The document discusses various sterilization methods including physical methods like dry heat, moist heat and radiation. It describes sterilization equipment like autoclaves and hot air ovens. It also covers sterilization indicators and methods to test sterilization efficiency such as membrane filtration and direct inoculation into culture media.
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Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
Sterilization
It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection
It is destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms or organisms capable of producing infections but not necessarily spores.
Sterilization and disinfection in Dentistry Dr. Harsh Shah
An overview of significance of sterilization in safety of patients and view on all the methods being followed for sterilization and disinfection in todays' practice.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION , INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTISTRY ,
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to sterilize an article
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
Sterilization
It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection
It is destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms or organisms capable of producing infections but not necessarily spores.
Sterilization and disinfection in Dentistry Dr. Harsh Shah
An overview of significance of sterilization in safety of patients and view on all the methods being followed for sterilization and disinfection in todays' practice.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION , INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTISTRY ,
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to sterilize an article
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
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2. Contents
• Introduction
• Sterilization method
• Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
• Sterilization indicators
• Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
3. Introduction
Sterilization means killing of microbes.
The main reasons for controlling the microorganisms are:
1. To prevent the contamination in sterile products.
2. To prevent decomposition and spoilage of food and food products.
3. To prevent contamination of unwanted microbes in pure cultures and
other microbiological experiments performed for research studies.
4. To prevent unwanted microbial contamination in antibiotics, enzymes,
vitamin fermentation and other industrial processes.
5. To prevent contamination in aseptic areas which are used for the
preparation of sterile dosage form.
4. Sterilization methods
1. Physical methods
a) Dry heat sterilization
b) Moist heat sterilization/steam sterilization
c) Radiation/Cold sterilization
d) Filtration/Mechanical method
2. Chemical methods
a) Gaseous sterilization
b) By using disinfection
5. 1. Physical Method
a) Dry heat sterilization
• Heat is the most reliable and rapid method of sterilization.
• The killing effect of dry heat is due to protein denaturation.
• The time required for the sterilization is inversely proportional to the
temperature of exposure.
• Micro organisms are more resistant to dry heat as compared to moist
heat and therefore this process requires higher temperature and
longer exposure times.
6. Sunlight and drying
• Sunlight possesses ultraviolet rays which along with the heat raysare
responsible for appreciable germicidal activity.
• This is the natural method for sterilization of water in tanks, rivers and
lakes.
• Spores are unaffected by drying. Hence it is very unreliable method.
Red hot
• It is used to sterilize metallic objects by holding them on the flame till they
are red hot. Eg : inoculating wires, needles, forceps etc.
Flaming
• The article is passed over the flame without allowing it to become red hot.
Eg: mouth of culture tube, glass slides, needles, coverslips etc.
7. b) Moist heat sterilization
• Sterilization by moist heat means killing of microorganisms with hot
air or steam. The lethal effect of moist heat is due to denaturation
and coagulation of proteins.
• Moist heat sterilization is divided into three forms.
1. Temperature below 1000C
2. Temperature at 1000C
3. Temperature above 1000C
8. 1. Temperature below 1000C:
• Heat liable fluids may be disinfected by heating at temperature below
1000C.
2. Temperature at 1000C:
• Boiling at 1000C for 10 to 30 minutes kills all vegetative bacteria and
some bacterial spores.
3. Temperature above 1000C:
• Saturated steam is a more efficient sterilizing agent.eg: Autoclave.
9. C) Radiation/Cold sterilization:
• Use of ultra-violet rays.
• Ionising radiations: X-rays, gamma rays,beta-rays
D) Filtration/Mechanical Method
• This is a non thermal method of sterilization used widely in
pharmaceutical industries where heat labile solutions are to be
sterilized.
• The following types of filters have been used for sterilization
1. Asbestos filter ( seitz filter)
2. Sintered glass filter (Morton filter)
3. Filter candles (ceramic filter)
4. Membrane filter (Millipore/ultra filter)
10. 2. Chemical Method
a. Gaseous sterilization:
Eg: Formaldehyde, Ethylene oxide etc.
b. By using disinfectants
Eg: Cresol, phenol etc.
11. Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Autoclave
Hot air oven
Koch or Arnold steam
sterilizer
12. 1. Autoclave
• The laboratory autoclave or pressure cooker
type autoclave consist of a vertical or
horizontal cylinder of gun metal or stainless
steel in a supporting frame or case.
• The autoclave lid is provided with pressure
gauge.
