Waldeyer's ring consists of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx including the palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils, and adenoids. The document discusses the anatomy, histology, blood supply, innervation and functions of these structures. It also covers common conditions that involve the tonsils such as tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, adenoiditis and pharyngitis. The causes, signs, symptoms and treatment of these conditions are described.
Chronic tonsillitis has several causes including complications from acute sinusitis or subclinical infections of the tonsils or sinuses. It most commonly affects children and young adults. There are three main types: chronic follicular tonsillitis where the tonsillar crypts are full of infected material; chronic parenchymatous tonsillitis with enlarged lymphoid tissue; and chronic fibroid tonsillitis where the tonsils are small but infected. Clinical features include recurrent sore throats, throat irritation, bad breath, and difficulty swallowing. Examination may show enlarged or small tonsils with pus or debris. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess, tonsilloliths, or intratonsillar
Acute tonsillitis is usually caused by streptococcal bacteria or viruses like adenovirus. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and pain when swallowing. On examination, the tonsils are red and swollen with pus or debris in the crypts and enlarged lymph nodes. Treatment involves rest, fluids, antibiotics if bacterial, and surgery for complications like abscesses or recurrent infections. Chronic tonsillitis is caused by repeated acute infections and leads to tonsil enlargement, scarring, and sore throat. Tonsillectomy may be recommended for recurring infections, obstructive symptoms, or focal infection.
This document discusses the anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of tonsillitis. It describes the anatomy of the palatine tonsils and their location in the oropharynx. It explains that tonsillitis is commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections, and presents as sore throat, difficulty swallowing and fever. The types of acute tonsillitis - catarrhal, follicular and membranous - are outlined. Treatment involves rest, fluids, analgesics and antibiotics. Complications and differential diagnoses are also summarized.
Acute laryngitis is swelling of the laryngeal mucosa that is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. The main symptoms are hoarseness, throat discomfort, and cough. Treatment focuses on voice rest, steam inhalations, medications to reduce symptoms, and antibiotics for bacterial infections. Acute laryngitis in children can sometimes lead to laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) or subglottic laryngitis (pseudocroup), which present more urgently with stridor, dyspnea, and cyanosis and may require hospitalization, oxygen, steroids, or intubation. Rare forms of acute laryngitis include membranous laryngitis, acute epig
Adenoids are lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx that are typically not visible through the mouth. Adenoid hypertrophy can be caused by chronic inflammation and causes nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, ear infections, and sinus infections. Indications for surgery include recurrent ear or sinus infections, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiopulmonary complications. Treatment involves antibiotics initially and adenoidectomy or tonsilloadenoidectomy for persistent or severe cases.
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
Chronic tonsillitis refers to chronic inflammation of the palatine tonsils. It is characterized by (1) complaints reported by the patient such as recurring sore throats, (2) disruption of the tonsils' drainage function, and (3) morphological changes seen on histological examination. Compensated chronic tonsillitis presents with no complaints but local signs of inflammation, while decompensated chronic tonsillitis results in frequent sore throats, abscesses, and possible complications affecting other organs. Adenoid hypertrophy involves enlargement of the lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx and can partially or fully block the nasal cavity, leading to various respiratory, ear, facial, dental, sleep
Chronic tonsillitis has several causes including complications from acute sinusitis or subclinical infections of the tonsils or sinuses. It most commonly affects children and young adults. There are three main types: chronic follicular tonsillitis where the tonsillar crypts are full of infected material; chronic parenchymatous tonsillitis with enlarged lymphoid tissue; and chronic fibroid tonsillitis where the tonsils are small but infected. Clinical features include recurrent sore throats, throat irritation, bad breath, and difficulty swallowing. Examination may show enlarged or small tonsils with pus or debris. Complications can include peritonsillar abscess, tonsilloliths, or intratonsillar
Acute tonsillitis is usually caused by streptococcal bacteria or viruses like adenovirus. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and pain when swallowing. On examination, the tonsils are red and swollen with pus or debris in the crypts and enlarged lymph nodes. Treatment involves rest, fluids, antibiotics if bacterial, and surgery for complications like abscesses or recurrent infections. Chronic tonsillitis is caused by repeated acute infections and leads to tonsil enlargement, scarring, and sore throat. Tonsillectomy may be recommended for recurring infections, obstructive symptoms, or focal infection.
This document discusses the anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of tonsillitis. It describes the anatomy of the palatine tonsils and their location in the oropharynx. It explains that tonsillitis is commonly caused by bacterial or viral infections, and presents as sore throat, difficulty swallowing and fever. The types of acute tonsillitis - catarrhal, follicular and membranous - are outlined. Treatment involves rest, fluids, analgesics and antibiotics. Complications and differential diagnoses are also summarized.
Acute laryngitis is swelling of the laryngeal mucosa that is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. The main symptoms are hoarseness, throat discomfort, and cough. Treatment focuses on voice rest, steam inhalations, medications to reduce symptoms, and antibiotics for bacterial infections. Acute laryngitis in children can sometimes lead to laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) or subglottic laryngitis (pseudocroup), which present more urgently with stridor, dyspnea, and cyanosis and may require hospitalization, oxygen, steroids, or intubation. Rare forms of acute laryngitis include membranous laryngitis, acute epig
Adenoids are lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx that are typically not visible through the mouth. Adenoid hypertrophy can be caused by chronic inflammation and causes nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, ear infections, and sinus infections. Indications for surgery include recurrent ear or sinus infections, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiopulmonary complications. Treatment involves antibiotics initially and adenoidectomy or tonsilloadenoidectomy for persistent or severe cases.
