An overview of significance of sterilization in safety of patients and view on all the methods being followed for sterilization and disinfection in todays' practice.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION , INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTISTRY ,
A well pictured presentation on Endodontic Instrumentation for UG students. Best for getting a good grip on the topic as a whole. Meant to supplement not substitute standard texts.
A well pictured presentation on Endodontic Instrumentation for UG students. Best for getting a good grip on the topic as a whole. Meant to supplement not substitute standard texts.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation, Now many indications for treatment for teeth are not due to caries and, therefore, the preparation of the tooth is no longer referred to as cavity preparation but as tooth preparation, and the term cavity is used only as a historical reference.
NOMENCLATURE
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IN A DENTAL CLINIC pptVineetha K
One of the basic things you need to know before starting a dental clinic. This presentation covers the basics of sterilization and disinfection in a dental setting.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation, Now many indications for treatment for teeth are not due to caries and, therefore, the preparation of the tooth is no longer referred to as cavity preparation but as tooth preparation, and the term cavity is used only as a historical reference.
NOMENCLATURE
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IN A DENTAL CLINIC pptVineetha K
One of the basic things you need to know before starting a dental clinic. This presentation covers the basics of sterilization and disinfection in a dental setting.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to sterilize an article
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
IMPORTANCE OF GUMS
मसूड़ों का महत्व
दांतों की आसपास की संरचनाSurrounding structures of teeth
मसूड़ा (Gingiva)
गिंगिवा आपके दांतों के नीचे नरम, गुलाबी ऊतक है।
मसूड़े की सूजन (GINGIVITIS)
मसूड़े की सूजन तब होती है जब आपके मसूड़े लाल, सूजन और छूने या ब्रश करने पर वे आसानी से खून बह सकता है। यह घटनाओं की एक श्रृंखला में पहला चरण है जो पट्टिका के निर्माण के साथ शुरू होता है।
यदि ठीक से इलाज नहीं किया जाता है, तो यह पीरियडोनिटिस (Periodontitis) और दांत के नुकसान के साथ समाप्त हो सकता है क्योंकि ऊतक जो चारों ओर से घेरे हुए है और दांतों का समर्थन करता है।
मसूड़ों की हानि ( Gingival Recession)
मसूड़ों की सिकुड़न के कारण दांतों की जड़ों में मसूड़ों की मंदी होती है। यह घर्षण, क्षरण, पेरियोडोंटल बीमारी या सर्जरी के कारण होता है।
मुंह से दुर्गंध (Halitosis)
हैलिटोसिस मौखिक या जठरांत्र मूल की खराब सांस है।
कारण :
तंबाकू
खाना
शुष्क मुँह
दांत की सफाई
क्रैश डाइट्स
दवा
Why Mouthwash ? माउथवॉश क्यों ?
सांसों की बदबू (Halitosis)
मसूड़े की सूजन (Gingivitis)
पट्टिका (Plaque removal)
शुष्क मुँह (Dry Mouth)
पीले या फीके दांत (Discoloured teeth)
मसूड़ों में कमी (Gingival Recession)
Important contents of Mouthwash
Fluoride –
फ्लोराइड यह घटक दाँत क्षय से लड़ता है और
तामचीनी को मजबूत करता है।
Cetylpyridinium Chloride –
साइटिलपिरिडिनियम क्लोराइड।
यह खराब सांस को खत्म करता है और बैक्टीरिया को मारता है।
Chlorhexidine –
यह पट्टिका को कम करता है और
मसूड़े की सूजन को नियंत्रित करता है।
Essential Oils –
आवश्यक तेल। कुछ माउथवॉश में
आवश्यक तेलों में पाए जाने वाले यौगिक होते हैं, जैसे मेन्थॉल (पेपरमिंट), नीलगिरी, और थाइमोल (थाइम), जिसमें ऐंटिफंगल और जीवाणुरोधी गुण होते हैं
Carbamide Peroxide –
कार्बामाइड पेरोक्साइड या हाइड्रोजन पेरोक्साइड। यह घटक दांतों को सफेद करता है।
Home Remedies
अनानास का रस ( Pineapple Juice )
पानी (Water)
दही (Curd)
ग्रीन टी (Green Tea)
बेकिंग सोडा के साथ घर का बना माउथवॉश (Home made mouthwash with baking soda)
सिरका के साथ घर का बना माउथवॉश
( Home made mouthwash with vinegar
गम कसैला (Gum Astringent / GumPaint)
एस्ट्रिंजेंट प्रोटीन को जमाकर, मसूड़ों के रक्तस्राव को रोकने में मदद करते हैं।
You can contact us directly in case of any help needed from my side
Dr. Harsh S. Shah
(Dental Surgeon)
Contact – 7776096239
Email- dr.shahsdentalclinic@gmail.com
Solitary oral ulcers and systemic diseasesDr. Harsh Shah
A brief overview of different ulcerative lesions seen in the oral cavity linked to the dangerous systemic diseases and preventive measures for the disease before it turns lerhal
SDDCH, Parbhani
