this ppt is related to the introductory part of assembly language and will be very useful for beginners of information technology students either at their graduation level or at post graduation level
It's a very simple slide describing what is Assembly Language, Assembler and Assembling Technique, Mnemonics, Why should we use assembly language?, and its limitations.
It's a very simple slide describing what is Assembly Language, Assembler and Assembling Technique, Mnemonics, Why should we use assembly language?, and its limitations.
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
This is introduction to micro processor and assembly language course. In this chapter you are going to be introduced to basic idea of microprocessor. Language hierarchy and virtual machine concept.
1 Describe different types of Assemblers.Assembly language.docxaryan532920
1 Describe different types of Assemblers.
Assembly language
An assembly language (or assembler language[1]) is a low-level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one) correspondence between the language and the architecture'smachine codeinstructions. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple architectures, but require interpreting or compiling.
Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.
Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine instruction or operation. Typical operations require one or moreoperands in order to form a complete instruction, and most assemblers can therefore take labels, symbols and expressions as operands to represent addresses and other constants, freeing the programmer from tedious manual calculations. Macro assemblers include amacroinstruction facility so that (parameterized) assembly language text can be represented by a name, and that name can be used to insert the expanded text into other code. Many assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, to control the assembly process, and to aid debugging.
Key concepts
Assembler
An assembler is a program which creates object code by translating combinations of mnemonics and syntax for operations and addressing modes into their numerical equivalents. This representation typically includes an operation code ("opcode") as well as other control bits.[2] The assembler also calculates constant expressions and resolvessymbolic names for memory locations and other entities.[3] The use of symbolic references is a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious calculations and manual address updates after program modifications. Most assemblers also include macro facilities for performing textual substitution – e.g., to generate common short sequences of instructions as inline, instead of calledsubroutines.
Some assemblers may also be able to perform some simple types of instruction set-specific optimizations. One concrete example of this may be the ubiquitous x86 assemblers from various vendors. Most of them are able to perform jump-instruction replacements (long jumps replaced by short or relative jumps) in any number of passes, on request. Others may even do simple rearrangement or insertion of instructions, such as some assemblers for RISCarchitectures that can help optimize a sensible instruction scheduling to exploit the CPU pipeline as efficiently as possible.[citation needed]
Like early programming languages such as Fortran, Algol, Cobol and Lisp, assemblers have been available since the 1950s and the first generations of text based computer interfaces. However, assemblers came fir ...
THIS PPT CONTAINS THE DETAILS ABOUT THE VARIOUS LANGUAGE PROCESSORS/LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS- THE COMPILER & THE INTERPRETER, OPERATING SYSTEMS & ITS FUNCTION, PARALLEL & CLOUD COMPUTING
The presentation is about the introduction to programming language, it talks about a brief history of programming language, the software, and the abstraction level of programming languages.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Assembly language
1. Assembly language
What is Assembly Language?
Each personal computer has a microprocessor that manages the
computer's arithmetical, logical, and control activities.
Each family of processors has its own set of instructions for
handling various operations such as getting input from keyboard,
displaying information on screen and performing various other jobs.
These set of instructions are called 'machine language instructions'.
A processor understands only machine language instructions,
which are strings of 1's and 0's. However, machine language is too
obscure and complex for using in software development. So, the low-
level assembly language is designed for a specific family of processors
that represents various instructions in symbolic code and a more
understandable form.
2. Assembly language
Why is ASM useful?
Machine language is just a series of numbers, which is not easy for
humans to read. Using ASM, programmers can write human-
readable programs that correspond almost exactly to machine
language.
The disadvantage is that everything the computer does must be
described explicitly, in precise detail. The advantage is that the
programmer has maximum control over what the computer is
doing.
Why is ASM a "low-level" language?
Assembly is called a low-level programming language because
there is (nearly) a one-to-one relationship between what it tells
the computer to do, and what the computer does. In general, one
line of an assembly program contains a maximum of one
instruction for the computer.
