical features include an incubation period of 10-12 days followed by a prodrome of fever and cough, appearance of Koplik spots in the mouth, and a maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads.
3. Complications can include diarrhea, otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, and death in rare cases. Vaccination with two doses of the MMR vaccine is recommended for prevention.
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This document discusses anthrax, a serious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It exists in vegetative and spore forms and can cause cutaneous, inhalation, or gastrointestinal infections in humans and various animal species. The document defines anthrax, describes its etiology, types, transmission routes, clinical signs in different species, diagnosis, and treatment. It also discusses anthrax outbreaks in the U.S. in 2001 and transmission between animals.
Rubella
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
Allergic diseases
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction. It is triggered by environmental factors that cause airway hypersensitivity and inflammation. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. While asthma has no cure, symptoms can be controlled through environmental trigger avoidance and medication. Risk factors include family history of allergy or asthma, tobacco smoke exposure, viral infections and low birth weight. Asthma is classified as intermittent or persistent based on frequency of symptoms.
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This document provides an overview of diphtheria including its introduction, history, epidemiology in India and worldwide, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and control. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as respiratory or cutaneous infection. While immunization has reduced cases in developed countries, it remains endemic in India and other developing areas due to lack of widespread vaccination. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Control relies on maintaining high immunization coverage with DPT vaccine along with identifying and treating cases and carriers.
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This document provides an overview of anthrax, including its history, epidemiology, causative organism, transmission, clinical manifestations, management, prevention and control. It notes that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis spores and primarily affects herbivores. The most common form is cutaneous anthrax, which presents as a characteristic skin lesion. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin. Prevention strategies include vaccinating animals and properly disposing of infected carcasses.
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This document provides information on the bacterial infections diphtheria and pertussis. It describes diphtheria as an acute infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a potent exotoxin. Clinical features include a thick gray membrane in the throat and complications affecting the heart, kidneys and nerves. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits ending in a distinctive whoop. Both are highly contagious and can be prevented by vaccination.
D p t
This document discusses Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the bacteria that causes diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough) caused by Bordetella pertussis. It covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria and pertussis. It also discusses the diphtheria and pertussis vaccines, including vaccine formulations, efficacy, recommendations for use in adolescents and adults, and potential adverse reactions.
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Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection that primarily involves the tonsils, pharynx, nose, and occasionally other mucous membranes. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a toxin that can destroy tissues and organs. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and a gray or white membrane in the throat. Complications can include abnormal heart rhythms, myocarditis, and respiratory obstruction leading to death. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin, oxygen therapy, and supportive care. Vaccination is important to prevent and control diphtheria.
Mantoux test
This is all about the Manotux test or Tuberculin test or PPD test done for the screening of Tuberculosis.
The mantoux test
The Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin skin test, is used to determine if a person has been infected with tuberculosis. It involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative into the skin on the lower arm. After 48 to 72 hours, a health care worker measures any induration, or hard, raised area that develops on the arm, which can indicate infection. A positive result is based on the size of the induration and the person's risk factors. While very accurate, the test can sometimes produce false positives or negatives, requiring further evaluation and testing to diagnose active TB disease.
Fever
Fever is the second most common symptom caused by the hypothalamus raising the body's thermoregulatory set point through cytokines like interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon in response to infection or inflammation. There are different types of fever defined by temperature patterns. Fever can be caused by infections, inflammatory conditions, cancers, drugs, or unknown origins in the case of pyrexia of unknown origin. Evaluation involves taking a thorough history and physical exam to determine the cause and guide treatment of the underlying condition and fever.
Whooping cough (pertussis)
Pertussis is also called as Whooping cough is a highly contagious disease mainly of children caused by Bordetella pertussis
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Mumps is an acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus, which typically involves swelling of the parotid glands. It is spread through direct contact, airborne droplets, or fomites contaminated by saliva. While complications are rare, they can include meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and myocarditis. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms and confirmed through serologic testing or virus isolation. Treatment is supportive, and vaccination provides effective prevention against mumps infection and its complications.