Non –pharmacological behavior management in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on nonpharmacological managent of behaviour in children
Presented by : Mayuri Karad
SDDCH Parbhani
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept, of Pediatric and preventive dentistry
Apexogenesis & apexification in pediatric dentistryDr. Harsh Shah
SDDCH Parbhani
Presented by : Vipul GIratkar
Dept. of Pediatric dentitstry
Guided by . Dr. Rehan Khan
DIscussion regarding apexification and apexogenesis
Tongue thrust and mouth breathing habits in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on mouth breathing and tongue thrusting in children leading to ill effects
Presented by : Pratiksha Ahire
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry
SDDCH PArbhani
Overview on midline diastema and its unesthetic effects
Presented by : Anamika Thorat
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry
SDDCH PBN
Dental Fluorosis : double sided sword
Overview of this deadly disease in this presentation
Presented by: Shubham Shegokar
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Pediatric Dentitstry
Growth and development of mandible in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
a brief idea about the development of mandible for indian students looking for a quick review from dentistry department
all the best to students
Presented by : Harsh SHah
Dept. of Orthodontics
SDDCH PBN
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
3. • Sterilization :- is defined as the process
where all the living microorganisms, including
bacterial spores are killed. Sterilization can be
achieved by physical, chemical and
physiochemical means. Chemicals used as
sterilizing agents are called chemisterilants.
4. • Disinfection is the process of elimination of
most pathogenic microorganisms (excluding
bacterial spores) on inanimate objects.
• Disinfection can be achieved by physical or
chemical methods. Chemicals used in
disinfection are called disinfectants. Different
disinfectants have different target ranges, not
all disinfectants can kill all microorganisms.
5. Some other terms :-
• Decontamination is the process of removal of
contaminating pathogenic microorganisms
from the articles by a process of sterilization
or disinfection.
• Asepsis is the employment of techniques
(such as usage of gloves, air filters, uv rays etc)
to achieve microbe-free environment.
6.
7. Physical methods of sterilization :-
Sunlight: The microbicidal activity of
sunlight is mainly due to the presence of ultra
violet rays in it. It is responsible for
spontaneous sterilization in natural
conditions. In tropical countries, the sunlight
is more effective in killing germs due to
combination of ultraviolet rays and heat
8. • Heat: Heat is considered to be most reliable
method of sterilization of articles Heat acts by
oxidative effects as well as denaturation and
coagulation of proteins. Those articles that
cannot withstand high temperatures can still
be sterilized at lower temperature by
prolonging the duration of exposure.
9. Factors affecting sterilization by heat are:
• Nature of heat: Moist heat is more effective than dry heat
Temperature and time: temperature and time are inversely
proportional. As temperature increases the time taken
decreases.
• Number of microorganisms: More the number of
microorganisms, higher the temperature or longer the
duration required.
• Nature of microorganism: Depends on species and strain of
microorganism, sensitivity to heat may vary.
• Type of material: Articles that are heavily contaminated
require higher temperature or prolonged exposure.
10. • Action of heat:
• Dry heat acts by
-Protein denaturation
-Oxidative damage .
• Moist heat acts by
- Coagulation and denaturation of proteins.
Moist heat is superior to dry heat in action.
• Temperature required to kill microbe by dry heat
is more than the moist heat. Thermal death time
is the minimum time required to kill a suspension
of organisms at a predetermined temperature in
a specified environment.
11. Dry Heat :-
Red heat: Articles such as
• Bacteriological loops
• Straight wires
• Tips of forceps and searing spatulas
are sterilized by holding them in Bunsen flame
till they become red hot. This is a simple
method for effective sterilization of such
articles, but is limited to those articles that
can be heated to redness in flame.
