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Cervical Cancer
The Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
chart [PDF-62KB] compares recommendations
from theAmerican Cancer Society, U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force, and the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists regarding—
-- When to start screening.
-- Screening methods and intervals.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cancer-screening2377-130508121904-phpapp02/85/Cancer-Screening-25-320.jpg)
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Cancer Screening
- 1.
- 2. 1 Overview Cancer screening isan essential part of preventative health screening for women of all ages. Here you can read about screening for breast and gynecological cancers.
- 3. 2 Breast Cancer In theUnited States in 2008,* 210,203 women were diagnosed with breast cancer, and 40,589 women died from the disease.†Except for skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women. CDC supports breast cancer surveillance and research, and provides free or low-cost mammograms to underserved women.
- 4. 3 Breast Cancer **Kinds ofScreening Tests** Breast cancer screening means checking a woman's breasts for cancer before there are signs or symptoms of the disease. Three main tests are used to screen the breasts for cancer. Talk to your doctor about which tests are right for you, and when you should have them.
- 5. 4 Breast Cancer **Kinds ofScreening Tests** -- Mammogram. A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. Mammograms are the best method to detect breast cancer early when it is easier to treat and before it is big enough to feel or cause symptoms. Having regular mammograms can lower the risk of dying from breast cancer. If you are age 50 to 74 years, be sure to have a screening mammogram every two years. If you are age 40– 49 years, talk to your doctor about when and how often you should have a screening mammogram.
- 6. 5 Breast Cancer **Kinds ofScreening Tests** -- Clinical breast exam. A clinical breast exam is an examination by a doctor or nurse, who uses his or her hands to feel for lumps or other changes.1 -- Breast self-exam. A breast self-exam is when you check your own breasts for lumps, changes in size or shape of the breast, or any other changes in the breasts or underarm (armpit).
- 7. 6 Breast Cancer **Kinds ofScreening Tests** -- Which tests to choose: Having a clinical breast exam or a breast self-exam have not been found to decrease risk of dying from breast cancer.2 Keep in mind that, at this time, the best way to find breast cancer is with a mammogram. If you choose to have clinical breast exams and to perform breast self-exams, be sure you also get regular mammograms. **Where Can I Go to Get Screened?**
- 8. 7 Breast Cancer **Kinds ofScreening Tests** Most likely, you can get screened for breast cancer at a clinic, hospital, or doctor's office. If you want to be screened for breast cancer, call your doctor's office. They can help you schedule an appointment. Most health insurance companies pay for the cost of breast cancer screening tests.
- 9. 8 Breast Cancer **Kinds ofScreening Tests** Are you worried about the cost? The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) offers free or low-cost mammograms and education about breast cancer. Find out if you qualify.
- 10. 9 Cervical Cancer Cervical canceris the easiest female cancer to prevent, with regular screening tests and follow- up. Two screening tests can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early— -- The Pap test (or Pap smear) looks for precancers, cell changes on the cervix that might become cervical cancer if they are not treated appropriately.
- 11. 10 Cervical Cancer -- TheHPV test looks for the virus (human papillomavirus) that can cause these cell changes.
- 12. 11 Cervical Cancer The Paptest is recommended for all women, and can be done in a doctor's office or clinic. During the Pap test, the doctor will use a plastic or metal instrument, called a speculum, to widen your vagina. This helps the doctor examine the vagina and the cervix, and collect a few cells and mucus from the cervix and the area around it. The cells are then placed on a slide or in a bottle of liquid and sent to a laboratory. The laboratory will check to be sure that the cells are normal.
- 13. 12 Cervical Cancer If youare getting the HPV test in addition to the Pap test, the cells collected during the Pap test will be tested for HPV at the laboratory. Talk with your doctor, nurse, or other health care professional about whether the HPV test is right for you.
- 14. 13 Cervical Cancer When youhave a Pap test, the doctor may also perform a pelvic exam, checking your uterus, ovaries, and other organs to make sure there are no problems. There are times when your doctor may perform a pelvic exam without giving you a Pap test. Ask your doctor which tests you are having, if you are unsure.
- 15. 14 Cervical Cancer If youhave a low income or do not have health insurance, you may be able to get a free or low- cost Pap test through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. Find out if you qualify. **When to Get Screened**
- 16. 15 Cervical Cancer You shouldstart getting regular Pap tests at age 21. The Pap test, which screens for cervical cancer, is one of the most reliable and effective cancer screening tests available.
- 17. 16 Cervical Cancer The onlycancer for which the Pap test screens is cervical cancer. It does not screen for ovarian, uterine, vaginal, or vulvar cancers. So even if you have a Pap test regularly, if you notice any signs or symptoms that are unusual for you, see a doctor to find out why you're having them. If your Pap test results are normal, your doctor may tell you that you can wait three years until your next Pap test.