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Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is spread through contact with water or soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals like rats. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pains, jaundice and potentially life-threatening complications affecting the lungs, liver or kidneys. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies or the bacteria in blood or tissues. Treatment consists of antibiotics like penicillin or doxycycline. Prevention focuses on controlling rodents, limiting exposure to contaminated water, and vaccinating at-risk animals and humans.
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Measles is a highly contagious viral infection characterized by a maculopapular rash. It is caused by measles virus and spreads through respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Koplik spots may appear in the mouth before the rash. Complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical presentation. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, with supportive care and antibiotics for secondary infections. Prevention involves vaccination and quarantine after exposure.
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This document provides information about measles including:
1. Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus that is transmitted via respiratory droplets and spreads from the nasopharynx.
2. Clinical features include an incubation period of 10-12 days followed by a prodrome of fever and cough, appearance of Koplik spots in the mouth, and a maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads.
3. Complications can include diarrhea, otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, and death in rare cases. Vaccination with two doses of the MMR vaccine is recommended for prevention.
Anthrax
This document discusses anthrax, a serious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It exists in vegetative and spore forms and can cause cutaneous, inhalation, or gastrointestinal infections in humans and various animal species. The document defines anthrax, describes its etiology, types, transmission routes, clinical signs in different species, diagnosis, and treatment. It also discusses anthrax outbreaks in the U.S. in 2001 and transmission between animals.
Rubella
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
Allergic diseases
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction. It is triggered by environmental factors that cause airway hypersensitivity and inflammation. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. While asthma has no cure, symptoms can be controlled through environmental trigger avoidance and medication. Risk factors include family history of allergy or asthma, tobacco smoke exposure, viral infections and low birth weight. Asthma is classified as intermittent or persistent based on frequency of symptoms.
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Adenoiditis
The document discusses adenoiditis, an infection of the adenoids. The adenoids are located behind the nose and help fight infection by trapping germs. When infected, the adenoids can become swollen and sore, making breathing difficult and causing ear problems. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and fever. Diagnosis involves examination of the throat and testing of throat swabs. Treatment consists of antibiotics if tests indicate strep infection. For recurrent infections, adenoidectomy surgery may be required to remove the adenoids.
Croup syndrome
Croup is a viral condition that causes swelling around the vocal cords and results in a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and hoarse voice. It is most common in children under 5 years old and is caused by viruses like parainfluenza that also cause the common cold. Mild cases are treated with cough medicine, humidifiers, and pain relievers at home. Severe cases requiring breathing treatments or steroids are treated in the emergency room. Prevention focuses on hand washing and vaccinations to avoid the viruses that cause croup.
Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis, commonly known as a sore throat, is inflammation of the pharynx usually caused by viral infections like the common cold. Symptoms include soreness, difficulty swallowing, and fever. While most cases are viral and self-limiting, bacterial infections like strep throat require antibiotics. Proper diagnosis involves examination of the throat and potential testing. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms for viral cases and antibiotics for bacterial infections. Maintaining good hygiene can help prevent pharyngitis.
MCQs Techniques
This document provides tips for studying and answering multiple choice questions (MCQs) to improve exam outcomes. It outlines 10 tips for studying MCQs, such as writing a study plan, studying in groups, and focusing on important topics. It also gives 10 tips for answering MCQs, like paying attention to key words, using logical thinking, and not changing answers unless certain. Examples are provided of MCQ questions on common pediatric respiratory conditions like bronchiolitis, epiglottitis, and croup. Strategies are suggested for quick revision summaries, updates with evidence-based medicine, and writing abstracts. The overall aim is to help maximize learning from each MCQ encountered.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the air sacs in one or both lungs caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Symptoms include cough, phlegm, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia ranges from mild to life-threatening, especially for infants/young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough medicine, and fever reducers to cure the infection and prevent complications.
Managing Respiratory Infections
This document provides information about managing respiratory infections, including:
- The key difference between viral and bacterial infections and how antibiotics only treat bacterial infections.
- The main types of respiratory infections: common cold/sore throat, sinus infection, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
- Treatment options for respiratory infections, including when antibiotics may be needed versus using home remedies.