12. Flaming: This is a method of passing the article
over a Bunsen flame, but not heating it to
redness. Articles such as
• Scalpels
• Mouth of test tubes
• Flasks, Glass slides and Cover slips
are passed through the flame a few times.
Even though most vegetative cells are killed,
there is no guarantee that spores too would
die on such short exposure. This method too is
limited to those articles that can be exposed
to flame. Cracking of the glassware may occur
13. Hot Air Oven :-
• This method was introduced by Louis Pasteur. Articles to be
sterilized are exposed to high temperature (160° C) for
duration of one hour in an electrically heated oven. Since air is
poor conductor of heat, even distribution of heat throughout
the chamber is achieved by a fan. The heat is transferred to
the article by Radiation, Conduction And Convection.
Articles sterilized:
• Metallic instruments (like forceps, scalpels, scissors),
glasswares (such as petri-dishes, pipettes,flasks, all-glass
syringes)
• Swabs, oils, grease, petroleum jelly and some
pharmaceutical products.
14. Sterilization control
• Physical: Temperature chart recorder and
thermocouple.
Chemical: Browne’s tube No.3 (Red to Green –
Green indicaes proper sterilization)
• Biological: 106 spores of Bacillus subtilis var niger or
Clostridium tetani on paper strips are placed inside
envelopes and then placed inside the hot air oven.
Upon completion of sterilization cycle, the strips are
removed and inoculated into thioglycollate broth or
cooked meat medium and incubated at 37°C for 3-5
days. Proper sterilization should kill the spores and
there should not be any growth.
15.
16. Glass Bead Sterilizer
• This method employs a heat transfer device
• Glass beads, molten metal, or salt are kept in
cup or crucible
• Temperature : 220 C
• Time for sterilization : 10 seconds
Articles Sterilized :
• Endodontic files and burs
• Rotary Instruments
17. • MOIST HEAT:
• Moist heat acts by coagulation and denaturation of
proteins.
• At temperature below 100°C:
1. Pasteurization:
Given by Louis Pasteur.
Currently this procedure is
employed in food and dairy industry. There are two
methods of pasteurization, -- The holder method
(heated 63°C for 30 minutes) -- Flash method
(heated at 72°C for 15 seconds)
followed by quickly cooling to 13°C.
It destroys mycobacterium, Salmonella & also Brucella
18. 2. Vaccine bath: The contaminating bacteria in a
vaccine preparation can be inactivated by heating in
a water bath at 60°C for one hour. Only vegetative
bacteria are killed and spores survive.
3. Serum bath: The contaminating bacteria in a serum
preparation can be inactivated by heating in a water
bath at 56°C for one hour on several successive days.
Proteins in the serum will coagulate at higher
temperature. Only vegetative bacteria are killed and
spores survive.
19. At Temperature 100°C
Boiling: Boiling water (100°C) kills most vegetative
bacteria and viruses immediately. Some bacterial spores
are resistant to boiling and survive, hence this is not a
substitute for sterilization. The killing activity can be
enhanced by addition of 2% sodium bicarbonate.
Metal articles can be disinfected by
placing them in boiling water for
10-20 minutes. The lid of the glasswares
must not be opened during the period.
20. At temperature above 100°C
Autoclave :
Principle – Water boils when pressure equals to the
surrounding atmosphere
In an autoclave the water is boiled in a closed chamber.
As the pressure rises,the boiling point of water also
raises.
At a pressure of 15 lb inside the autoclave, the
temperature is said to be 121°C for 15 minutes
At a pressure of 20 lb inside the autoclave, the
temperature is said to be 126°C for 10 minutes
At a pressure of 30 lb inside the autoclave, the
temperature is said to be 134°C for 3 minutes
21.
22.
23. Articles sterilized:
• Surgical Instruments
• Lab Equipments
• Culture media
• Dressings
Advantage: Very effective way of sterilization,
quicker than hot air oven.
Disadvantages: Drenching and wetting or
articles may occur, trapped air may reduce the
efficacy, takes long time to cool
24. Sterilization control:
• Physical : Automatic process control, thermocouple
and temperature chart recorder.
• Chemical : Browne’s tube No.1 (black spot) and
succinic acid (whose melting point is121°C) and
Bowie tape.