- 18. 17 Cervical Cancer If youare aged 30 years or older, you may choose to have an HPV test along with the Pap test. Both tests can be performed by your doctor at the same time. When both tests are performed together, it is called co-testing. If your test results are normal, your chance of getting cervical cancer in the next few years is very low. Your doctor may then tell you that you can wait as long as five years for your next screening. But you should still go to the doctor regularly for a checkup.
- 19. 18 Cervical Cancer If youare 21–65 years old, it is important for you to continue getting a Pap test as directed by your doctor—even if you think you are too old to have a child or are not having sex anymore. However, if you are older than 65 and have had normal Pap test results for several years, or if you have had your cervix removed as part of a total hysterectomy for non-cancerous conditions, like fibroids, your doctor may tell you that you do not need to have a Pap test anymore.
- 20. 19 Cervical Cancer For moreinformation, please read the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force overview of cervical cancer screening recommendations. **How to Prepare for Your Pap Test** You should not schedule your Pap test for a time when you are having your period. If you are going to have a Pap test in the next two days—
- 21. 20 Cervical Cancer -- Youshould not douche (rinse the vagina with water or another fluid). -- You should not use a tampon. -- You should not have sex. -- You should not use a birth control foam, cream, or jelly.
- 22. 21 Cervical Cancer -- Youshould not use a medicine or cream in your vagina. **Pap Test Results**
- 23. 22 Cervical Cancer It cantake up to three weeks to receive your Pap test results. If your test shows that something might not be normal, your doctor will contact you and figure out how best to follow up. There are many reasons why Pap test results might not be normal. It usually does not mean you have cancer.
- 24. 23 Cervical Cancer If yourPap test results show cells that are not normal and may become cancer, your doctor will let you know if you need to be treated. In most cases, treatment prevents cervical cancer from developing. It is important to follow up with your doctor right away to learn more about your test results and receive any treatment that may be needed. **Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines**
- 25. 24 Cervical Cancer The CervicalCancer Screening Guidelines chart [PDF-62KB] compares recommendations from theAmerican Cancer Society, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists regarding— -- When to start screening. -- Screening methods and intervals.
- 26. 25 Cervical Cancer -- Whento stop screening. -- Screening after a total hysterectomy. -- Pelvic exams. -- Screening among women who have been vaccinated against human papillomavirus (HPV).
- 27. 26 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** Thereis no way to know for sure if you will get ovarian cancer. Most women get it without being at high risk. However, several factors may increase a woman’s risk for ovarian cancer, including if you— -- Are middle-aged or older.
- 28. 27 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** --Have close family members (such as your mother, sister, aunt, or grandmother) on either your mother's or your father's side, who have had ovarian cancer. -- Have a genetic mutation (abnormality) called BRCA1 or BRCA2. -- Have had breast, uterine, or colorectal (colon) cancer.
- 29. 28 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** --Have an Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish background. -- Have never given birth or have had trouble getting pregnant. -- Have endometriosis (a condition where tissue from the lining of the uterus grows elsewhere in the body).
- 30. 29 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** Inaddition, some studies suggest that women who take estrogen by itself (without progesterone) for 10 or more years may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer. If one or more of these factors is true for you, it does not mean you will get ovarian cancer. But you should speak with your doctor about your risk.
- 31. 30 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** Thereis no simple and reliable way to screen for ovarian cancer in women who do not have any signs or symptoms. **Cancer Screening**
- 32. 31 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** Screeningis when a test is used to look for a disease before there are any symptoms. Cancer screening tests are effective when they can detect disease early. Detecting disease early can lead to more effective treatment. Diagnostic tests are used when a person has symptoms. The purpose of diagnostic tests is to find out, or diagnose, what is causing the symptoms. Diagnostic tests also may be used to check a person who is considered at high risk for cancer.
- 33. 32 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** ThePap test does not check for ovarian cancer. The only cancer the Pap test screens for is cervical cancer. Since there is no simple and reliable way to screen for any gynecologic cancers except for cervical cancer, it is especially important to recognize warning signs, and learn what you can do to reduce your risk. Here is what you can do—
- 34. 33 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** --Pay attention to your body, and know what is normal for you. -- If you notice any changes in your body that are not normal for you and could be a sign of ovarian cancer, talk to your doctor about them and ask about possible causes, such as ovarian cancer.
- 35. 34 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** --Ask your doctor if you should have a test, such as a rectovaginal pelvic exam, a transvaginal ultrasound, or a CA-125 blood test if— -- You have any unexplained signs or symptoms of ovarian cancer. These tests sometimes help find or rule out ovarian cancer.
- 36. 35 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** --You have had breast, uterine, or colorectal cancer; or if a close relative has had ovarian cancer. **Prevention** There is no known way to prevent ovarian cancer. But these things may lower your chance of getting ovarian cancer—
- 37. 36 Ovarian Cancer **Risk Factors** --Having used birth control pills for more than five years. -- Having had a tubal ligation (getting your tubes tied), both ovaries removed, or a hysterectomy (an operation in which the uterus, and sometimes the cervix, is removed). -- Having given birth.
