This document discusses stoichiometry, which is the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions. It explains that quantities of reactants and products can be determined from a balanced chemical equation. It also discusses how to perform mole-mole, mass-mole, mass-mass, and other stoichiometric calculations using conversion factors derived from balanced equations. Percent yield is defined as the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield expressed as a percentage.
Discusses the chemical of slightly soluble compounds. Ksp and factors affecting solubility are included as well as solved problems.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
Discusses the chemical of slightly soluble compounds. Ksp and factors affecting solubility are included as well as solved problems.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations. The pH scale is not an absolute scale; it is relative to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement.
The rate of a reaction, average and instantaneous rate of reaction,order and molecularity of reaction, determination of Oder and molecularity, the integrated rate law of reaction, deferential rate law of reaction, zero order, first order and second order reaction, numerical for practice
Introduction to redox reactions
References
Tindale, Ritchie et al, 2014, Chemistry for CSEC 2nd Edition, Nelson Thornes. p156-159
Electron Transfer in Redox Reactions Todayhttps://www.sewanhakaschools.org
This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
this presentation includes all the important oxidation and reduction definitions. all oxidizing and reducing agents. oxidation reactions of organic chemistry. reactions involving hydrogen from substrates. oxidation of alcohols, swern oxidation. reactions involving addition of oxygen to the substrates; oxidation of aldehydes and ketones, baeyer villiger reaction, oxidation of alkenes with peroxyacids, hydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative cleavage of diols, ozonolysis, etard reaction, sharpless epoxidation.
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations. The pH scale is not an absolute scale; it is relative to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement.
The rate of a reaction, average and instantaneous rate of reaction,order and molecularity of reaction, determination of Oder and molecularity, the integrated rate law of reaction, deferential rate law of reaction, zero order, first order and second order reaction, numerical for practice
Introduction to redox reactions
References
Tindale, Ritchie et al, 2014, Chemistry for CSEC 2nd Edition, Nelson Thornes. p156-159
Electron Transfer in Redox Reactions Todayhttps://www.sewanhakaschools.org
This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
this presentation includes all the important oxidation and reduction definitions. all oxidizing and reducing agents. oxidation reactions of organic chemistry. reactions involving hydrogen from substrates. oxidation of alcohols, swern oxidation. reactions involving addition of oxygen to the substrates; oxidation of aldehydes and ketones, baeyer villiger reaction, oxidation of alkenes with peroxyacids, hydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative cleavage of diols, ozonolysis, etard reaction, sharpless epoxidation.
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
This was a presentation based on the Science of Soaps and Detergents....
I made it in 3 days as it was on a short-notice...!!
Hope you guyss like it :) :) :) :) :)
Acid Base Balance for EMS presentation - appropriate for all levels of EMS personnel; includes interactive components for audience and small group participation and learning; questions? call Porter, Littleton and Parker EMS in Colorado at 303-765-6367 (303-765-6EMS)
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Equations are the recipes that tell chemists what amounts of reactants to mix and what amounts of products to expect. You can determine the quantities of reactants and products in a reaction from the balanced equation. When you know the quantity of one substance in a reaction, you can calculate the quantity of any other substance consumed or created in the reaction. (Quantity usually means the amount of a substance expressed in grams or moles. But quantity could just as well be in liters, tons, or molecules.) The calculation of quantities in chemical reactions is a subject of chemistry called stoichiometry .
3. Calculations using balanced equations are called stoichiometric calculations . For chemists, stoichiometry is a form of bookkeeping.
4. INTERPRETING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS As you may recall, ammonia is widely used as a fertilizer. Ammonia is produced industrially by the reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen. What kinds of information can be derived from this equation? N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH 3 ( g )
5. Do you see that mass and atoms are conserved in this chemical reaction? Mass and atoms are conserved in every chemical reaction. The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products. The number of atoms of each reactant equals the number of atoms for that reactant in the product(s). Unlike mass and atoms, however, molecules, formula units, moles and volumes of gases will not necessarily be conserved - although they may be. Only mass and atoms are conserved in every chemical reaction.
8. The mole ratios are used to calculate the number of moles of product from a given number of moles of reactant or to calculate the number of moles of reactant from a given number of moles of product. Three of the mole ratios for this equation are 1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3 3 mol H 2 3 mol H 2 1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3
9. In the mole ratio below, W is the unknown quantity. The value of a and b are the coefficients from the balanced equation. Thus a general solution for a mole-mole problem is given by Given Mole ratio Calculated x mol G x = mol W b mol W xb a mol G a From balanced equation
10. Using the ammonia reaction, answer the following question. How many moles of ammonia are produced when 0.60 mol of nitrogen reacts with hydrogen? 0.60 mol N 2 x = 1.20 mol NH 3 Given Mole Ratio 2 mol NH 3 1 mol N 2
11. MASS-MOLES CALCULATIONS Balances don’t tell you numbers in moles but in grams. As such, there are two related stoichiometry calculations: Moles - Mass & Mass - Moles
12. In a mole-mass problem you are asked to calculate the mass (usually in grams) of a substance that will react with or be produced from a given number of moles of a second substance. (If, in an example, you are told something in is excess, just ignore that substance and solve the problem with the needed substances.) moles A moles B mass B moles A x mole ratio of x molar mass of B B A
13. Example: Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and oxygen. What mass, in grams, of glucose is produced when 3.00 mol of water react with carbon dioxide? Answer: 1. Write the balanced equation 6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l) -> C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g)
14. 2. Determine what you need to find/know. Unknown: mass of C 6 H 12 O 6 produced Given: amount of H 2 O = 3.00 mol = grams C 6 H 12 O 6 3. Determine conversion factors moles H 2 O x x moles C 6 H 12 O 6 moles H 2 O grams C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mole C 6 H 12 O 6
15. 4. Solve 3.00 moles H 2 O x x = 90.0 g C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 6 moles H 2 O 180 g C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mole C 6 H 12 O 6
16. In a mass-mole problem you are asked to calculate the moles of a substance that will react with or be produced from a given number of grams of a second substance. mass A moles A moles B 1 mole A molar mass A mass A x x mole ratio B A
17. Worksheet questions Mol mass mol A mol B mass B 75.0 mol C 7 H 6 O 3 = 13500 g C 9 H 8 O 4 = 13.5 kg C 9 H 8 O 4 x 1 mol C 9 H 8 O 4 1 mol C 7 H 6 O 3 180 g C 9 H 8 O 4 1 mol C 9 H 8 O 4 x x 1 kg 1000 g
18.
