The document discusses the von-neumann architecture, a foundational concept in modern computing established in 1945, highlighting its components such as the CPU, memory, and registers. It explains the advantages and disadvantages of this architecture, including its simplicity and bandwidth limitations, while also mentioning alternatives like quantum and neuromorphic computing. Additionally, it emphasizes the ongoing relevance of the von-neumann architecture in driving technological innovation.

1. Von-Neumann
Architecture
The Von-Neumann architecture is a theoretical computer architecture
based on the concept of stored program computers. It has been the
cornerstone of modern computing since its creation in 1945.
by Engr. Muhammad Anwar

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3. 01 – Introduction
to Programming
BY
ENGR. MUHAMMAD ANWAR
ANWARREKI2016@GMAIL.COM
LECTURER AT COMPUTER
SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF MAKRAN -
PANJGUR
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4. Musnad Aḥmad 22978, Grade: Sahih
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Abu Nadrah reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and
blessings be upon him, said: O people, your Lord is one
and your father Adam is one. There is no favor of an
Arab over a foreigner, nor a foreigner over an Arab,
and neither white skin over black skin, nor black skin
over white skin, except by righteousness. Have I not
delivered the message?

5. The objectives of this chapter are to introduce problem solving and to
provide a framework for understanding the rest of the Course. When you
have read this chapter you will:
– Programming and why it is important;
– understand that the development of different types of software system
– Computer Languages
– Why C++
– Installation of Dev-C++ and Visual Studio Code
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6. Contents
• What is Programming?
• What is Program?
• What is Computer Software?
• Types of Software
Computer Programming
• Computer Languages
• Low Level Language
• High Level Language
Why Programming
• Installation of Dev-C++
• Installation of Visual Studio Code
• Installation WinGW g++
Lab Installation
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7. Moore's Law: The Driving
Force Behind Modern
Computing
Moore's Law is a computing principle that has driven innovation in the
industry for over 50 years. It states that computing power doubles every
18 months, leading to exponential growth in technology. This has enabled
the development of faster and more powerful computers, as well as the
rise of the modern internet and mobile devices.

8. Components of Von-Neumann
Architecture
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the brain of the computer. It consists
of two main components: the Control Unit (CU)
and the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
Memory
The memory of a Von-Neumann architecture
computer is where data and instructions are
stored.

9. Registers in Von-Neumann Architecture
Program Counter (PC)
The PC is a register that keeps track of the
next instruction to be executed.
Memory Address Register (MAR)
The MAR is a register that holds the address
of the memory location to be accessed.
Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
The MBR is a register that temporarily holds
data being transferred to or from the memory.
Accumulator (ACC)
The ACC is a register that stores the results
of arithmetic and logical operations

10. Control Unit and Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU)
Control Unit
The Control Unit is responsible for executing
program instructions by controlling the flow of
data between the CPU and the memory.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic
operations such as addition, subtraction, and
logical operations such as AND, OR, NOT, etc.

11. Memory Hierarchy in Von-Neumann
Architecture
1
Registers
The CPU registers are the fastest, smallest,
and most expensive memory location. They
provide very fast access to data.
2
Cache
The cache is a smaller and faster memory
location that stores frequently used data. It is
more expensive than main memory but less
expensive than registers.
3
Main Memory
Main memory is the memory location that
holds the operating system, programs, and
data that are currently in use. It is slower than
registers and cache but larger and less
expensive.

12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Von-
Neumann Architecture
Advantages ❤️
The Von-Neumann architecture is simple to
implement, easy to program, and offers fast
memory access for continuous execution of
instructions.
Disadvantages 💔
The Von-Neumann architecture has limited
bandwidth, which means that the CPU and
memory cannot operate simultaneously. This
can cause a bottleneck when the CPU has to
wait for memory access.

13. Alternatives to Von-Neumann Architecture
Quantum Computing
Quantum computers are based on the principles
of quantum mechanics and offer fast computation
for specific types of problems.
Neuromorphic Computing
Neuromorphic computing is based on the
principles of the human brain. It offers fast
computation for tasks such as image and speech
recognition.

14. Conclusion
1 Evolution 🚀
The Von-Neumann
architecture has seen
many improvements over
time, including pipelining,
cache memory, and
multiple cores.
2 Innovation 🔬
Alternative architectures
such as Quantum and
Neuromorphic computing
show great promise in
solving specific types of
problems.
3 Revolution 🌟
Regardless of alternative architectures, the Von-Neumann
architecture will continue to be an important aspect of modern
computing, driving innovation and shaping our technological
future.