Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
Sterilization and disinfection in Dentistry Dr. Harsh Shah
An overview of significance of sterilization in safety of patients and view on all the methods being followed for sterilization and disinfection in todays' practice.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION , INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTISTRY ,
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
Sterilization and disinfection in Dentistry Dr. Harsh Shah
An overview of significance of sterilization in safety of patients and view on all the methods being followed for sterilization and disinfection in todays' practice.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION , INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTISTRY ,
This powerpoint describes about sterilization which is a basic technique applied by life science members who are performing microbiological, molecular biology, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, molecular genetics techniques and also this process in performed in health care sectors to prevail aseptic conditions,
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to sterilize an article
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) pause a major health problem in hospitalized patients. This disease is associated with people with a central line/tube inserted through the skin into the large vein, which can be used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients, or blood products to patients in critical conditions. The disease occurs when microbes enter through the central line invading the bloodstream.
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. CONTENTS
Terminologies
Applications
Factors affecting efficacy of sterilant /disinfectant
Methods of sterilization and disinfection
Physical methods
Chemical methods
3. • Sterilization: is the freeing of an article from all living organisms
including viable spores.
• Disinfection: Is a freeing of an article from harmful microorganisms
that are capable of causing infection but does not destroy spores.
• Antiseptics: chemical disinfectants used on skin or mucus membrane;
and prevents infection by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Ex.
Alcohol, boric acid, hydrogen peroxide.
4. • Asepsis: is a process where the chemical agents (antiseptics) are
applied on to the body surface (skin), which kill or inhibit the
microorganisms present on skin.
• Decontamination: Is the reduction of pathogenic microbial population
to a level at which items are considered safe to handle without
protective attire.
• Bactericidal agents or germicides: they are chemicals that kill
bacteria.
• Bacteriostatic agents: agents that prevent the multiplication of
bacteria.
5. Applications of sterilization
Prevents contamination by extraneous organisms.
Used in surgery to maintain asepsis.
In food and drug industry; to ensure safety from contaminating
organisms.
6. Methods of sterilization (classification)
Physical methods. Chemical methods.
Sunlight drying heat filtration radiation
Dry heat Moist
Flaming
Incineration
Membrane
filters
Depth
filters
Hot air
oven
Below
100°C
At 100 °C
Above
100 °C
Non-ionizing
radiation
Ionizing radiation
7. Factors affecting the efficacy of sterilant/disinfectant
1. Organism load
2. Nature of organism
3. Concentration of chemical agents
4. Nature of the sterilant/disinfectant
5. Duration of exposure
6. Temperature
7. pH, organic matter and biofilm.
8. I. SUNLIGHT
Possesses bactericidal/germicidal activity.
Action is due to Ultraviolet rays and presence of the ozone layer in the
atmosphere.
II. DRYING
Drying has a deleterious effect on many bacteria.
Many bacteria requires moisture for their growth.
Spores are not affected by drying.
Solar-water purification
9. III. HEAT
Kills microorganisms by denaturing their enzymes and other proteins.
Factors influencing sterilization by heat
Nature of heat -dry or moist.
Temperature and time.
Number of organisms present.
Characteristics of the organisms, such as strain capacity.
Type of material from which the organisms must be eradicated.
10. • Mechanism of Action of Heat
1. Dry heat: used for glassware, instruments and paper-wrapped
articles, water impermeable oils, waxes and powders.
2. Moist heat: best at lower temperatures, used in autoclaves to
sterilize media and other water containing materials.
• The time of sterilization is inversely proportional to the temperature of
exposure.
• Thermal death time: is the minimum time required to kill a
suspension of organisms at a predetermined temperature in a specific
environment.
11. Dry heat methods
• Flaming: used to sterilize items in a flame of a Bunsen burner
-Red heat: applied to inoculation loops and wires, forceps and spatula;
for a longer time.
-Sterilization of the mouth of test tubes is applied for a shorter time.