3. Assembly language
How is ASM different from a "high-level" language?
High-level languages provide abstractions of low-level operations
which allow the programmer to focus more on describing what
they want to do, and less on how it should be done. Programming
this way is more convenient and makes programs easier to read at
the sacrifice of low-level control.
Is ASM portable?
No. Because assembly languages are tied to one specific computer
architecture, they are not portable. A program written in one
assembly language would need to be completely rewritten for it to
run on another type of machine.
4. Assembly language
Advantages of Assembly Language
Having an understanding of assembly language makes one
aware of −
How programs interface with OS, processor, and BIOS;
How data is represented in memory and other external devices;
How the processor accesses and executes instruction;
How instructions access and process data;
How a program accesses external devices.
Other advantages of using assembly language are −
It requires less memory and execution time;
It allows hardware-specific complex jobs in an easier way;
It is suitable for time-critical jobs;
It is most suitable for writing interrupt service routines and
other memory resident programs.
5. Assembly language
An assembly language program can be divided into 3 sections:-
The data section
The bss section
The text section
The data Section
The data section is used for declaring initialized data or constants.
This data does not change at runtime. You can declare various
constant values, file names, or buffer size, etc., in this section.
The syntax for declaring data section is −
section.data
The bss Section
The bss section is used for declaring variables. The syntax for
declaring bss section is −
section.bss
6. Assembly language
The text section
The text section is used for keeping the actual code. This section
must begin with the declaration global _start, which tells the
kernel where the program execution begins.
The syntax for declaring text section is −
section.text global _start _start:
how it works:
Most computers come with a specified set of very basic
instructions that correspond to the basic machine operations that
the computer can perform. For example, a "Load" instruction
causes the processor to move a string of bits from a location in the
processor's memory to a special holding place called a register.
7. Assembly language
Assuming the processor has at least eight registers, each
numbered, the following instruction would move the value (string
of bits of a certain length) at memory location 3000 into the
holding place called register 8:
The programmer can write a program using a sequence of these
assembler instructions.
This sequence of assembler instructions, known as the
source code or source program, is then specified to the assembler
program when that program is started.
The assembler program takes each program statement in the
source program and generates a corresponding bit stream or
pattern (a series of 0's and 1's of a given length).
L 8,3000
8. Assembly language
The output of the assembler program is called the object code or
object program relative to the input source program. The
sequence of 0's and 1's that constitute the object program is
sometimes called machine code.
The object program can then be run (or executed) whenever
desired.
Assembler
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions
and converts them into a pattern of bits that the
computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.
Some people call these instructions assembler language and
others use the term assembly language.
9. Assembly language
While assembly languages differ between processor architectures, they often
include similar instructions and operators. Below are some examples of
instructions supported by x86 processors.
• MOV - move data from one location to another
• ADD - add two values
• SUB - subtract a value from another value
• PUSH - push data onto a stack
• POP - pop data from a stack
• JMP - jump to another location
• INT - interrupt a process
the following assembly language can be used to add the numbers 3 and 4:
mov eax, 3 - loads 3 into the register "eax"
mov ebx, 4 - loads 4 into the register "ebx"
add eax, ebx, ecx - adds "eax" and "ebx" and stores the result (7) in "ecx"
10. Assembly language
limitations of assembly language
• No Symbolic names for memory locations. You need to keep track of the exact
memory location that a piece of data is stored. That is, you must manipulate
memory locations directly.
• Hard to read. Although we've made a few improvements by eliminating hex
code, the command names are not always clear.
• Code is still machine dependent. We haven't really moved that far away from
the machine language - just put psuedo-English labels on it. We still need to
rewrite every piece of code for every machine.
• Hard to maintain and debug. Finding mistakes in machine code is difficult.
Correcting them or adding new features can also be a challenge.
• Code must be heavily documented. It's very difficult (if not impossible) to figure
out what a program does by reading the code. Detailed explanation must be
prepared for future coders (including the original programmer) who need to
modify or use the code.