Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
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Aspek klinis dan penyebaran pada pengendalian penyakit ternak - triakosoNusdianto Triakoso
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. Introduction
Intact skin surface
– prevents
microbes from
entering the body
Normal microflora
– inhibit growth of
pathogens
Oil gland – secret organic acid and
lipids; reduce pH thus inhibit
growth of pathogens
Sweat gland
- Secret organic
substances;
reduce pH and
inhibit pathogen
growth
4. Staphylococci: Gram positive
cocci ( from Greek staphyle,
means bunch of grapes ) that
occur singly and in pairs, short
chains and irregular grape-like
clusters.
6. Enzymes
1. Coagulase
– Triggers blood clotting
– Used for detection of S. aureus
1. Hyaluronidase
– Breaks down hyaluronic acid, enabling
the bacteria to spread between cells
1. Staphylokinase
– Dissolves fibrin threads in blood clots,
allowing Staphylococcus aureus to free
itself from clots
6
7. Enzymes (cont.)
4. Lipases
– Digest lipids, allowing staphylococcus to grow on the
skin’s surface and in oil glands
5. b-lactamase
– Breaks down penicillin
– Allows the bacteria to survive treatment with b-lactam
antimicrobial drugs
6. Catalase
– able to convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
7
8. 1) Staphylococcal infections
1) Diseases : folliculitis,boil
Pathogens : Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
Transmission : touching, hospital personnel,
nasal droplets etc
Pathogenesis : invade the skin through hair follicle
How can hair
follicle
damaged??
9. Superficial folliculitis:
1)Clusters of small red
or pus-filled bumps that
develop around hair
follicles
2)Pus-filled blisters that
break open and crust
over
3)Red and inflamed skin
4)Itchiness or
tenderness
Deep folliculitis
1)A large swollen
bump or mass
2)Pus-filled blisters
that break open and
crust over
3)Pain
4)Possible scars once
the infection clears
10. 1) Staphylococcal infections
2) Diseases : scalded skin syndrome (infant), toxic
shock syndrome (adult)
Pathogen : Staphylococcus aureus
Transmission : touching, fomite, breastfeeding
Pathogenesis : the bacterial toxins travel through the
bloodstream, causing the upper skin layers
to separate and peel off
11. Symptoms :
1)Blisters
2)Fever
3)Large areas of skin peel or fall
away (exfoliation)
4)Painful skin
5)Redness of the skin, which
spreads to cover most of the body
6)Skin slips off with gentle
pressure, leaving wet red areas
Diagnosis :
1)Physical examination
2)Complete blood count (CBC)
3)Cultures of the skin, throat, nose and
blood
Treatments:
1)Antibiotics - through a vein
(intravenously) to help fight the
infection.
2)Fluids - through a vein to prevent
dehydration. Much of the body's fluid is
lost through open skin.
3)Moisturizing ointment to keep the
skin moist. Healing begins about 10 days
after treatment.
12. Streptococcus
1) Gram-positive spherical/ovoid
cocci arranged in long chains
2) Non-spore-forming, nonmotile
3) Can form capsules and slime
layers
4) Facultative anaerobes
5) Catalase Negative
6) Most parasitic forms are
fastidious and require enriched
media
7) Sensitive to drying, heat, and
disinfectants
13. 2) Streptococcal infection
1) Diseases : scarlet fever (scarlatina)
Pathogen : Streptococcus pyogenes
Pathogenesis : the bacteria produce erythrogenic toxins
Symptoms :
i) begin with rashes on the neck and face
ii) then the rashes spread to the chest and
back before the rest of the body
iii) sore throat
iv) fever (T > 38.5°C)
v) whitish or yellowish coating at tongue
and throat
vi) vomiting & loss appetite
16. Pseudomonas
obligate aerobic – rod shape
motile – presence of flagella
normally found in water, soil and moist
environment
Culture morphology: round form, β-hemolysis,
fluorescent greenish color
Oxidase and catalase positive
Broad antibiotic resistance
17. P. aeruginosa
1)Opportunistic microorganisms – cause disease
when host defense is low:
Disruption of mucus membrane and skin
Usage of intravenous or catheters.
2) Can cause nosocomial infection, UTI,
meningitis, pulmonary infection,
dermatitis, GTI.
18. P. Aeruginosa enzymes
Enzymes Functions
Protease Cause tissue damage and help
bacteria spread
Phospholipase C Lyses hemoglobin
Exotoxin A Cause tissue necrosis (disrupt protein
synthesis)
Exoenzymes S & T Cytotoxic to host cells
20. Cholera
1) Acute diarrheal illness caused by
infection of intestine with V.
cholera
2) Transmitted via oral-focal route
3) Can multiply freely in water
21. Pathogenesis of V. Cholera
1) Cholera disease begins with ingestion of
contaminated water or food with cholera bacteria.
2) The bacteria that survive the acidic conditions of the
stomach colonize in the small intestine.
3) The cholera toxin (CT) is responsible for the severe
diarrhea characteristic of the disease.