Staph research paper
This document discusses Staphylococcal infections, also known as staph infections. It begins by explaining that staph is a common bacterial infection that usually presents as boils or pimples on the skin. If not treated properly, staph can develop into the more serious MRSA. The document then covers signs and symptoms, risk factors, methods of transmission, diagnostic tests, treatment options involving antibiotics and drainage, prevention through hygiene, and good prognosis with proper treatment.
What is a sore throat
A sore throat is typically caused by a viral infection like a cold or flu, but can also be caused by bacterial infections like strep throat. The main symptom is throat pain that worsens with swallowing. Penicillin is still considered the best antibiotic for treating strep throat, as it has been shown to effectively kill the Streptococcus bacteria without promoting resistance. However, other antibiotics like amoxicillin, azithromycin, or cephalosporins can be used if there is a penicillin allergy. Treatment involves taking the full course of antibiotics as prescribed to ensure the infection is fully treated.
Facts About Swine Flu
Swine flu symptoms are similar to regular flu and include fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, and cold symptoms. While most people feel better within 2-3 weeks, some high risk groups can develop severe complications. Antiviral drugs like Tamiflu and Relenza can reduce symptom duration if taken within 48 hours, and are prescribed based on symptoms and risk factors. Proper hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes, avoiding sick people, and getting vaccinated can help prevent spread of the virus.
Ultimate Guide To Combat Warning Signs Of Strep Throat
Strep throat is a bacterial infection that causes pain and inflammation in the throat and the tonsils. You’ll have a sudden sore throat along with a fever over 101°F. Mostly school going children and teenagers suffer from this bacterial infection.
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Whooping cough is a highly contagious disease caused by pertussis bacteria and may lead to death, particularly in infants less than 12 months of age. Whooping cough is preventable but Although it can be prevented by routine vaccination, it still affects many people, it can have serious complications including death. Management is only supportive. The majority need to be vaccinated to help protect those too young to be vaccinated.
Sore throat, diagnosis and management for Pharmacist
This document provides guidance for pharmacists on diagnosing and treating sore throats. It outlines that most sore throats are viral and self-limiting, though some information should be collected from patients to identify possible bacterial infections or conditions requiring referral. Treatment typically involves over-the-counter mouthwashes, sprays, lozenges and pastilles containing antiseptics, anti-inflammatories or local anesthetics. Referral is recommended if symptoms persist after 5 days or if hoarseness, difficulty swallowing or certain throat appearances are present.
H1 N1
The H1N1 flu virus emerged in 2009 and is a new strain of influenza that most affects young and healthy individuals. It spreads similarly to seasonal flu through coughs, sneezes or touching contaminated surfaces. While symptoms are usually mild, some groups like pregnant women and those with underlying medical conditions have a higher risk of severe illness. Antiviral medications can reduce complications, and vaccination is recommended for at-risk groups. Preventative measures include hand washing, covering coughs and staying home when sick.
H1N1 Influenza
The H1N1 flu virus emerged in 2009 and is a new strain of influenza that most affects young and healthy individuals. It spreads similarly to seasonal flu through coughs, sneezes or touching contaminated surfaces. While symptoms are usually mild, some groups like pregnant women and those with underlying medical conditions have a higher risk of severe illness. Antiviral medications can reduce complications, and vaccination is recommended for at-risk groups. Preventative measures include hand washing, covering coughs and staying home when sick.
Mumps, measles nd rubella
Mumps is a contagious viral infection that is transmitted through saliva or mucus from an infected person and causes swelling of the salivary glands. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and swelling of the parotid glands located below the ears. While mumps is usually mild and self-limiting, complications can include meningitis, pancreatitis, or orchitis in males. Vaccination with two doses of the MMR vaccine is highly effective at preventing mumps.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection of the throat and respiratory system caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and a gray membrane in the throat that can cause breathing difficulties. Without treatment, diphtheria can damage the heart, kidneys and nervous system, and it is fatal in 10% of cases. Today, diphtheria is rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination programs. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
Infection
This document provides information on various infectious diseases including influenza, tuberculosis, and general infection control practices. It describes how influenza and tuberculosis spread from person to person and their common symptoms. It recommends annual flu vaccines, proper hand hygiene including washing hands with soap and water before and after contact with patients, and testing and treatment for those exposed to tuberculosis.
