Sterilization is a process that destroys or removes all living microorganisms. There are various sterilization methods including heat sterilization methods like dry heat sterilization using hot air ovens, flame sterilization, and moist heat sterilization using steam under pressure in an autoclave. Chemical methods include the use of ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Radiation methods involve the use of ionizing radiation like gamma rays or non-ionizing radiation like infrared rays. Proper sterilization controls and standards must be followed to validate the sterilization process. Biomedical waste is categorized into different colored bins for appropriate treatment and disposal.

2.  Sterilization
 process by which an article, surface, or medium is freed of all living microorganisms
either in the vegetative or in the spore state
 DESTROYS SPORES

3.  refers to the use of a chemical agent that destroys or removes all pathogenic
organisms or organisms capable of giving rise to infection
 NOT SPORICIDAL

4.  CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS WHICH CAN BE SAFELY APPLIED TO SKIN
OR MUCUS MEMBRANE
 BEST & MOST COMMONLY USED  BETADINE

7. HEAT STERILISATION
• FLAMIMG
• INCINERATION
• HOT AIR OVEN
MOIST HEAT
• TEMPERATURE
BELOW 100 *C
• TEMPERATURE
@100*C
• STEAM UNDER
PRESSURE

8.  The dry heat kills microorganisms by
 protein denaturation,
 oxidative damage, and
 toxic effect of increased level of electrolytes

9.  USED FOR STERILISING
 Glasswares (syringes, Petri dishes,
flasks, pipettes, test tubes, etc.).
 Surgical instruments (scalpels,
scissors, forceps, etc.).
 Chemicals (liquid paraffin,
sulfonamide powders, etc.); and
 Oils that are not penetrated well by
steam used in moist heat
sterilization

10.  160 for 45 minutes
 170 degree for 18 minutes
 180 degree for 7.5 minutes
 190 degree for 1.5 minutes

12.  Thermocouples, chemical indicators, and bacteriological spores of Bacillus subtilis
& clostridium tetani are used as sterilization controls to determine the efficacy of
sterilization by hot-air oven.

13.  FLAMING
 Used for STERILISING
 INOCULATING WIRE LOOPS
 Tip of forceps
 Scalpels
 INCINERATION
 Pathological material
 Human carcasses
 Contaminated clothes

14. Below 100 *c
• Pateurisation
• Insipissation
• Vaccine bath
@100 *c
• Boiling
• Koch Arnold
steamer
Steam under
pressure
• Autoclave

17.  2 methods
 Holder
 Flash
 Destroys heat resistant tubercle bacilli
 Newer techniques have now been used to produce sterile milk that has a storage life of 3
months. In this method, milk is processed with ultrahigh temperature (UHT) of 134°C
for 1–2 seconds.
Holder
•Holding @
63 *c for 30
minutes
Flash
•72 * c for
15-20 sec
& rapidly
cooling
below 13 *c
Coxiella burentii
causative agent of Q
fever survives holder
method but killed by
flash method

18.  SOME EMDIA CONTAINING OR SERUM
 LJ MEDIA & LOEFFLERS SERUM SLOPE
 STERILISED AT 82 - 85 *C FOR 30 MINUTESS FOR 30 MINUTES

19.  BACTERIAL VACCINE
 @ 60 *c FOR 60 MINUTES

21.  NOT A METHOD OF STERILISATION
 ONLY A METHOD OF DISINFECTION

22.  SINGLE EXPOSURE @ 100 *C FOR 100 MINUTES
 Steam sterilisation at atmospheric P

23.  FOR MEDIA CONTAINING
SUGAR OR GELATIN
 Cant with stand 100 minutes
 Sterilised @ 100 *c for 20
minutes on 3 successive days

28.  Kills spores effectively
 Used for sterilising culture media dressing instrument & pharmaceuticals
 121 * c for 15 minutes
 126 * c for 10 minutes
 133*c for 3 minutes

29.  Thermocouples
 Brown’s tube is the most commonly used chemical indicator of moist heat
sterilization in the autoclave. It contains red solution that turns green when
exposed to temperature of 121°C for 15 minutes in an autoclave
 Spores of bacillus steatothermophilus

32.  Water purification & analysis
 Sterilisation & sterility testing
 MEMBRANE FILTER  MC USED
 CONSTITUENTS LIKE SERUM TRYPSIN GROWTH FACTORS PROTEINS AMINOACIDS
VITAMINS HORMONES

34. IONISING COLD STERILISATION
 X RAY
 γ RAY
 COSMIC RAYS
NON IONISING
 IR  PREPACKED SYRINGES &
CATHETERS
 UV LIGHT  ENTRY WAYS IN OT
ICU
γ RYS USED FOR STERILISATION
OF HEAT LABILE INSTRUMENT
PLASTIC SYRINGES SURGICAL
CATGUT BONE & TISSUE GRAFTS

37. FORMALDEHYDE
 BACTERICIDAL
 VIRUCIDAL
 SPORICIDAL
 USED FOR STERILISATION
 USED FOR ANATOMIC SPECIMENS
 THEATRE FUMIGATION
 DUCKERING IN BACILLUS
ANTHRACIS
GLUTERLDEHYDE
 2 % GLUTERALDEHYDE  CIDEX
 AGAINST BACTERIA VIRUS &
SPORES
 USED FOR STERILISATION OF
 CYSTOSCOPE
 BRONCHOSCOPE
 ENDOSCOPE
 CORRUGATED RUBBER TUBING
 PLASTIC ENDOTRACHEAL TUBINGS