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
Chronic tonsillitis refers to chronic inflammation of the palatine tonsils. It is characterized by (1) complaints reported by the patient such as recurring sore throats, (2) disruption of the tonsils' drainage function, and (3) morphological changes seen on histological examination. Compensated chronic tonsillitis presents with no complaints but local signs of inflammation, while decompensated chronic tonsillitis results in frequent sore throats, abscesses, and possible complications affecting other organs. Adenoid hypertrophy involves enlargement of the lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx and can partially or fully block the nasal cavity, leading to various respiratory, ear, facial, dental, sleep
The document discusses pharyngitis, including that it is a common condition with many unanswered questions about its causes and treatment, and describes the symptoms, signs, and management of both acute and chronic forms of pharyngitis which can be caused by viral, bacterial, and other infectious agents and environmental irritants.
Nasal polyps are non-cancerous masses of swollen nasal or sinus mucosa. There are two main types: bilateral ethmoidal polyps and antrochoanal polyps. Bilateral ethmoidal polyps commonly arise from inflammatory conditions like rhinosinusitis or disorders of ciliary motility. Antrochoanal polyps originate from the maxillary sinus near its opening and grow into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, loss of smell, headache and discharge. Signs include pale grape-like masses seen on nasal examination. Treatment involves polypectomy or endoscopic sinus surgery. Recurrence is less common for antrochoanal polyps if completely removed from their
The document summarizes acute epiglottitis, an inflammatory condition of the supraglottic structures including the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and arytenoids that can cause airway obstruction. It describes the anatomy of the epiglottis, causes including H. influenzae infection, symptoms of sore throat and difficulty swallowing, signs of fever and swelling of the epiglottis, diagnosis through examination and imaging, complications of spread of infection, treatment with antibiotics, steroids, and intubation if needed, and good prognosis with timely treatment but risk of sudden airway obstruction.
This document discusses chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). It defines CRS and outlines its main subtypes and symptoms. It describes the histopathology and pathomechanisms involved, as well as common comorbidities. Diagnosis involves nasal endoscopy, CT scans, and allergy testing. Treatment includes topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, and surgery for refractory cases.
This document discusses various conditions affecting the external ear canal, including:
- Otitis externa (swimmer's ear), which can range from mild to severe bacterial infections. Pseudomonas and Staph are common causes. Treatment involves cleaning, topical antibiotics, and pain control.
- Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal most often caused by Aspergillus or Candida. Symptoms are similar to bacterial otitis but with more pruritus. Treatment involves thorough cleaning and topical antifungals.
- Necrotizing external otitis is a potentially lethal Pseudomonas infection seen in diabetics and immunocompromised patients.
This document discusses various causes of stridor, which is an abnormal high pitched respiratory noise caused by partial airway obstruction. It covers different types of stridor and their etiologies in neonates, children and adults. Key causes discussed include laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, croup, epiglottitis, diphtheria, tumors and foreign body obstruction. The document provides details on clinical assessment, investigations and management approaches for different stridor conditions.
This document discusses acute otitis media (AOM), an inflammation of the middle ear. It notes that AOM commonly affects young children and is usually caused by bacteria spreading from the nose and throat via the Eustachian tube. The document outlines the typical stages of AOM from initial tube blockage to potential complications if left untreated. It recommends initial treatment with antibiotics, pain medication, and ear drops followed by myringotomy if symptoms persist to drain fluid and release pressure on the eardrum. Underlying conditions like chronic rhinitis or adenoiditis can predispose children to recurrent AOM.
This document discusses acute tonsillitis, including the histology and classification of tonsils, the different types of acute tonsillitis, their symptoms, signs, etiology, treatment and potential complications. The main types discussed are acute catarrhal/superficial tonsillitis, acute membranous tonsillitis, acute follicular tonsillitis and acute parenchymatous tonsillitis. The etiology is primarily bacterial or viral infection, with common bacteria being Hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Pneumococcus. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever and constitutional symptoms like headache and malaise. Treatment involves rest, fluids, analgesics and antibiotics like penicillin for 7-
Nasal polyps can be either antrochoanal polyps, typically seen in children, or ethmoid polyps, more common in adults. Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and extend backwards towards the nasopharynx, while ethmoid polyps originate in the ethmoid sinuses and grow forwards, often bilaterally. Treatment involves surgical removal of antrochoanal polyps and may require postoperative antibiotics to prevent recurrence, whereas ethmoid polyps are usually first treated medically with steroids and antihistamines and only require surgery if medical treatment fails or for large polyps.
Both acute and chronic pharyngitis are common diseases and they are important for the students to understand, Moreover acute tonsillitis is also very common and it becomes one of the most important causes of throat pain and fever.
This document discusses differential diagnoses of nasal obstruction and neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It provides a list of structural, infectious, allergic and other causes of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction. It also classifies benign and malignant nasal tumors and describes the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of inverted papilloma and sinonasal carcinomas such as maxillary sinus carcinoma. The treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma includes surgery such as total maxillectomy with options like orbital exenteration or anterior cranio-facial resection depending on tumor extent.
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical students under supervision of a lecturer. Reference were not attached here, but all information are from google, few textbooks and also from previous ENT posting's seminar.
This document discusses laryngomalacia (LM), which is the most common cause of stridor in infants. LM is a congenital laryngeal anomaly characterized by inward collapse of the supraglottic structures during inspiration, leading to airway obstruction. It is often associated with prematurity, male sex, neurological impairment, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Flexible laryngoscopy is used to classify LM severity and diagnose it, while microlaryngoscopy provides the best view of laryngeal structures. Treatment involves observation, medical management of reflux, or supraglottoplasty surgery for severe cases causing respiratory distress. Supraglottoplasty removes redundant supraglottic tissue to widen
This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including:
- The blood supply and common bleeding sites in the nose, especially Little's area.
- Causes of epistaxis including local factors like trauma, infections, and tumors as well as general factors like hypertension.
- Differences between anterior and posterior nosebleeds.
- Management approaches like first aid, cauterization, nasal packing, and ligation of arteries in severe cases.
- Measures like bed rest, monitoring, antibiotics, and treating underlying causes are also important.