Bowie tape is applied to articles being autoclaved. If
the process has been satisfactory, dark brown
stripes will appear across the tape. Biological
method includes a paper strip containing 106
• Biological : Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus
25. • RADIATION:
• Two types of radiation are used, ionizing and non-
ionizing.
• Non-ionizing rays are low energy rays with poor
penetrative power while ionizing rays are high-
energy rays with good penetrative power.
Non-ionizing rays: Rays of wavelength longer than
the visible light are non-ionizing. Microbicidal
wavelength of UV rays lie in the range of 200-280
nm, with 260 nm being most effective.
26. • UV rays
• Employed to disinfect hospital wards,
operation theatres, virus laboratories,
corridors, etc.
Disadvantages
Low penetrative power.
Limited life of the UV bulb.
Some bacteria have DNA
repair enzymes that can overcome damage
caused by uv rays, organic matter .
27. • FILTRATION:
• Filtration does not kill microbes, it separates
them out. Membrane filters with pore sizes
between 0.2-0.45 μm are
• Commonly used to remove particles from
solutions that can't be autoclaved.
• It is used to remove microbes from heat labile
liquids such as serum, antibiotic solutions, sugar
solutions, urea solution. Filtration is aided by
using either positive or negative pressure using
vacuum pumps. The
• older filters made of earthenware or asbestos are
called depth filters.
28. • Different types of filters are:
1. Earthenware filters:
a. Pasteur-Chamberland filter
b. Berkefeld filter
c. Mandler filter
2. Asbestos filters
3. Sintered glass filters
4. Membrane filters
29. METHODS OF DISINFECTION
• Disinfectants are those chemicals that destroy
pathogenic bacteria from inanimate surfaces.
Some chemical have
• very narrow spectrum of activity and some have
very wide. Those chemicals that can sterilize are
called chemisterilants. Those chemicals that can
be safely applied over skin and mucus
membranes are called antiseptics
30. ALCOHOLS
• Mode of action: Alcohols dehydrate cells, disrupt
membranes and cause coagulation of protein.
• Examples: Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and
methyl alcohol
• Application: A 70% aqueous solution is more
effective at killing microbes than absolute alcohols. 70%
ethyl alcohol(spirit) is used as antiseptic on skin.
• Isopropyl alcohol is preferred to ethanol. It can also be
used to disinfect surfaces.
• It is used to disinfect clinical thermometers. Methyl alcohol
kills fungal spores, hence is useful in inoculation hoods.
• Disadvantages: Skin irritant, volatile (evaporates rapidly),
inflammable
31. • ALDEHYDES:
• Mode of action: Acts through alkylation of amino-, carboxyl-
or hydroxyl group, and probably damages nucleic
• acids. It kills all microorganisms, including spores.
• Examples: Formaldehyde, Gluteraldehyde
• Application: 40% Formaldehyde (formalin) is used for surface
disinfection and fumigation of rooms, chambers,
• operation theatres, biological safety cabinets, wards, sick rooms
etc. Fumigation is achieved by boiling formalin
• Disadvantages: Vapors are irritating (must be neutralized by
ammonia), has poor penetration, leaves non-volatile
• residue, activity is reduced in the presence of protein.
Gluteraldehyde requires alkaline pH and only those articles
• that are wettable can be sterilized.
32. PHENOL
• Mode of action: Act by disruption of membranes,
precipitation of proteins and inactivation of enzymes.
• Examples: 5% phenol, 1-5% Cresol, 5% Lysol (a saponified
cresol), hexachlorophene, chlorhexidine, chloroxylenol
(Dettol)
• Applications. Phenols are coal-tar derivatives. They act as
disinfectants at high concentration and as antiseptics at low
concentrations. They are bactericidal, fungicidal The
corrosive phenolics are used for disinfection of ward floors,
Chlorhexidine can be used in an isopropanol solution for
skin disinfection
• 20% Chlorhexidine gluconate solution is used for pre-
operative hand and skin preparation and for general skin
disinfection.
33. • Chlorhexidine gluconate is also mixed with
quaternary ammonium compounds such as
cetrimide to get stronger and broader
antimicrobial effects (eg. Savlon).
• Disadvantages: It is toxic, corrosive and skin
irritant. Chlorhexidine is inactivated by anionic
soaps. Chloroxylenol is
• inactivated by hard water
34. HALOGENS
• Mode of action: They are oxidizing agents and cause
damage by oxidation of essential sulfydryl groups of
enzymes. Chlorine reacts with water to form
hypochlorous acid, which is microbicidal.
