Stomata Types.pptx
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The document discusses the structure and types of stomata. Stomata are microscopic openings on plant surfaces surrounded by guard cells and subsidiary cells. There are four basic types of stomata distinguished by the arrangement of subsidiary cells: anomocytic (no arrangement), anisocytic (one smaller cell), paracytic (subsidiary cells parallel to pore), and diacytic (subsidiary cells perpendicular to pore). Examples of each type are provided. The structures allow for gas exchange and vary between dicotyledonous plant species.
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Vascular cambium gurpreet s
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that increases the diameter of stems and roots through secondary growth. It is composed of fusiform initials that divide to form vertical tissues and ray initials that form horizontal tissues. In dicots, intrafascicular cambium initially develops within vascular bundles and interfascicular cambium develops between bundles, eventually joining to form a complete cambial ring. The cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. Its seasonal activity varies the structure of the tissues produced.
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The timing of cambial reactivation plays an important role in determination of the amount and quality of wood and the environmental adaptavity of trees.
Environmental factors, such as temperatures, influence the growth and development of trees.
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Cumulative elevated temperatures from late winter to early spring result in earlier initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in tree stems and an extended growth period.
However, earlier cambial reactivation increases the risk for frost damage because the cold tolerance of cambium decreases after cambial reactivation.
A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate wood formation in trees and the influence of environmental conditions on such mechanisms should help in efforts to improve and enhance the exploitation of wood for commercial applications and to prepare for climatic change.
Wood is the product of vascular cambium, and the formation of wood depends on the cambial activity of trees.
In temperate and cool zones, the vascular cambium of the stems of trees undergoes seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy, which are collectively known as annual periodicity.
This periodicity plays an important role in the formation of wood and reflects the environmental adaptivity of trees, for example their tolerance to cold in winter in cool and temperate zones.
The quantity and quality of wood depend on the division of cambial cells and the differentiation of cambial derivatives.
Cambial activity in trees is regulated by both internal factors, such as plant hormones, and environmental factors, such as, temperature, rainfall and photoperiod.
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During the period from late winter to early spring, new cell plates are formed in the cambium and this springtime phenomenon is referred to as cambial reactivation.
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Cumulative elevated temperatures from late winter to early spring result in earlier initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in tree stems and an extended growth period.
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This periodicity plays an important role in the formation of wood and reflects the environmental adaptivity of trees, for example their tolerance to cold in winter in cool and temperate zones.
The quantity and quality of wood depend on the division of cambial cells and the differentiation of cambial derivatives.
Cambial activity in trees is regulated by both internal factors, such as plant hormones, and environmental factors, such as, temperature, rainfall and photoperiod.
Temperature provides the appropriate physical conditions for the growth and development of trees in temperate and cool climates.
Timing of cambial reactivation is controlled by temperature, which influences both the quantity and quality of wood.
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Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
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In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
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Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
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The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
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Cycas is a gymnosperm that reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. Vegetative reproduction occurs through adventitious buds on the stem base that develop into new plants. Sexual reproduction involves separate male and female plants that produce cones. Pollen from the male cone is transferred to female cones by wind. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed protected by a fleshy outer layer and stony middle layer. The seed germinates by rupturing at the micropyle and producing a radicle and plumule to form a new sporophyte plant.
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1. Gilbert Morgan Smith was a botanist best known for his books on algae.
2. In 1950, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature recommended that plant divisions end in -phyta and sub-divisions in -opsida.
3. G.M. Smith classified pteridophytes into four divisions - Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta - based on characteristics like plant structure, vascular tissue, reproduction features, and gametophyte traits.
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This document discusses different systems of plant classification, including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It focuses on the artificial system of classification developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. Linnaeus classified plants based mainly on their floral characteristics like stamen number. He divided plants into 24 classes and further subgroups from A to Z based on these characteristics. While this system was convenient for identification, it had limitations like grouping unrelated plants together and considering only a few characters.
ENDOSPERM.pptx
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- Gymnosperms are thought to have evolved from pteridophytes, with coditales stock coming directly from pteridophytes. Coditales then gave rise to coniferales and ginkogales.
- Male and female gametophytes of gymnosperms differ from homosporous pteridophytes in being endosporous and reduced. The male gametophyte develops from pollen grains.