Acute mastoiditis is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the mastoid air cells caused by bacteria or viruses. It presents with earache, fever, and ear discharge. On examination, the mastoid area is tender and the posterior meatal wall may be sagging. Complications can include abscesses, meningitis, or thrombophlebitis if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes myringotomy or cortical mastoidectomy surgery.
This document discusses acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), including its definition, stages, bacteriology, treatment, and potential complications. ASOM is a pyogenic infection of the middle ear cleft lasting less than 3 weeks that is caused most commonly by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, or moraxella catarrhalis. It progresses through stages of hyperemia, exudation, suppuration, and sometimes coalescent mastoiditis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes myringotomy to drain the ear. Complications can include subperiosteal abscess, vertigo, or mastoiditis if not properly treated.
Malignant otitis externa is an aggressive infection of the external ear and skull base that commonly affects older diabetics. It is caused mainly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria invading the external ear canal and spreading through fissures in the bone. Symptoms include severe ear pain, discharge, and potentially cranial nerve palsies. Diagnosis involves culture, imaging like CT showing bone destruction, and ruling out other causes. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, tight blood sugar control, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen or surgery. Prognosis has improved but mortality remains high if the infection spreads intracranially or causes multiple cranial neuropathies.
This document lists and describes various medical instruments used in ear, nose, throat, and neck examinations and procedures. Some of the key instruments mentioned include the head mirror for ENT exams, aural speculums for ear exams, nasal speculums for nasal exams, laryngeal mirrors for larynx exams, dressing forceps for ear or nose procedures, tonsil holding forceps and tonsillectomy instruments for tonsillectomy surgery, adenoid curettes for adenoidectomy, and tracheostomy tubes for tracheostomy procedures.
This document discusses diseases of the tonsils and adenoids. It describes the anatomy and functions of the tonsils and adenoids. The tonsils and adenoids are part of the lymphatic system and help fight infections in children. Common diseases that can affect the tonsils include acute and chronic tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis causes symptoms like sore throat and fever. Complications may include peritonsillar abscesses if not treated. Adenoids are located in the nasopharynx and can cause nasal obstruction if enlarged. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of enlarged adenoids.
applied anatomy and diseases of tonsilbrindya syam
The tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx. They have crypts that can become infected, leading to acute tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis can be follicular, parenchymatous, or membranous depending on the location and extent of infection and inflammation. Chronic tonsillitis is usually due to recurrent infections and can be follicular or parenchymatous, causing enlarged tonsils. Conditions like peritonsillar abscess or diphtheria can complicate acute tonsillitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes tonsillectomy for chronic cases. The lingual tonsils can also get infected, causing pain and difficulty swallowing
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and types of acute and chronic tonsillitis. It describes the location and structures of the palatine tonsils. Acute tonsillitis is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections and causes sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. It can be superficial, follicular, membranous, or parenchymatous. Chronic tonsillitis is a complication of repeated acute infections and can be follicular, parenchymatous, or fibroid. Symptoms include recurrent sore throats and tonsil enlargement may require tonsillectomy.
The document discusses pharyngitis, including that it is a common condition with many unanswered questions about its causes and treatment, and describes the symptoms, signs, and management of both acute and chronic forms of pharyngitis which can be caused by viral, bacterial, and other infectious agents and environmental irritants.
Nasal polyps are non-cancerous masses of swollen nasal or sinus mucosa. There are two main types: bilateral ethmoidal polyps and antrochoanal polyps. Bilateral ethmoidal polyps commonly arise from inflammatory conditions like rhinosinusitis or disorders of ciliary motility. Antrochoanal polyps originate from the maxillary sinus near its opening and grow into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, loss of smell, headache and discharge. Signs include pale grape-like masses seen on nasal examination. Treatment involves polypectomy or endoscopic sinus surgery. Recurrence is less common for antrochoanal polyps if completely removed from their
The document summarizes acute epiglottitis, an inflammatory condition of the supraglottic structures including the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and arytenoids that can cause airway obstruction. It describes the anatomy of the epiglottis, causes including H. influenzae infection, symptoms of sore throat and difficulty swallowing, signs of fever and swelling of the epiglottis, diagnosis through examination and imaging, complications of spread of infection, treatment with antibiotics, steroids, and intubation if needed, and good prognosis with timely treatment but risk of sudden airway obstruction.
This document discusses chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). It defines CRS and outlines its main subtypes and symptoms. It describes the histopathology and pathomechanisms involved, as well as common comorbidities. Diagnosis involves nasal endoscopy, CT scans, and allergy testing. Treatment includes topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, and surgery for refractory cases.
This document discusses various conditions affecting the external ear canal, including:
- Otitis externa (swimmer's ear), which can range from mild to severe bacterial infections. Pseudomonas and Staph are common causes. Treatment involves cleaning, topical antibiotics, and pain control.
- Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear canal most often caused by Aspergillus or Candida. Symptoms are similar to bacterial otitis but with more pruritus. Treatment involves thorough cleaning and topical antifungals.
- Necrotizing external otitis is a potentially lethal Pseudomonas infection seen in diabetics and immunocompromised patients.
This document discusses various causes of stridor, which is an abnormal high pitched respiratory noise caused by partial airway obstruction. It covers different types of stridor and their etiologies in neonates, children and adults. Key causes discussed include laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, croup, epiglottitis, diphtheria, tumors and foreign body obstruction. The document provides details on clinical assessment, investigations and management approaches for different stridor conditions.
This document discusses acute otitis media (AOM), an inflammation of the middle ear. It notes that AOM commonly affects young children and is usually caused by bacteria spreading from the nose and throat via the Eustachian tube. The document outlines the typical stages of AOM from initial tube blockage to potential complications if left untreated. It recommends initial treatment with antibiotics, pain medication, and ear drops followed by myringotomy if symptoms persist to drain fluid and release pressure on the eardrum. Underlying conditions like chronic rhinitis or adenoiditis can predispose children to recurrent AOM.