Swineflu
Swine flu, also called H1N1, is a respiratory virus that spreads from person to person like seasonal flu. It can cause mild to severe illness and even death. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and fatigue. While there is no vaccine yet, antiviral drugs can treat and prevent swine flu infections. To avoid spreading germs, people should cover coughs and sneezes, wash hands frequently, and stay home if sick.
Nasal polyps - a detailed medical study
Nasal polyps (NP) are noncancerous growths within the nose or sinuses , A painless growth on the lining of the nose or sinuses. Nasal polyp treatment usually starts with drugs, such as corticosteroids, which can make even large polyps shrink or disappear. However, some foods like soy, dairy, eggs, yeast, and gluten-containing products such as wheat, which may trigger an allergic reaction, should be avoided. Other common allergens include certain food additives and preservatives such as benzoates, tartrazine, monosodium glutamate, and sulfites.
In clinical watching now a days more than drugs we are recorrecting this condition with surgical options , and found it more beneficial and also be done easily ……………………thank you
Pneumonia-medical information (symptoms , management , diagnosis)
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
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Similar to Strep Throat (20)
Ultimate Guide To Combat Warning Signs Of Strep Throat
Ultimate Guide To Combat Warning Signs Of Strep Throat
Sore throat, diagnosis and management for Pharmacist
Sore throat, diagnosis and management for Pharmacist
Pneumonia-medical information (symptoms , management , diagnosis)
Pneumonia-medical information (symptoms , management , diagnosis)
More from fitango
Corneal Injury
Corneal injury describes an injury to the
cornea. The cornea is the crystal clear (transparent) tissue covering the front
of the eye. It works with the lens of the eye to focus images on the retina.
Viral Gastroenteritis
Have you ever had
the "stomach flu?" What you probably had was gastroenteritis - not a
type of flu at all. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the
intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is
the second most common illness in the U.S. It spreads through contaminated food
or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent
hand washing.
Symptoms of
gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever
and chills. Most people recover with no treatment.
The most common
problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. This happens if you do not drink
enough fluids to replace what you lose through vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration
is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak
immune systems.
Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by bacteria. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. Doctors diagnose it by examining patients for dehydration and testing stool samples. Treatment focuses on rehydration. Most cases resolve in a few days without antibiotics. It often occurs from eating contaminated food from improper handling or storage. Proper hygiene and food safety can help prevent bacterial gastroenteritis.
Medical solutions
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences. Effective treatment employs both medication and behavioral therapies tailored to the individual, with the goal of stopping drug use and supporting long-term recovery. Treatment approaches may include detoxification, individual/group counseling, therapeutic communities, and medications to ease withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Treatment is most successful when it addresses all aspects of an individual's life and continues over an extended period of time.
Addiction
Addiction results when a person ingests a
substance (alcohol, cocaine, or nicotine, for example) or repeatedly takes part
in an activity (gambling) that can be pleasurable, but the continued use of
which becomes compulsive and interferes with everyday life.
Common addictions include:
-- Alcohol abuse
-- Drug abuse
-- Exercise abuse
-- Pornography
-- Gambling
Classic symptoms of addiction include
impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with
substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Behavior
patterns and habits associated with addiction are commonly characterized by the
pursuit of immediate gratification, coupled with negative long-term effects.
Physiological dependence results when the
body is unable to function normally in the absence of the substance or
behavior. This state produces the conditions of tolerance and withdrawl.
Tolerance is the result of the body
requiring larger volumes of the substance or stimulus in order to achieve the
original effects.
Withdrawal is the physical and
psychological symptoms experienced when the body no longer receives the
substance in the same quantities it has become reliant upon.
Cold Weather Safety
When winter temperatures drop significantly below normal, staying
warm and safe can become a challenge. Extremely cold temperatures
often accompany a winter storm, so you may have to cope with power failures and icy roads. Although staying indoors as much as possible can help reduce the risk of car crashes and falls on the ice, you may also face indoor hazards.