Sterilizing an inoculating
loop by flaming
12. • Incineration: used to sterilize anatomical wastes and microbiological
wastes over high temperatures (870-1200°C) into ash and gas.
• Hot air oven: removes all microbes including spores
• used for glassware such as tubes, flasks, measuring cylinders, glass
syringes and glass pipettes, and metal instruments.
-Requires a temperature of 160-180°C for 120 minutes.
Insulated wall
Trays
Temperature regulator
13. Indicators of hot air oven
• Physical indicators: thermocouples- measures the temperature.
• Biological indicators: uses spores (106) of non-toxigenic strains of
Clostridium tetani or Bacillus subtilis.
• Chemical indicators: Browne’s tube- has a heat sensitive dye which
turns green after exposure to certain temperature for a period of time.
14. Adv: -Do not require water.
-less pressure build up.
-very efficient & smaller.
-more rapid and reaches higher temperatures.
-non corrosive.
Disad: -Time consuming (takes up to 30 to 120 minutes).
-high temperatures are not suitable for most materials.
-Ex. Prions.
15. Moist heat
• Moist heat kills microorganisms at a lower temperature than dry heat.
Temperature for moist heat
1. At a temperature below 100°C.
2. At a temperature of 100°C.
3. At a temperature above 100°C.
16. 1. At a temperature below 100°C
a)Pasteurization
-is a method to control microorganisms from beverages such as fruit and
vegetable juices, beer, and dairy products such as milk.
-it destroys all non-sporing pathogens. Ex: Mycobacteria, Brucellae, and
Salmonellae, except for heat resistant Coxiella burnetii.
Methods of pasteurization
• Holder method: done at 63°C for 30minutes.
- Ex: HIV in serum at 56°C for 25 minutes.
• Flash method: done at 72°C, followed by
rapid cooling to 13°C or lower.
17. b) Water bath
• Is a method used for disinfection of serum, body fluids (at 56°C) and
vaccines (at 60°C).
18. C) Inspissation /fractional sterilization
• Process of heating an article on three successive days at 80-85°C for
30minutes by an inspissator.
• The method kills all vegetative forms of spores.
• It is used to sterilize egg-based media such as Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ)
medium and Dorset’s egg medium, and serum-based media such
Loffler's serum slope.
19. 2. Moist heat at 100°C
• A) Boiling: kills vegetative bacteria, HBV, and some bacterial pores.
• B) Steaming: steamer is used to sterilize media which decomposes at
high temperature of autoclave.
• Method is carried out for 90minutes, killing most vegetative forms
except thermophiles and spores.
• C) Tyndallisation or Intermitted sterilization: sterilizes gelatine,
egg, serum or sugar containing media for 20 minutes.
20. 3. Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
• Autoclave: is an equipment used to remove microorganisms and
spores using high pressure and high temperature.
Principle of Autoclave:
• When water boils, its vapour pressure equals that of the surrounding
atmosphere, so when the atm pressure is raised, the boiling
temperature is also raised (Boyle’s Law).
• Sterilization conditions: 121°C for 15 minutes at a pressure of 15lbs
per square inch (psi), 126°C for 10 minutes at pressure of 20 psi or
134°C at for 3 minutes.
21. Components of autoclave:
a. Pressure chamber: is a large cylinder (vertical or horizontal) in
which materials to be sterilized are placed.
b. Steam jacket: it is where water is placed
c. The lid: fastened by screw clamp, rendered airtight by an asbestos
washer.
• It has a discharge tap for air and steam discharge, a pressure gauge and
a safety valve (to remove excess steam).
d. An electrical heater: heats the water to produce steam.
22. Mechanism of autoclave
• Sufficient water is added to the cylinder, material to be sterilized is placed
on the tray and the autoclave is heated.
• The lid is screwed tight, discharge tap is left open until no more air bubbles
come out in the pail. Safety valve is adjusted to the required pressure.