This document discusses acute tonsillitis, including the histology and classification of tonsils, the different types of acute tonsillitis, their symptoms, signs, etiology, treatment and potential complications. The main types discussed are acute catarrhal/superficial tonsillitis, acute membranous tonsillitis, acute follicular tonsillitis and acute parenchymatous tonsillitis. The etiology is primarily bacterial or viral infection, with common bacteria being Hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Pneumococcus. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever and constitutional symptoms like headache and malaise. Treatment involves rest, fluids, analgesics and antibiotics like penicillin for 7-
Nasal polyps can be either antrochoanal polyps, typically seen in children, or ethmoid polyps, more common in adults. Antrochoanal polyps originate in the maxillary sinus and extend backwards towards the nasopharynx, while ethmoid polyps originate in the ethmoid sinuses and grow forwards, often bilaterally. Treatment involves surgical removal of antrochoanal polyps and may require postoperative antibiotics to prevent recurrence, whereas ethmoid polyps are usually first treated medically with steroids and antihistamines and only require surgery if medical treatment fails or for large polyps.
Both acute and chronic pharyngitis are common diseases and they are important for the students to understand, Moreover acute tonsillitis is also very common and it becomes one of the most important causes of throat pain and fever.
This document discusses differential diagnoses of nasal obstruction and neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It provides a list of structural, infectious, allergic and other causes of unilateral and bilateral nasal obstruction. It also classifies benign and malignant nasal tumors and describes the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of inverted papilloma and sinonasal carcinomas such as maxillary sinus carcinoma. The treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma includes surgery such as total maxillectomy with options like orbital exenteration or anterior cranio-facial resection depending on tumor extent.
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical students under supervision of a lecturer. Reference were not attached here, but all information are from google, few textbooks and also from previous ENT posting's seminar.
This document discusses laryngomalacia (LM), which is the most common cause of stridor in infants. LM is a congenital laryngeal anomaly characterized by inward collapse of the supraglottic structures during inspiration, leading to airway obstruction. It is often associated with prematurity, male sex, neurological impairment, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Flexible laryngoscopy is used to classify LM severity and diagnose it, while microlaryngoscopy provides the best view of laryngeal structures. Treatment involves observation, medical management of reflux, or supraglottoplasty surgery for severe cases causing respiratory distress. Supraglottoplasty removes redundant supraglottic tissue to widen
This document discusses epistaxis (nosebleeds), including:
- The blood supply and common bleeding sites in the nose, especially Little's area.
- Causes of epistaxis including local factors like trauma, infections, and tumors as well as general factors like hypertension.
- Differences between anterior and posterior nosebleeds.
- Management approaches like first aid, cauterization, nasal packing, and ligation of arteries in severe cases.
- Measures like bed rest, monitoring, antibiotics, and treating underlying causes are also important.
Acute mastoiditis is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the mastoid air cells caused by bacteria or viruses. It presents with earache, fever, and ear discharge. On examination, the mastoid area is tender and the posterior meatal wall may be sagging. Complications can include abscesses, meningitis, or thrombophlebitis if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes myringotomy or cortical mastoidectomy surgery.
This document discusses acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), including its definition, stages, bacteriology, treatment, and potential complications. ASOM is a pyogenic infection of the middle ear cleft lasting less than 3 weeks that is caused most commonly by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, or moraxella catarrhalis. It progresses through stages of hyperemia, exudation, suppuration, and sometimes coalescent mastoiditis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes myringotomy to drain the ear. Complications can include subperiosteal abscess, vertigo, or mastoiditis if not properly treated.
Malignant otitis externa is an aggressive infection of the external ear and skull base that commonly affects older diabetics. It is caused mainly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria invading the external ear canal and spreading through fissures in the bone. Symptoms include severe ear pain, discharge, and potentially cranial nerve palsies. Diagnosis involves culture, imaging like CT showing bone destruction, and ruling out other causes. Treatment requires long-term antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, tight blood sugar control, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen or surgery. Prognosis has improved but mortality remains high if the infection spreads intracranially or causes multiple cranial neuropathies.
This document lists and describes various medical instruments used in ear, nose, throat, and neck examinations and procedures. Some of the key instruments mentioned include the head mirror for ENT exams, aural speculums for ear exams, nasal speculums for nasal exams, laryngeal mirrors for larynx exams, dressing forceps for ear or nose procedures, tonsil holding forceps and tonsillectomy instruments for tonsillectomy surgery, adenoid curettes for adenoidectomy, and tracheostomy tubes for tracheostomy procedures.
This document discusses diseases of the tonsils and adenoids. It describes the anatomy and functions of the tonsils and adenoids. The tonsils and adenoids are part of the lymphatic system and help fight infections in children. Common diseases that can affect the tonsils include acute and chronic tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis causes symptoms like sore throat and fever. Complications may include peritonsillar abscesses if not treated. Adenoids are located in the nasopharynx and can cause nasal obstruction if enlarged. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of enlarged adenoids.
applied anatomy and diseases of tonsilbrindya syam
The tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx. They have crypts that can become infected, leading to acute tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis can be follicular, parenchymatous, or membranous depending on the location and extent of infection and inflammation. Chronic tonsillitis is usually due to recurrent infections and can be follicular or parenchymatous, causing enlarged tonsils. Conditions like peritonsillar abscess or diphtheria can complicate acute tonsillitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes tonsillectomy for chronic cases. The lingual tonsils can also get infected, causing pain and difficulty swallowing
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and types of acute and chronic tonsillitis. It describes the location and structures of the palatine tonsils. Acute tonsillitis is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections and causes sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. It can be superficial, follicular, membranous, or parenchymatous. Chronic tonsillitis is a complication of repeated acute infections and can be follicular, parenchymatous, or fibroid. Symptoms include recurrent sore throats and tonsil enlargement may require tonsillectomy.
The document discusses tonsillitis, including:
1. Tonsils are lymphoid tissue in the throat that help fight infections. Tonsillitis is inflammation usually due to viruses or bacteria.