• Examples: Chlorine compounds (chlorine, bleach,
hypochlorite) and iodine compounds (tincture iodine,
iodophores)
• Applications: Tincture of iodine (2% iodine in 70%
alcohol) is an antiseptic
• Disadvantages: They are rapidly inactivated in the
presence of organic matter. Iodine is corrosive and
staining.
• Bleach solution is corrosive and will corrode stainless
steel surfaces
35. HEAVY METALS
• Mode of action: Act by precipitation of
proteins and oxidation of sulfydryl groups.
They are bacteriostatic.
• Examples: Mercuric chloride, silver nitrate,
copper sulfate, organic mercury salts (e.g.,
mercurochrome,merthiolate)
• Applications: 1% silver nitrate solution can be
applied on eyes as treatment for opthalmia
neonatorum (Crede’smethod)
• Disadvantages: Mercuric chloride is highly
toxic, are readily inactivated by organic matter.
36. SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
• Examples: These are soaps or detergents.
Detergents can be anionic or cationic. Detergents
containing negatively charged long chain
hydrocarbon are called anionic detergents. These
include soaps and bile salts. If the fat-soluble part
is made to have a positive charge by combining
with a quaternary nitrogen atom, it is called
cationic detergents.
• Cationic detergents are known as quaternary
ammonium compounds (or quat).
37. • Application: They are active against vegetative
cells, Mycobacteria and enveloped viruses. They
are widely used as disinfectants at dilution of 1-
2% for domestic use and in hospitals.
• Disadvantages: Their activity is reduced by hard
water, anionic detergents and organic matter.
Pseudomonas can metabolize cetrimide, using
them as a carbon, nitrogen and energy source.
38. DYES
• Mode of action: Acridine dyes are bactericidal
because of their interaction with bacterial nucleic
acids.
• Examples: Aniline dyes such as crystal violet,
malachite green and brilliant green.
• Applications: They may be used topically as
antiseptics to treat mild burns. They are used as
paint on the skin to
• treat bacterial skin infections. The dyes are used
as selective agents in certain selective media.
39. • HYDROGEN PEROXIDE:
• Mode of action: It acts on the microorganisms
through its release of nascent oxygen. Hydrogen
peroxide produces
• hydroxyl-free radical that damages proteins and
DNA.
• Application: It is used at 6% concentration to
decontaminate the instruments, equipments such
as ventilators. 3%
• Hydrogen Peroxide Solution is used for skin
disinfection and deodorising wounds and ulcers
40. • Disadvantages: Decomposes in light, broken
down by catalase, proteinaceous organic
matter drastically reduces its activity.
41. • ETHYLENE OXIDE (EO):
• Mode of action: It is an alkylating agent. It acts by
alkylating sulfydryl-, amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl-
groups.
• Application: It is a highly effective chemisterilant, capable
of killing spores rapidly. Since it is highly flammable, i It
requires presence of humidity. It has
• good penetration and is well absorbed by porous material.
It is used to sterilize heat labile articles such as bedding,
textiles, rubber, plastics, syringes, disposable petri dishes,
complex apparatus like heart-lung machine, respiratory
and dental equipments.
• Efficiency testing is done using Bacillus subtilis var niger.
• Disadvantages: It is highly toxic, irritating to eyes, skin,
highly flammable, mutagenic and carcinogenic
42. • STERLISATION IN DENTISTRY
• Sterlisation is recommended for all high
speed and low speed handpices used
intraorally
• It is important to follow the manufacturers
instructions for cleaning lubrication and
sterlisation procedures to ensure effectiveness
of sterlisation.
43. EQUIPMENTS MEHOD OF STERILISATION
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AUTOCLAVE
SHARP INSTRUMENTS HOT AIR OVEN
OTHER MATERIALS AUTOCLAVE
SYRINGES IRRADIATION
44. • Other types of methods for sterlisation:
• Flash sterlisation: Method for sterlising
unrapped insturments for immidiate use
This cycle operates at a higher temperature at
a shorter period of time.
This process should only be used in
unavoidable situations.
45. Cold sterlisation:
• In dental and other health care settings
indication for use of liquid germicide to
sterlize insturment is termed as cold
sterlisation