- 38. 37 Uterine Cancer **Risk Factors** Thereis no way to know for sure if you will get uterine cancer. Some women get it without being at high risk. However, several factors may increase the chance that you will get uterine cancer, including if you— -- Are older than 50.
- 39. 38 Uterine Cancer **Risk Factors** --Are obese (have an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat). -- Take estrogen by itself (without progesterone) for hormone replacement during menopause. -- Have had trouble getting pregnant, or have had fewer than five periods in a year before starting menopause.
- 40. 39 Uterine Cancer **Risk Factors** --Take tamoxifen, a drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. -- Have close family members who have had uterine, colon, or ovarian cancer. -- If one or more of these things is true for you, it does not mean you will get uterine cancer. But you should speak with your doctor to see if he or she recommends more frequent exams.
- 41. 40 Uterine Cancer **Risk Factors** Thereare no simple and reliable ways to test for uterine cancer in women who do not have any signs or symptoms. The Pap test does not screen for uterine cancer. The only cancer the Pap test screens for is cervical cancer. **Screening**
- 42. 41 Uterine Cancer **Risk Factors** Screeningis when a test is used to look for a disease before there are any symptoms. Diagnostic tests are used when a person has symptoms. The purpose of diagnostic tests is to find out, or diagnose, what is causing the symptoms. Diagnostic tests also may be used to check a person who is considered at high risk for cancer.
- 43. 42 Uterine Cancer **Risk Factors** Sincethere is no simple and reliable way to screen for any gynecologic cancers except for cervical cancer, it is especially important to recognize warning signs and learn what you can do to reduce your risk.
- 44. 43 Uterine Cancer **Risk Factors** Ifyou have symptoms or believe you may be at high risk for uterine cancer, your doctor may perform an endometrial biopsy or a transvaginal ultrasound. These tests can be used to help diagnose or rule out uterine cancer. Your doctor may do this test in his or her office, or may refer you to another doctor. The doctor might perform more tests if the endometrial biopsy does not provide enough information, or if symptoms continue.
- 45. 44 Uterine Cancer **Prevention** There isno known way to prevent uterine cancer. But these things may reduce your chance of getting uterine cancer— -- Using birth control pills. -- Maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active.
- 46. 45 Uterine Cancer **Prevention** -- Takingprogesterone, if you are taking estrogen. -- Ask your doctor about how often you should be checked for uterine cancer, especially if you think that you have factors that increase your chance of getting it.
- 47. 46 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** There is no way to know for sure if you will get vaginal or vulvar cancer. Some women get these cancers without being at high risk. However, several factors may increase the chance that you will get vaginal or vulvar cancer, including if you— -- Have HPV.
- 48. 47 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** -- Have had cervical precancer or cervical cancer. -- Have a condition that weakens your immune system (such as HIV, the virus that can lead to AIDS), making it hard for your body to fight off health problems. -- Smoke. -- Have chronic vulvar itching or burning.
- 49. 48 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** If one or more of these things is true for you, it does not mean you will get vaginal or vulvar cancer. But you should speak with your doctor to see if he or she recommends more frequent exams. **Screening** There is no simple and reliable way to test for vaginal or vulvar cancers in women who do not have any signs or symptoms.
- 50. 49 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** Screening is when a test is used to look for a disease before there are any symptoms. Cancer screening tests are effective when they can detect disease early. Detecting disease early can lead to more effective treatment. Diagnostic tests are used when a person has symptoms. The purpose of diagnostic tests is to find out, or diagnose, what is causing the symptoms. Diagnostic tests also may be used to check a person who is considered at high risk for cancer.
- 51. 50 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** The Pap test does not screen for vaginal or vulvar cancers. Since there is no simple and reliable way to screen for any gynecologic cancers except cervical cancer, it is especially important to recognize warning signs, and learn what you can do to reduce your risk. Here are steps you can take—
- 52. 51 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** -- Pay attention to your body, and know what is normal for you. -- If you notice any changes in your body that are not normal for you and could be a sign of either vaginal or vulvar cancer, talk to your doctor about them and ask about possible causes.
- 53. 52 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** -- Visit your doctor regularly for a checkup. During your checkup, your doctor may perform a pelvic examination to look for signs of vaginal and vulvar cancer. -- When vaginal and vulvar cancers are found early, treatment is most effective.
- 54. 53 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** If your doctor says that you have vaginal or vulvar cancer, ask to be referred to a gynecologic oncologist—a doctor who has been trained to treat cancers like these. This doctor will work with you to create a treatment plan. **Cancer Prevention**
- 55. 54 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus with more than 100 different kinds or types. More than 30 of the types can be passed from one person to another during sex. Almost all cervical cancers and some vaginal and vulvar cancers are caused by HPV.
- 56. 55 Vaginal or VulvarCancer **Risk Factors** There is a vaccine that protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. It is given in a series of three shots. The vaccine is recommended for 11 and 12 year old girls. It is also recommended for girls and women aged 13 through 26 who did not get any or all of the shots when they were younger. (Note: The vaccine can be given to girls beginning at age 9.)