2. There are different types of tonsillitis including acute which tends to be short term and bacterial/viral and chronic which lasts a long time and is caused by bacteria.
3. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, earache, fever and enlarged lymph nodes. Treatment involves rest, fluids, pain medication and antibiotics. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated.
This document provides information on the anatomy, histology, functions, and clinical aspects of the tonsils. Some key points:
- The tonsils are lymphoid tissue located in the oropharynx and are classified based on location. They develop from the second pharyngeal pouch and play an important role in immunity.
- Clinically significant inflammation of the tonsils is called tonsillitis, which is usually caused by viral or bacterial infection. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Common symptoms include sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
- Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, indicated for recurrent tonsillitis, obstruction, or suspicion of
This document discusses disorders related to the tonsils and adenoids. It describes the anatomy, blood supply, innervation and lymphatic drainage of the tonsils. It discusses tonsillitis, including acute tonsillitis and its classifications, symptoms, signs, causes and treatment. It also discusses chronic tonsillitis, its causes, types, symptoms and treatment, which may include tonsillectomy. Tonsillectomy indications and techniques are outlined. Complications of tonsillectomy are also summarized. The document additionally describes the anatomy, blood supply, causes, symptoms and treatment of enlarged adenoids, which may include adenoidectomy.
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils that is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. The tonsils are located in the back of the throat and help the body fight infections. There are different types of tonsillitis, including acute, subacute, and chronic, depending on the causative agent and duration of symptoms. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsillitis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and signs during a physical exam. It is often treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and gargling saline for relief. In some cases of recurring tonsillitis, surgery to remove the tonsils (tonsillectomy)
The document discusses the anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, histology, grading scales, types of tonsillitis, symptoms, signs, investigations, treatment and complications of tonsillitis. It provides details on the tonsils, including that they are paired structures in the oropharynx with crypts on the medial surface. Acute tonsillitis can present as catarrhal, parenchymatous, follicular or membranous depending on the site of infection within the tonsil. Chronic tonsillitis results from recurrent infections and can lead to complications like peritonsillar abscesses if left untreated.
The document provides details about the anatomy, blood supply, innervation, function, common infections, and treatment of the palatine tonsils. The palatine tonsils are located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx and are composed of lymphoid tissue containing crypts. Common infections include acute tonsillitis caused by bacteria like streptococcus. Treatment involves rest, analgesics, and a 7-10 day course of antibiotics like penicillin.
The document summarizes diseases and conditions that can affect the pharynx. The pharynx connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus. Common non-neoplastic diseases include infections like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and adenoiditis. Congenital anomalies can also occur such as branchial cleft cysts or Thornwaldt cysts. Peritonsillar abscesses are a type of deep neck infection that develop from acute tonsillitis and spread to the peritonsillar space.
This document discusses various types of neck abscesses including parotid, submandibular, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. It describes the anatomy of the neck spaces involved, common causes of infection, symptoms, examination findings, and treatment approaches which typically involve intravenous antibiotics along with surgical drainage if an abscess has formed. Complications can include airway obstruction, sepsis, or spread of infection to deeper neck spaces or mediastinum.
Head and neck space infections 22 8-2016,dr.bini mohanophthalmgmcri
This document discusses various types of neck abscesses including parotid, submandibular, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. It describes the anatomy of the neck spaces involved, common causes of infection, symptoms, examinations findings, and treatment approaches which typically involve intravenous antibiotics along with surgical drainage if an abscess has formed. Complications can include airway obstruction, sepsis, or spread of infection to dangerous spaces like the mediastinum.
Fareedah Muheeb differential diagnosis of Tonsillitis.pptxF.A Muheeb
This document compares tonsillitis to other infections or illnesses that can present similarly. Tonsillitis is inflammation of the palatine tonsils caused mainly by Streptococcus bacteria. It is characterized by fever, sore throat, and painful swallowing. Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis with tonsillar swelling and additional symptoms like lymph node tenderness. Scarlet fever presents with abrupt fever and sore throat followed by a rash. Diphtheria can form a pseudomembrane in the throat. Vincent's infection shows grey membranous spots on the tonsils. Tonsil cancer typically presents as a neck mass but can also cause sore throat and ear pain. Differential diagnosis requires diagnostic tests
The tonsils are lymphoid tissue located in Waldeyer's ring in the pharynx. They help defend against pathogens and produce antibodies. Tonsillitis can be acute, caused by viruses or streptococcus bacteria, or chronic with recurrent infections. Chronic tonsillitis presents with bad breath, sore throat, and debris in crypts. Large tonsils and adenoids can obstruct the airway and cause sleep issues. Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy may be recommended for recurrent infections, airway obstruction, or chronic tonsillitis resistant to other treatments. Complications can include abscesses.
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils, which are located in the throat. It is usually caused by a viral infection but can sometimes be bacterial. Common symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, earache, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Treatment involves rest, fluids, pain relievers, and sometimes antibiotics if the infection is bacterial. In severe or recurrent cases, surgical removal of the tonsils (tonsillectomy) may be recommended.
This document defines acute pharyngitis (sore throat) as a sudden painful inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral or bacterial infections. Common symptoms include pain when swallowing, fever, redness and swelling in the throat. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, culture tests, and rapid strep tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and a soft diet. Chronic pharyngitis is a persistent throat inflammation characterized by multiple white growths on the tonsils or throat, often in people exposed to irritants like dust, voice overuse, smoking or drinking. Medical management aims to relieve symptoms and correct infections through medications, surgery and lifestyle changes.
Waldeyer's ring consists of adenoid, tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils. Adenoids can cause nasal obstruction, ear problems, and facial changes. Acute and chronic tonsillitis are caused by bacterial or viral infections and present with throat pain, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Complications include abscesses. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and possibly adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy to address infections or hypertrophy.