• Steam pressure rises and penetrates objects inside the autoclave
• Condensation creates negative pressure and draws additional steam
• Moist heat kills microorganisms via coagulation of proteins.
24. Types of autoclaves
a. Gravity displacement type.
• Cold air escapes through the bottom of the chamber as steam displaces
it from above.
• Ex. Vertical type-small volume capacity
• and horizontal autoclave-large volume capacity.
b. Positive pressure displacement type autoclave
c. Negative pressure (vacuum) displacement type.
25. Uses of autoclave
• Sterilization of surgical instruments
• Culture media containing water that cannot be sterilized by dry heat
• Autoclavable plastic containers
• Plastic tubes and pipette tips
• Solutions and water
• Biohazardous wastes
• Glassware
26. Advantages
• Destroys all forms of microbes, including spores.
Disadvantages
• Expensive.
• Uses more electricity.
• Unsuitable for powders and oils, injections and plastic which get
spoiled at autoclave temperatures.
27. Indicators of autoclave
• Biological indicators: uses spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus.
• Browne's tube and thermocouple.
• Autoclave tapes.
28. IV. FILTRATION METHOD
• Filtration: is the removal of microbes by passing of a liquid or gas
through a screen like material with small pores.
• Method removes bacteria from heat labile liquids such as sera and
solutions of sugars or antibiotics used for preparation of culture media.
Types of filters
a. Depth filters.
b. Membrane filter.
A. Depth filter B. Membrane filter
29. a. Depth filters
• They are porous and retain particles throughout the depth of the filter.
• Made of random mats of metallic polymeric or inorganic material.
• They rely on the density and thickness of the filter to trap the particles.
Advantages:
• Retain large mass of particles before becoming clogged
• Have high flow rate of the fluid
• Have low cost
Disadvantage: not suitable for filtration of bacterial solutions as some
particles still come out in the filtrate.
30. Examples of Depth filters
i. Candle filters
ii. Asbestos filters:
iii. Sintered glass filters:
Applications: in industries for filtration
of food, beverages and chemicals.
Asbestos filterMembrane filters
Glass filter
31. b. Membrane filters
• Have uniform pore size, retain larger particles on the surface of their
pores.
• Made of cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polycarbonate,
polyvinylidene fluoride or other synthetic materials.
• Pore size:
0.22 µm-removes most bacteria, allows viruses to pass through;
0.45 µm-retains coliforms in water microbiology and
0.8 µm-removes airborne microbes in clean rooms and for production
of bacteria free gases.
32. Filtration of liquid
• Is done to sterilize sera, sugar and antibiotic solutions.
• Separates toxins and bacteriophages from bacteria.
• Obtain bacteria free filtrates of clinical samples for virus isolation.
• Water purification.
Filtration of air
• Used to deliver bacteria-free air.
• Ex. HEPA (High-efficiency particulate air) filters: removes 99.97% of
particles with size of 0.3 µm or more.
• Used in ICU.
• ULPA (Ultra-low particulate/penetration air) filters: removes from air
atleast 99.999% dust, mould, bacteria and airborne particles with size of
0.12 µm or larger.
33. V. RADIATION
Two types
a. Ionizing radiation.
b. Non-ionizing radiation.
a. Ionizing radiation: includes x-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays.
• Cause breakdown of DNA without high temperature (cold sterilization).
• Destroys bacterial endospores and vegetative cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells.
• Ex. Gamma radiation: for sterilization of plastics, syringes, swabs, catheters,
animal feeds, cardboards, oils, fabric and metal foils.
• Advantages: it has high penetrative power, rapidity of action and does not require
rise in temperature.
34. b. Non-ionizing radiation
• Includes infra-red and ultraviolet rays.
• They are lethal but do not penetrate glass, dirt films and water.
• Ex. Infrared radiation: used for rapid mass sterilization of prepacked
items. Ex. Syringes and catheters.
• Ultraviolet radiation: used for disinfecting enclosed areas, such as
entryways, operation theatres and laboratories.