• The autoclave is provided with control for
adjusting the pressure and temperature and
a safety valve to avoid explosions.
• Water is added on the bottom of the
autoclave and the articles to be sterilized are
placed in a perforated shelf.
• The lid is closed, discharge tap is opened and
safety valve is adjusted to the required
pressure.
15. Advantages
• Microorganisms are destroyed more efficiently than the dry heat
because of the greater penetration power of the steam under
pressure.
• The method is applicable to the wide variety of materials and for
large load.
• Spores are easily destroyed by moist heat sterilization.
16. Disadvantages
• During autoclaving the pH of aqueous solution gets changed due to
water loss.
• Oils do not get sterilized in autoclave as they are hydrophobic in
nature and they don’t allow steam to penetrate them.
• Autoclave sterilization is not used for thermolabile substances,
powders and plastic that melts.
17. Applications
• To sterilize aqueous solution, saline solution, bacteriological media
like nutrient broth etc.
• To sterilize surgical dressings, rubber gloves, plastic fibrics and surgical
instruments.
• Sterilize different glassware like pipettes, petri plates, flasks and
different metal instruments.
18. 2. Hot air oven
• This is the most widely used method of
sterilization by dry heat.
• The hot air oven consist of a doubled walled
chamber of aluminium or stainless steel
separated from the outer case by a thick layer
of insulation made of fibre glass.
• An oven is based on the principle where
sterilization is accomplished by dry heat or hot
heat.
• Dry heat is less effective as compered to moist
heat because in the presence of moisture,
proteins are easily coagulated and moist heat
has greater penetration power than the dry
heat.
• By the process of denaturation and oxidation,
microbes are destroyed by dry heat.
19. Temperature-Time relationship for hot air oven
• Substances that are not heat-labile and can tolerate temperature
upto 2500C may be sterilized by hot air oven.
• For normal sterilization work, the oven should be operated at 1600C
for 2 hours.
Temperature (0C) Time (hr)
140 3
150 2.5
160 2
170 1
180 0.5
20. Application
• Hot air oven is used to sterilize glassware, forceps, scissors, syringes,
petri-dishes, test tubes, pipettes etc.
• Hot air oven is used for sterilization of fixed oils, powders, glycerin,
liquid paraffin, propylene glycol, waxes and other articles that are
either spoiled or not effectively sterilized by the moist heat.
22. 3. Koch or Arnold steam sterilizer
• A Koch or Arnold steam sterilizer is usually used in industries.
• This steam sterilizer consists of a vertical metal cylinder with removable
conical lid having a small opening for the escaping steam.
• Water is added on the bottom and a perforated shelf above the water level is
present.
• Single exposure to steam for 90 minutes ensures complete sterilization but
media containing sugar and gelatin, which may get decomposed on long
heating. Hence such materials may be exposed at 1000C for 20 minutes on
three successive days. This is known as tyndallisation or intermittent or
fractional sterilization.
• First exposure to steam kills all vegetative bacteria and at second exposure all
spores germinate in a favourable medium and are killed on subsequent
occasions.
23. Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /
Sterility testing
Sterility tests can be carried out using following methods.
1. Method A: Membrane filtration.
2. Method B: Direct Inoculation.
25. Membrane Filtration
• First clean the membrane filter unit and sterilize the unit and membrane
filter separately by moist heat sterilization (Autoclave).
• Transfer the unit on laminar air flow bench or aseptic area and place the
membrane filter in the unit as shown in fig.
• Pass all the solution through filter under vacuum.
• After filtration, the membrane is removed aseptically and cut into two
parts using sterile scissors.
• One half part of membrane filter is placed in 100ml of fluid thioglycollate
medium (FTM) and incubate at 30-350C for not less than 7 days.
• Other half part of membrane filter is placed in soyabean casein digest
medium (SCDM) and incubate at 20-250C for not less than 7 days.
26. Membrane Filtration
Observe the turbidity in the medium by comparing with the standard tube. If it has
no turbidity in fluid thioglycollate medium and soyabean casein digest medium
means it is free from microorganisms and suitable for use.
27. Direct Inoculation
• Cotton or prefilled syringe is transferred directly to culture media using sterile instruments such
as sterile foreceps.
• Incubate sample containing fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM) at 30-350C for not less than 7 days
and soyabean casein digest medium (SCDM) at 20-250C for not less than 7 days.
Observe the turbidity in the medium by comparing with the standard tube. If it has no turbidity in
fluid thioglycollate medium and soyabean casein digest medium means it is free from microorganisms
and suitable for use.