Many homes will be too cold—either due to a power failure or because the heating system isn't adequate for the weather. When people must use space heaters and fireplaces to stay warm, the risk of household fires increases, as well as the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Exposure to cold temperatures, whether indoors or outside, can cause other serious or life-threatening health problems. Infants and the elderly are particularly at risk, but anyone can be affected. To keep yourself and your family safe, you should know how to prevent cold-related health problems and what to do if a cold-weather health emergency arises. The emergency procedures outlined here are not a substitute for training in first aid. However, these procedures will help you to know when to seek medical care and what to do until help becomes available.
Stay safe while you work
Maintaining a healthy office environment requires attention to chemical hazards, equipment and work station design, physical environment (temperature, humidity, light, noise, ventilation, and space), task design, psychological factors (personal interactions, work pace, job control) and sometimes, chemical or other environmental exposures.
A well-designed office allows each employee to work comfortably without needing to over-reach, sit or stand too long, or use awkward postures (correct ergonomic design). Sometimes, equipment or furniture changes are the best solution to allow employees to work comfortably. On other occasions, the equipment may be satisfactory but the task could be redesigned. For example, studies have shown that those working at computers have less discomfort with short, hourly breaks.
Situations in offices that can lead to injury or illness range from physical hazards (such as cords across walkways, leaving low drawers open, objects falling from overhead) to task-related (speed or repetition, duration, job control, etc.), environmental (chemical or biological sources) or design-related hazards (such as nonadjustable furniture or equipment). Job stress that results when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities or resources of the worker may also result in illness.
Tobacco substitutes
When quitting smoking many people feel the need
for help in the form of a tobacco substitute. There are a wide variety of
different products billed as alternatives to smoking that are supposedly healthier.
The main additive in cigarettes that makes them so addictive is
nicotine. Hence most of the products that aim to replace smoking are nicotine
replacements such as nicotine gum, inhalers, patches and medications.
Other products are sold as smokeless tobacco such as snuff and hookah or as better because they are low yield cigarettes. Not all of these smoking substitutes are
healthy or even better than cigarettes.
Strategies
Tobacco use can lead to nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Cessation can significantly reduce the risk of suffering from smoking-related diseases. Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that often requires repeated interventions, but effective treatments and helpful resources exist. Smokers can and do quit smoking. In fact, today there are more former smokers than current smokers.
Staying away
This document provides strategies for reducing alcohol consumption or abstaining from drinking. It suggests keeping track of alcohol intake, setting limits on drinking days and quantities, pacing drinks and having non-alcoholic drinks between alcoholic ones. Avoiding triggers for drinking and planning responses to resist social pressure are also recommended. Practicing refusal skills by role playing expected situations can help build confidence to say no to drink offers. The goal is for the reader to choose strategies that work for them and maintain control over their own drinking choices.
Relapse
Don't give up
Changing habits such as smoking, overeating, or drinking too much can take a lot of effort, and you may not succeed with the first try. Setbacks are common, but you learn more each time. Each try brings you closer to your goal. Whatever course you choose, give it a fair trial.
If one approach doesn't work, try something else. If a setback happens, get back on track as quickly as possible. In the long run, your chances for success are good.
Research shows that most heavy drinkers, even those with alcoholism, either cut back significantly or quit.
Withdrawal
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that people who have a history of alcoholism experience when they stop drinking. People who are casual drinkers rarely have withdrawal symptoms.
People who have gone through withdrawal before are more likely to have withdrawal symptoms each time they quit drinking.
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can range from severe to mild, and can include:
-- Insomnia
-- Nightmares
-- Irritability
-- Fatigue
-- Shakes
-- Sweats
-- Anxiety
-- Depression
-- Headaches
-- Decreased appetite
Severe withdrawal symptoms include fever, convulsions and delirium tremens (DTs). Those who experience DTs may become confused, anxious and even have hallucinations. DTs can be very serious if they are not treated by a doctor.
Preventative Health
Eat healthy
-- Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains every day.
-- Limit foods and drinks high in calories, sugar, salt, fat, and alcohol.
-- Eat a balanced diet to help keep a healthy weight.
--
Men ages 60+
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test,
you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and
loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women
to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to
have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than
twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications
related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an
immunization.