4) If untreated, the disease rapidly result in dehydration
and death
22. Cholera Toxin (CT)
a) CT is a proteinaceous enterotoxin
b) Bind to host cells - mediates the formation of cAMP
c) The increase in cAMP levels bring about the
secretion of electrolytes (chloride and bicarbonate)
from the mucosal cells into the intestinal lumen
d) The change in ion concentrations leads to the
secretion of large amounts of water into the lumen,
known as diarrhea
e) If not treated, the infection can cause tubular
necrosis and renal failure – leads to death
25. E. coli
1) Commonly present in intestine
2) Can cause infections in human and animals
3) Some strains are not pathogenic, but some
of them are highly pathogenic
4) Detection of E. coli in water indicates
pollution and contamination. Maybe it is
caused by water treatment or other
problems.
26. Characteristic of
E. coli
1) Facultative anaerobes – non-spore
forming
2) Motile – have flagella
3) Non-capsulated
4) Non-fastidious
5) Grow on bile-containing media
(MacConkey)
27. Symptoms of Intestinal Infection
Due to E. coli
abdominal cramping
sudden, severe watery diarrhea that may
change to bloody stools
gas
loss of appetite/nausea
vomiting (rare)
fatigue
fever
29. Campylobacters
jejuni
1) Gram-negative, very slender, curved rods.
2) Motile, no spore, no capsule.
3) Catalase-positive, but are micro-aerophilic and
optimum growth is achieved in an atmosphere
containing 5% oxygen and 10% carbon dioxide.
4) Oxidase-positive.
5) The optimum temperature for growth for the
thermophilic campylobacters is 42°C, and they do
not grow at temperatures below 30°C.
30. Campylobacteriosis
1) caused by bacteria of the
genus Campylobacter
2) The illness typically lasts about one week
3) Outbreaks of Campylobacter have most often
been associated with unpasteurized dairy
products, contaminated water and poultry.
4) The organism is not usually spread from one
person to another, but this can happen if has
direct contact with the stool of infected person.
31. Campylobacter Virulence Factors
1) Flagellin - bacteria's motility
2) Produce toxins - LPS (endotoxin) and exotoxin
3) Superoxide dismutase - rid of the reactive oxygen
species superoxide which could harm the cell's DNA or
membrane factors
4) Siderophores – to take away iron from iron-transport
protein
32. What can be done to
prevent Campylobacter
infection?
40. Diagnostic of H. Pylori Infection
1) Blood antibody test. A blood test checks to see
whether your body has made antibodies to H.
pylori bacteria. If you have antibodies to H. pylori in
your blood, it means you either are currently infected
or have been infected in the past.
41. Diagnostic of H. Pylori Infection
2) Urea breath test. A urea breath test checks to see if you
have H. pylori bacteria in your stomach. This test can show if
you have an H. pylori infection. It can also be used to see if
treatment has worked to get rid of H. pylori.
42. Diagnostic of H. Pylori Infection
3) Stool antigen test. A stool antigen test checks to see if
substances that trigger the immune system to fight an H.
pylori infection (H. pylori antigens) are present in your feces
(stool). Stool antigen testing may be done to help support a
diagnosis of H. pylori infection or to find out whether treatment
for an H. pylori infection has been successful.
43. Diagnostic of H. Pylori Infection
4) Stomach biopsy. A small sample (biopsy) is taken
from the lining of your stomach and small intestine
during an endoscopy.
45. Mycobacteria
• Name from Myco and
Bacteria, Fungus like
bacteria
• Because it forms mould
like growth on liquid
cultures
• Types:
1) M. Tuberculosis – TB
2) M. Leprae – Leprosy
46. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Cannot be stained with gram-staining
• Acid fast bacteria
• They have mycolic acid in their cell wall
which makes them acid fast
• Difficult to decolorise with organic acids
48. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Obligate aerobes
Grow slowly – generation time 15 hours
Colonies appear in two weeks
Optimum temperature is 37 deg
Solid media most commonly used – LJ
media
49.
50. Pathogenicity and virulence
• Its pathogenicity is due to complex lipids
like mycolic acid in cell wall. This makes it
– Acid fast
– Resistant to antibiotics
– Resistant to disinfectants like acid and alkali
– Resistant to immune system
– Resistant to destruction by macrophages
52. Common symptoms include:
1)coughing that lasts longer than 2
weeks with green, yellow, or bloody
sputum
2)weight loss
3)fatigue
4)fever
5)night sweats
6)chills
7)chest pain
8)shortness of breath
9)loss of appetite
53. Lab diagnosis for M. tuberculosis
• Sample – sputum for pulmonary, biopsy for
extrapulmonary sites
• Stain – Ziehl-Neelsen stain
• Culture – Lowenstein-Jensen media
• PCR – polymerase chain reaction
54. Mycobacterium leprae
1) Causes leprosy - has a long
incubation period
2) gram-positive - Slightly curved rods
3) Singly or in groups
4) thick waxy coating
5) affects the skin, the peripheral
nerves, mucosa of the upper
respiratory tract and also the eyes
55. What Are the Symptoms of Leprosy?
1) Infect the skin and the
nerves outside
the brain and spinal cord
2) It may also strike
the eyes and the thin
tissue lining the inside of
the nose.
3) Symptoms: disfiguring
skin sores, lumps, or
bumps, loss of feeling in
the arms and legs,
Muscle weakness
56. Leprosy Complications
1) glaucoma.
2) Disfiguration of the face (including permanent
swelling, bumps, and lumps).
3) Kidney failure.
4) Muscle weakness.
5) Permanent damage to the inside of the nose,
6) Permanent damage to the nerves outside the brain
and spinal cord, including those in the arms, legs,
and feet.
~ THE END ~