- There are different theories on the origin of ovules, including the axial, sui-geneges, and
Annonaceae
This document summarizes the characteristics of the Annonaceae plant family. It includes 130 genera and 2300 species of aromatic trees and shrubs found in tropical regions. Key features include oil ducts in bark, leaves and flowers, alternate simple leaves, axillary or terminal inflorescences, numerous spirally arranged stamens and carpels on a receptacle, and fruits that are aggregates of berries. Several species have economic importance as sources of edible fruits, oils, fibers, and wood.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost cellular layer which covers the whole plant structure, i.e. it covers roots, stem, leaves.
It is composed of a single layer of living cells, although there are exceptions.
Epidermis is usually closely packed, without intercellular spaces or chloroplasts. Instead, the epidermis is like a clear spray coating whose sole purpose is to protect the plant from the elements, while still letting the sun shine in. That's particularly important for a leaf because their main job is to photosynthesize.
Composition of Epidermis:
Epidermal Proper Cells
Specialized cells
Stomatal Guard Cells
Trichomes
Epidermal Proper Cells:
These cells vary in thickness and shape
The outer walls, which are exposed to the atmosphere and usually thickened, and may be covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle which are made up of cutin. Apart from the normal epidermal cells there are also stomata in the epidermis of leaves and stem.
Wax in the form of granules or rods may be deposited on the surface of cuticle as continuous.
Specialized Epidermal Cells:
In certain species of pteridophytes and gymnosperm, many species of Graminae and certain dicots, fiber-like epidermal cells are formed.
In Graminae and many other monocots ,bubble-like cells are formed called Bulliforms cells, these cells are larger then normal epidermal cells and are thin walled.
Function:
These cells are concerned with opening of rolled leaf as enclosed in bud.
Rolling and unrolling of mature leaves as a result of loss and uptake of water.
Stomatal cells:
A stoma is an opening (pore) which is bounded by two bean shaped cells called guard cells and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts.
The guard cells differ from normal epidermal cells in that they have chloroplasts and the cell walls are thickening unevenly; the outer wall is thin and the inner wall (nearest the opening) is thick.
The leaf and stem epidermis is covered with pores called stomata (sing., stoma), part of a stoma complex consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells.
The epidermal cells protect the underlying cells.
The waxy cuticle prevents the loss of moisture from the leaves and stems.
The transparent epidermal cells allow sunlight (for photosynthesis) to pass through to the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissue.
The stomata of leaves and stems allow gaseous exchange to take place which is necessary for photosynthesis and respiration.
Water vapour may be given off through the stomata during transpiration.
The root-hairs absorb water and dissolved ions from the soil.
Secretory Ducts And Latificers
1) Secretory structures in plants include trichomes, glands, nectaries, and internal secretory cells and spaces that release substances like enzymes, hormones, nectar, oils, salts, and water.
2) Laticifers are secretory structures that form a milky latex composed of rubber, oils, resins, and other particles suspended in liquid that is released upon injury.
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- 1. STOMATA Mrs. R. H. Mishal Incharge HOD, D. Pharm Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Nashik.
- 2. A stoma is a minute epidermal opening with following characteristics: • A central cell • Two kidney shaped similar cells containing chloroplasts known as Guard cells and varying number of subsidiary (epidermal) cells covering the guard cells. A stoma is made up of a pair of identical guard cells, forming a pore in centre through which gaseous exchange takes place. STOMATA
- 4. There are 4 basic types of stomata among the dicotyledons. These types are distinguished on the basis of arrangements of the subsidiary cells surrounding the stomata The four types are: • Anomocytic type, Ranunculaceae • Anisocytic type, Curciferae • Paracytic type, Rubiceae • Diacytic type, Caryophyllaceae
- 5. The surrounding epidermal cells have no special arrangement, they are all similar & there are no subsidiary cells, so all the cells are normal epidermal cells without any modification, like stomata of digitalis.
- 6. The stomata is surrounded subsidiary cells, one of them by 3 or more is distinctly Hyoscymus smaller that the others like in niger.
- 7. Each stoma is surrounded by 2 or more subsidiary cells, 2 of them have their long axes parallel to the pore, which means that the axes of the subsidiary cells are parallel to the axes of the pore like the one in senna leaves.
- 8. Each stomata is surrounded by 2 subsidiary cells having their long axes perpendicular to the pore like in peppermint, Mentha piper.
- 10. Paracytic or Rubiaceous or parallel- celled stomata: Coca leaf, senna leaf Diacytic or caryophyllaceous or cross-celled stomata : Peppermint, Vasaka Anisocytic or cruciferous or Unequalcelled stomata: Belladona, Datura Anomocytic or ranunculaceous or irregular celled stomata: Digitalis, Lobelia
- 11. Thank You