The single most important way you can take
care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health
care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your
doctor. This site will help you get started.
Men ages 35-60
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
Men ages 18-35
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
Cancer Screening
The document provides information about various types of cancer screening tests for women. It discusses screening for breast cancer via mammogram, clinical breast exam, and breast self-exam. It also discusses screening for cervical cancer via Pap test and sometimes HPV test, as well as screening guidelines. The document notes there is no reliable screening for ovarian, uterine, vaginal or vulvar cancers but discusses risk factors and symptoms to watch for.
Safety
Injury is the #1 killer of children and teens in the United States. In 2009, more than 9,000 youth age 0-19 died from unintentional injuries in the United States. Millions more children suffer injuries requiring treatment in the emergency department. Leading causes of child injury include motor vehicle crashes, suffocation, drowning, poisoning, fires, and falls.1 Child injury is predictable and preventable. It is also among the most under-recognized public health problems facing our country today.
Progress has been made in preventing child injury. Child injury death rates have decreased 29% in the last decade.2 Yet injury is still the leading cause of death for children and teens. More can be done to keep our children safe.
Shiatsu
Shiatsu is a physical therapy that supports
and strengthens the body’s natural ability to heal and balance itself. It works
on the whole person - not just a physical body, but also a psychological,
emotional and spiritual being.
Shiatsu originated in Japan from traditional
Chinese medicine, with influences from more recent Western therapies. Although
shiatsu means ‘finger pressure’ in Japanese, in practise a practitioner uses
touch, comfortable pressure and manipulative techniques to adjust the body’s
physical structure and balance its energy flow. It is a deeply relaxing
experience and regular treatments can alleviate stress and illness and maintain
health and well-being.
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Strep Throat
- 1. Fitango Education Health Topics Strep Throat http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=213
- 2. Overview Strep throat is the most common throat infection caused by bacteria. It is found most often in children between the ages of 5 and 15, although it can occur in younger 1
- 3. Overview children and adults. Children younger than 3 years old can get strep infections, but these usually don’t affect the throat. Strep throat infections usually occur in the late fall, winter, and early spring. 2
- 4. Causes Strep throat is usually caused by group A streptococcus bacteria. Your healthcare provider may call the infection "acute streptococcal pharyngitis." 3
- 5. Symptoms If you have strep throat infection, you will have a red and painful sore throat and may have white patches on your tonsils. You also may have swollen lymph nodes in your neck, run a fever, and 4
- 6. Symptoms have a headache. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain can occur but are more common in children than in adults. You can get sick within 3 days after being exposed to the germ. Once infected, you can pass the infection to others for up 5
- 7. Symptoms to 2 to 3 weeks even if you don’t have symptoms. After 24 hours of taking antibiotics, you will no longer spread the bacteria to others. 6
- 8. Diagnosis Your healthcare provider will take a throat swab to find out if you have strep throat infection. This will be used for a culture (a type of laboratory test) or a rapid strep test, which only takes 10 7
- 9. Diagnosis to 20 minutes. If the result of the rapid test is negative, you may get a followup culture, which takes 24 to 48 hours, to confirm the results. If the culture test is also negative, your healthcare provider may suspect you do not 8
- 10. Diagnosis have strep, but rather another type of infection. The results of these throat cultures will help your healthcare provider decide on the best treatment. Most sore throats are caused by viruses, and antibiotics are useless against viruses. 9
- 11. Treatment If you have strep throat, your healthcare provider will prescribe an antibiotic. This will help lessen symptoms. After 24 hours of taking the medicine, you will no longer be able to spread the 10
- 12. Treatment infection to others. Treatment will also reduce the chance of complications. Current guidelines by expert groups recommend penicillin as the medicine of choice for treating strep throat because penicillin has been proven to be effective, safe, and inexpensive. Your 11
- 13. Treatment healthcare provider may instruct you to the take pills for 10 days or give you a shot. If you are allergic to penicillin there are other antibiotics your healthcare provider can give you to clear up the illness. During treatment, you may start to feel 12
- 14. Treatment better within 4 days. This can happen even without treatment. Still, it is very important to finish all your medicine to prevent complications. 13