Waldeyer's ring consists of adenoid, tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils. Adenoiditis and tonsillitis can be acute or chronic. Acute tonsillitis is usually caused by streptococcus bacteria and presents with throat pain and difficulty swallowing. Peritonsillar abscess is a collection of pus between the tonsil capsule and superior constrictor muscle that develops from an infected tonsillar crypt. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes incision and drainage of the abscess.
The document discusses the palatine tonsils and adenoids. It describes the palatine tonsils as two oval masses of lymphoid tissue located in the lateral walls of the oropharynx. The tonsils have crypts on their medial surface and are supplied by the tonsillar artery and drained by the paratonsillar vein. Acute tonsillitis presents with sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes while chronic tonsillitis involves recurrent sore throats. Adenoids are located in the nasopharynx and can cause nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and recurrent infections in children.
Neck space infections taken from PL. DHINGRA and other sources to cover all o...lordskywalker7878
This presentation covers the important ENT topics of neck space infections with their management and image illustrations. The source is mainly PL. DHINGRA however other sources have been mentioned in the presentation, especially on the images. It is divided into superficial and deep neck infections for clear distinction between the two categories. It is an extremely important topic especially if your goal is towards surgical side of ENT.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, which are masses of lymphoid tissue located in the throat that help the immune system. The most common cause is a bacterial infection like streptococcus. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, earache. Treatment involves pain relief, antibiotics, and potentially tonsillectomy for chronic cases. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated. Chronic tonsillitis can lead to recurring sore throats and difficulty swallowing if infections are not resolved.
This document contains Dr. Yop's notes on various topics in radiology and neurology. It includes definitions of Hounsfield units and compartments of the brain. It also summarizes the Marshall classification system for diffuse brain injury based on CT findings and mortality rates. Traumatic brain injury evaluation is discussed, focusing on basal cistern status, degree of midline shift, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Formulas for calculating hemorrhage volume are provided. Additional topics covered include subarachnoid hemorrhage, Fisher grade, WFNS grade, and Frankel grade.
The document discusses the anatomy of the neck and classification of neck masses. It provides details on branchial cysts and thyroglossal duct cysts, including their pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations and treatment. It also discusses papillary thyroid carcinoma and goiter as common causes of neck masses. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Physical exam may reveal a solitary, hard nodule in the thyroid area. Investigations include thyroid function tests, ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy.
1. Ludwig's angina is an infection of the submandibular space that commonly results from dental infections. Symptoms include neck swelling, fever, and difficulty opening the mouth. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics, surgical drainage if no improvement within 24 hours, and tracheostomy if the airway is compromised.
2. A retropharyngeal abscess is an infection in the retropharyngeal space behind the pharynx. It commonly affects young children from upper respiratory infections. Symptoms include neck swelling, fever, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics, surgical drainage, and tracheostomy if needed for airway protection.
3. Foreign body aspiration or ingestion is a risk in children
This document discusses anatomy and injuries of the maxillofacial region. It begins with the anatomy of facial bones and nerves, followed by blood supply. It then discusses types of maxillofacial injuries including causes, initial assessment involving airway, breathing and circulation management, and secondary survey. Specific facial bone fractures are explained such as LeFort fractures of the maxilla, alveolar fractures, and nasoethmoidal fractures. Evaluation involves examination of mobility and deformities of the midface bones.
Group 4 dysphagia 2016 version 3.1 validatedDennis Lee
This document discusses dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) including its anatomy, physiology, causes, investigation, and management. It covers the anatomy of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The physiology section describes the three phases of swallowing - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Common causes of dysphagia include presbyphagia, laryngopharyngeal reflux, xerostomia, tonsillitis, epiglottitis, oropharyngeal/hypopharyngeal malignancies, and pharyngeal pouches. Investigations include endoscopy, barium swallow, and manometry. Management is tailored based on the cause and resource availability,
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Vertigo is a sensation of rotational or linear movement that is not actually occurring. It is caused by disturbances in the vestibular system of the inner ear. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and labyrinthitis are two common causes of peripheral vertigo. BPPV involves detached calcium crystals in the inner ear that cause vertigo with certain head movements and is treated with repositioning maneuvers. Labyrinthitis is an inner ear infection that causes both vertigo and hearing loss. It is usually viral in origin and causes sudden onset vertigo, nausea, and unilateral hearing loss.
The facial nerve has motor and sensory components. It exits the brainstem at the caudal pons border and travels through the internal acoustic meatus, facial canal, and stylomastoid foramen to innervate muscles of the face. Facial nerve paralysis can result from central, intratemporal, or extracranial causes such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, fractures of the temporal bone, ear infections, tumors, and complications of ear/parotid surgery. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, steroids, nerve decompression, or reconstructive surgery.
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2. Introduction
Sore throat is one of the most common symptoms
encountered
Patients use the term to describe almost any feeling
in the throat, ranging from dryness to actual pain –
important to ascertain the precise nature of sore
throat & severity early in clinical history
Severity – dysphagia for solid?, liquids?, saliva?
5. Waldeyer’s Ring
Definition : A collection of lymphoid tissue in subepithelial layer of
the pharynx which is aggregated at places to form masses.
6. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
1) Nasopharyngeal tonsil / adenoid
2) Palatine tonsils
3) Lingual tonsil
4) Tubal tonsils (in Fossa of
Rosemuller)
5) Lateral pharyngeal bands
6) Nodules (in posterior pharyngeal
wall)
7. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
1. Adenoids
• A subepithelial collection of lymphoid tissue, lined in vertical ridge
separated by deep clefts. (no crypts, no capsule)
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar, stratified squamous, transitional
epithelium
• Located at the junction of the roof & posterior wall of nasopharynx
overlying mucous membrane to be thrown into radiating folds
• Present at birth.
• Increases in size up to the age of 6 years - gradually atrophies, completely
disappears by age 20.
• Blood supply:
Ascending palatine branch of facial
Ascending pharyngeal branch of external carotid
Pharyngeal branch of 3rd part of maxillary aa.