38.  STERILISATION OF PLASTIC & OTHER THERMOLABILE MATERIAL THAT
CANNOT WITHSTAND HEATING
 USED FOR STERILISING
 HEART LUNG MACHINE
 RESPIRATORS
 DENTAL EQUIPMENT
 MUTAGENIC & CARCINOGENIC

39.  BACTERICIDAL
 NO ACTION AGAINST SPORES
 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL  CLINICAL THERMOMETER
 ETHYL ALCOHOL  SKIN DISINFECTANT
 METHYL ALCOHOL FUNGAL SPORES

40.  NON TOXIC
 CYCLE TIME IS VERY LESS COMPARED TO FORMALDEHYDE
FUMIGATION
 USED FOR STERILISATION OF OT

41.  BACTERICIDAL VIRUCIDAL & SPORICIDAL

42.  DISINFECTION OF WATER
 HYPOCHLORITE
 WATER TREATMENT
 HIV BLOOD SPILLS  5000 RPM
 HepB BLOOD SPILLS  10000 RPM

43.  MORE SPORICIDAL THAN CHLORINE
 IODOPHORES  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT SLOW RELEASING OF
IODINE

45. •DESTROY ALL MICROORGANISM
•WITH EXCEPTION OF VERY HIGH NUMBER OF SPORES 
DESTROY SMALL NUMBER OF SPORES
HIGH LEVEL
•INACTIVATE EVEN RESISTANT ORGANISM SUCH AS
MYCOBCTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AS WELLAS VEGETATIVE
BACTERIA
INTERMEDIATE
LEVEL
•KILL MOST BACTERIA SOME FUNGI SOME VIRUS
LOW LEVEL
• QUARTERNARY A
COMPOUNDS
• MERCURIALS
• IODOPHORES
• 2%
GLUTERALDEH
DE
• 8%
FORMALDEHYD
• ETHYLENE
OXIDE
• 6-10 % H202
• 0.5 % IODINE
• 70-90 %
ETHANOL
• CHLORINE
COMPOUNDS

47.  RIDEAL WALKER TEST  PHENOL IS TAKEN AS STANDARD
 PHENOL COEFFICIENT
 CHICK MARTIN TEST DISINFECTANT ACT IN PRESENCE OF ORGANIC
MATTER
 KELSEY SYKES TEST  CAPACITY TO RETAIN ACTIVITY FOR LONG TIME
 GOLD STANDARD
 IN USE TEST  EFFECTIVE FOR ACTUAL USE

51. Blue • Glassware
• Metallic Body
Implants
Cardboard boxes
With blue colored
marking
Disinfection (by
soaking the washed
glass waste after
cleaning with
detergent and
Sodium
Hypochlorite
treatment) or
through autoclaving
or
microwaving or
hydroclaving and
then
sent for recycling.

52. White
(Translucent)
Waste sharps
including Metals:
Needles, syringes
with fixed needles,
needles from needle
tip cutter or burner,
scalpels, blades, or
any other
contaminated sharp
object that may
cause puncture and
cuts. This includes
both used, discarded
and contaminated
metal sharps
Puncture proof,
Leak proof,
tamper proof
Containers
Autoclaving or Dry
Heat Sterilization
followed by shredding
or mutilation or
encapsulation in
metal container or
cement concrete;
combination
of shredding cum
autoclaving; and sent
for final disposal to
iron foundries or
sanitary landfill or
designated concrete
waste sharp pit.

53. Red Contaminated
Waste
(Recyclable)
(a) Wastes
generated from
disposable items
such as tubing,
bottles, intravenous
tubes and sets,
catheters, urine
bags, syringes
(without needles and
fixed needle
Syringes )
and vaccutainers
with their needles
cut) and gloves.
Red coloured
Non chlorinated
plastic bags or
containers
Autoclaving
or Micro waving/
hydroclaving
followed by
shredding or
mutilation
or combination
of sterilization and
shredding. Treated
waste to be sent
to registered or
authorized recyclers
or for energy
recovery or plastics
to diesel or fuel oil
or for road
making, whichever
is possible

54. Yellow • Discarded linen,
mattresses, beddings
contaminated with blood or
body fluid
• Human waste
• Animal waste
• Soiled waste
Non chlorinated
yellow plastic
bags or suitable
packing material
Non chlorinated chemical
disinfection
followed by incineration or
Plasma Pyrolysis or for energy
recovery.
Chemical Waste:
Chemicals used in production of
biological
and used or discarded
disinfectants
Yellow coloured
containers or
Non chlorinated
plastic bags
Disposed of by incineration or
Plasma Pyrolysis
or Encapsulation
in hazardous waste treatment,
storage and
disposal facility
Expired or Discarded
Medicines
Expired cytotoxic drugs and
items
contaminated with cytotoxic
drugs to be
returned back to the
manufacturer or
supplier for incineration
at temperature
>1200 *C