19. If the given sample is measured in grams, the mass can be converted to moles by using the molar mass Then the mole ratio from the balanced equation can be used to calculate the number of moles of the unknown If it is the mass of the unknown that needs to be determined, the number of moles of the unknown can be multiplied by the molar mass. As in mole-mole calculations, the unknown can be either a reactant or a product
20. Mass-mass problems can be solved in basically the same way as mole-mole problems. 1. The mass G is changed to moles of G (mass G mol G) by using the molar mass of G. Mass G X = mol G 2. The moles of G are changed to moles of W (mol G mol W ) by using the mole ratio from the balanced equation. Mol G X = mol W 1 mol G molar mass G b mol W a mol G 3. The moles of W are changed to grams of W (mol W mass W )
21. mass A x x x mole ratio molar mass of A molar mass of B given 1 mole A grams A moles B moles A grams B 1 mole B The route for solving mass-mass problems is: mass A moles A moles B mass B
22. Example: Calculate the number of grams of NH 3 produced by the reaction of 5.40 g of hydrogen with an excess of nitrogen. 2. Write what you know: Unknown: g NH 3 ; g H 2 -> g NH 3 Given: 5.40 g H 2 Solution: 1. Write the balanced equation N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3
23. 4. Solve 5.40 g H 2 x x x given = 30.6 g NH 3 changes given to moles mole ratio change moles of wanted to grams 3. Determine conversion factors g H 2 mol H 2 mol NH 3 g NH 3 1 mol H 2 2.00 g H 2 2 mol NH 3 3 mol H 2 17.0 g NH 3 1 mol NH 3
24. Practice Problems 5.00 g CaC 2 x x x = 2.03 g C 2 H 2 1 mole CaC 2 64.1 g CaC 2 1 mole C 2 H 2 1 mole CaC 2 26.0 g C 2 H 2 1 mole C 2 H 2
25. Worksheet questions a. 384 g O 2 = 1104 g NO 2 = 1.10x10 3 g NO 2 given Molar mass A Mole ratio Molar mass B x 1 mol O 2 32.0g O 2 x 2 mol NO 2 1 mol O 2 x 46.0g NO 2 1 mol NO 2
26. OTHER STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS As you already know, a balanced equation indicates the relative number of moles of reactants and products. From this foundation, stoichiometric calculations can be expanded to include any unit of measurement that is related to the mole. The given quantity can be expressed in number of representative particles, units of mass, or volumes of gases at STP.
27. The following equation summarizes these steps for a typical stoichiometric problem aG bW (given quantity) (wanted quantity)
28.
29. Using the ammonia reaction equation, determine the number of liters of ammonia that can be produced from 5 grams of nitrogen at STP. 5.00g N 2 x x x =? N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3 1 mole N 2 28.0g N 2 2 mole NH 3 1 mole N 2 22.4 L NH 3 1 mole NH 3
30. PERCENT YIELD When an equation is used to calculate the amount of product that will form during a reaction, a value representing the theoretical yield is obtained. The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that could be formed from given amounts of reactants. In contrast, the amount of product that actually forms when the reaction is carried out in the laboratory is called the actual yield . The actual yield is often less than the theoretical yield.
31. The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield expressed as a percent. The percent yield measures the efficiency of the reaction. A percent yield should not normally be larger than 100%. Many factors can cause percent yields to be less than 100%. Percent yield = x 100 actual yield theoretical yield
32. Example: Calcium carbonate is decomposed by heating, as shown in the following equation. CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) a. what is the theoretical yield of CaO if 24.8 g of CaCO 3 is heated? b. What is the percent yield if 13.1 g CaO is produced?
33. Solution: 1. List the knowns and unknowns in a. known: mass of CaCO 3 = 24.8 g 1 mol CaCO 3 = 1 mol CaO (from balanced equation) 1 mol CaCO 3 = 100 g (molar mass) 1 mol CaO = 56.1 g (molar mass) unknown: theoretical yield of CaO = ? g CaO
34. 2. Solve for the unknown. 24.8 g CaCO 3 x x x given amount molar mass mole ratio molar mass = 13.9 g CaO Again, this is the theoretical yield, the amount you would make if the reaction were 100% accurate. 1 mol CaCO 3 100 g CaCO 3 1 mol CaO 1 mol CaCO 3 56.1 g CaO 1 mol CaO
35. 3. Determine % yield for b. actual yield = 13.1 g CaO theoretical yield = 13.9 g CaO Percent yield = x 100 actual yield theoretical yield Percent yield = x 100 = 94.2% 13.1 g CaO 13.9 g CaO