Ascending cervical branch of inferior thyroid aa.
of thyrocervical trunk
8. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
1. Adenoids
• Venous drainage : to pharyngeal plexus, which communicates
with the pterygoid plexus drains into the internal jugular &
facial veins
• Lympathic :
Efferent lympathic of adenoidretropharyngeal &
parapharyngeal LNs upper jugular nodes
• Innervation : CN IX & CN X
9. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
2. Palatine Tonsils
• Consist of 2 palatine tonsils (Right , Left)
• An ovoid mass of lymphoid tissue situated in the lateral wall
of oropharynx between the anterior & posterior pillars
• Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
MAIN
10. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
2. Palatine Tonsils
• Venous drainage into paratonsillar veinjoins
common facial vein & pharyngeal venous plexus.
• Lymphatics: upper deep cervical nodes
• Innervation:
i) lesser palatine branches of sphenopalatine
ganglion (CN V)
ii)CN X –sensory nerve
11. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
2. Palatine Tonsils
Applied Anatomy of Palatine Tonsils
Actual size of the tonsil is bigger than
the one that appears from its surface
i) Extend upwards into the soft palate
ii) Extend downwards into the base
of the tongue
iii) Extend anteriorly into the palatoglossal arch
2 surfaces – medial, lateral
2 poles – upper, lower
Medial
surfaceLateral
surface
14. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
Adenoid vs Palatine Tonsil
Adenoid Tonsil Palatine Tonsil
Not Encapsulated Encapsulated
One Two
Has furrows Has crypts
In naso pharynx In oropharynx
Psuedostratified
ciliated columnar,
stratified squamous,
transitional epithelium
Non-keratinizing
stratified squamous
epithelium
15. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
3. Lingual Tonsils
• Located at the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, one on
each side
• Continuous with the lower end of the palatine tonsils
16. Content of Waldeyer’s Ring
4. Tubal Tonsils
• A collection of subepithelial lymphoid tissue situated
in the fossa of Rosenmuller (above & behind the
tubal elevation)
• Enlargement of this tonsil can cause Eustachian tube
occlusion
17. Role of Waldeyer’s Ring
in Body Defense Mechanism
Function as an immunologic surveillance to
allow adaptation to environment esp. in
children.
Produce lymphocytes and plasma cell
Protect airway as guarding the entry of air and
food.
18. Tonsilitis
• Inflammation of the tonsils especially the
palatine tonsils
• Tonsillitis :
– Acute tonsillitis
– Chronic tonsillitis
19. TONSILS
• Lymphoidal tissue in the pharynx.
• 3 main tonsils:
• Palatine Tonsils
• Pharyngeal Tonsils
• Lingual Tonsils
• Palatine tonsil
• Situated at both side of oropharynx
• Lie between 2 pillars (palatoglossal
• and palatopharyngeal arch)
• 2 poles:
– Lower pole: attached to the tongue
– Upper pole: extends into soft palate
20. Acute Tonsillitis
Classification – based on structure that involve
A. Superficial Tonsillitis
- part of generalized pharyngitis
- mostly seen in viral infection
B. Follicular Tonsillitis
- infection spread into crypts and
it contain pus
- characteristic as yellowish spot
21. C. Parenchymatous Tonsillitis
- whole tonsil is involve
- generalized swollen and
hypereamia
D. Membranous Tonsillitis
- sequale of a follicular tonsilitis
- exudation from crypts coelesce
and form membrane on tonsil
surface
22. Etiology
• It often affects school age and adult group
• Rare in infant and adult > 50 yo
• Most common organism
- Haemolytic Streptococcus
- others: Staphylococci , Pneumococci, H.
Influenzae
23. Clinical Features
• Symptoms
– Sorethroat
– Dysphagia & odynophagia
– Fever (vary from 38-40oC)
– Earache (either referred pain from tonsils/due to otitis media
which may occur as a complication)
• Signs
– Fetid breath
– Coated tongue
– Hyperemia of pillars, soft palate & uvula
– Tonsils are red & swollen
– Cervical (jugulodigastric) lymph nodes are swollen & tender
24. Management
• Bed rest with soft diet and plenty of fluids intake
• Analgesic and antipyeretic
• Antimicrobial therapy (presence of tonsillar exudates,
presence of a fever, leukocytosis, contact with a person
who has a documented GABHS infection):
Penicillin/Erythromycin for 7-10 days
• Airway obstruction may require management by placing a
nasal airway device, using intravenous corticosteroids, and
administering humidified oxygen
26. Chronic Tonsilitis
• Usually following acute or subacute tonsillitis
• Mostly affect children and young adult. Rare after 50 yo
• Chronic infection of sinus or teeth as predisposing factor
• Types :
1. Chr. Follicular tonsillitis
– yellowish beads of pus on the medial surface tonsil
2. Chr. Parenchymatous tonsillitis
– hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue
– tonsil very enlarge and can interfere
– speech deglutition and respiration
3. Chr. Fibroid tonsillitis
– infected tonsils are small
– small tonsil but pressure on the anterior pillar expresses frank pus or
cheesy material
– with hx of repeated sore throat
27. Clinical Features
Symptoms :
Recurrent attack of sore throat or acute tonsillitis
Chronic irritation in throat with cough
Bad taste in mouth and halitosis (pus in crypts)
Thick speech
Difficulty in swallowing
Choking spells in night (tonsils large and obstructive)
Signs :
Varying degree of tonsillar enlargement
Yellowish beads of pus
Small tonsil but may express frank pus or cheesy
material with pressure on anterior pillar
Flushed anterior pillar
Enlargement of jugulodigastric lymph nodes
28. Grading
• Grade 0: The tonsils are fully
inside the pillars.
• Grade 1: Tonsils found to be
enlarged and out of its pillars
• Grade 2: Tonsillar enlargement
extends just up to half the
distance of the uvula
• Grade 3: Tonsillar enlargement
up to the level of the uvula.
• Grade 4: Tonsillar enlargement
is so huge that they are virtually
in contact with each other i.e.
Kissing tonsil.
29. • Treatment:
– Conservative tx consists of attention to general health, diet, tx of
co-existent infection of teeth, nose and sinuses
– Tonsillectomy
is indicated tonsils interfere with speech, deglutition and respiration
or cause recurrent attacks.
• Complications:
– Peritonsillar abscess
– Parapharyngeal abscess
– Intratonsillar abscess
– Tonsilloliths (calculus of tonsils)
– Tonsillar cyst
– Focus of infection in rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, eye
and skin disorders
32. • Discomfort in throat
• Malaise
• Low grade fever
• Pharynx is congested but no lymphadenopathy
Mild
• Pain in throat
• Dysphagia
• Headache
• Malaise
• High fever
• Pharynx shows erythema, exudate
• Enlargement of tonsils and lymphoid follicles on
posterior pharyngeal wall
Moderate
& Severe
• Oedema of soft palate and uvula
• Enlargement of cervical nodes
Very
severe
Clinical features :
33. Investigation :
Culture of throat swab
•Diagnosis of bacterial pharyngitis
•Can detect 90% of Group A Streptococci
**Failure to get any bacterial growth suggests a
viral aetiology
34. Treatment :
General measures
• Bed rest
• Plenty of fluids
• Warm saline gargles or pharyngeal irrigations
• Severe case – lignocaine viscous to relieve local
discomfort in throat and facilitate swallowing
35. Causes Drugs
Streptococcal pharyngitis (Group A, Beta
Haemolyticus)
Penicilin G, Erythromycin
Diphtheria Diphtheria antitoxin and
penicillin/erythromycin
Gonococcal pharyngitis Conventional dose of penicillin or
tetracycline
Candida infection Nystatin
Chlamydia trachomatis infection Erythromycin or Sulphonamides
Specific Treatment : Antibiotics
36. Chronic Pharyngitis
• Is a chronic inflammatory condition of the pharynx
• Pathologically:
Hypertrophy of mucosa, seromucinous glands,
subepithelial lymphoid follicles and muscular coat of
pharynx
Two types :
1. Chronic Catarral Pharyngitis
2. Chronic Granular Pharyngitis
37. AETIOLOGY
Persistent infection in
the neighbourhood
Mouth breathing
Chronic irritants
Environmental
pollution
Faulty voice
production
Ch. Rhinitis , Ch. Sinusitis,
Ch.Tonsillitis & Dental sepsis
Obstruction in the nose,
nasopharynx
Protruding teeth which
prevent apposition of lips
Habitual, without any
organic cause
Excessive smoking, chewing
tobacco, heavy drinking, highly
spiced food
Smoky or dusty
environment or irritant
industrial fumes
Excessive use of voice or faulty
voice production where a
person resorts to constant
throat clearing
38. Symptoms :
• Discomfort or pain in the throat
- especially in the morning
• Foreign body sensation in throat
- has constant desire to swallow or clear his throat to get rid of ‘foreign
body’
• Tiredness of voice
- cannot speak for long, voice lose quality and may crack
• Cough
- tendency to cough as throat is irritable
39. Signs :
Chronic Catarrhal Pharyngitis Chronic Hypertrophic (Granular)
Pharyngitis
• Congestion of posterior
pharyngeal wall
• Engorgement of vessels
• Thickened faucial pillars
• Increased mucus secretion which
cover pharyngeal mucosa
• Pharyngeal wall appears thick
and oedematous with congested
mucosa and dilated vessels
• Post pharyngeal wall may be
studded with reddish nodules
• Lateral pharyngeal bands
became hypertrophied
• Uvula may be elongated and
appears oedematous
41. Treatment :
• Aetiological factor should be sought and eradicated
• Voice rest and speech therapy for patients with faulty
voice production
• Hawking, clearing the throat frequently should be
stopped
• Warm saline gargles (especially in the morning) – to
soothe and relieve discomfort
43. • Adenoid is a mass of lymphatic tissue situated
posterior to the nasal cavity, mainly in the roof
of nasopharynx.
44. Etiology
• Bacteria or viruses
– Streptococcus, adenovirus, influenza virus, EBV,
enterovirus, HSV
– Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes
(GABHS) is responsible for 30% childhood
adenoiditis and 10% of adult cases
45. Risk factors
• Children
• Family history of tonsillectomy
• Recurrent infection in the throat, neck or head
• Tonsillitis
46. Signs and Symptoms
• Nasal symptoms
– Nasal obstruction: snoring, sleep apnea, failure to
thrive in small child due to difficulty in feeding
– Nasal discharge: due to choanal obstruction,
normal nasal secretion unable to drain into
nasopharynx
– Sinustis: due to persistent nasal discharge
– Epistaxis: with nose blowing, in acutely inflamed
adenoids
– Voice change: lose nasal quality in voice due to
nasal obstruction
47. Signs and Symptoms
• Aural symptoms
– Tubal obstruction: adenoid mass blocks
eustachian tube, leads to retraction of tympanic
membrane and conductive hearing loss
– Recurrent otitis media: due to spread of infection
via eustachian tube
– Unresolved chronic suppurative otitis media due
to presence of infected adenoid
– Serous otitis media
48. Signs and Symptoms
• General symptoms
– Adenoid facies: characteristic facial appearance
due to chronic nasal obstruction and mouth
breathing
– Pulmonary hypertension
– Aprosexia
49. Features of Adenoid Facies
1) Underdeveloped thin/pinched nostrils
2) Short upper lip --> open mouth
3) Prominent upper teeth
4) Crowded teeth
5) Narrow upper alveolus
6) High-arched palate
7) Hypoplastic maxilla
8) Vacant & dull expression
50. Investigations
• Examination of postnasal space
– Rigid or flexible nasopharyngoscope
• Throat swab
• Soft tissue lateral radiograph
– Adenoid enlargement, size, extent of
nasopharyngeal space compromised.