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CANCER
STEM CELLS
ŁUKASZ FUŁAWKA
Dolnośląskie Centrum Onkologii
Zakład Patomorfologii
Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu
Zakład Patomorfologii i Cytologii Onkologicznej
TUMOR HETEROGENEITY
ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA
TUMOR HETEROGENEITY
ANGIOSARCOMA
PROMOTION
INITIATIO
N
PROGRESSION
NORMAL
CELL
BENIGN
TUMOR
MUTATED
CELL
MALIGNANT
TUMOR
FIRST
MUTATION
CARCINOGENESIS
PROLIFERATION
MALIGNANT
PHENOTYPE
ACQUISITION
PROGRESSION CONCEPTS
J Clin Invest. 2011;121(10):3810–3818 
Cell 138, September 4, 2009 ©2009 Elsevier Inc.
CSC vs. STOCHASTIC MODEL
AN OLD IDEA
• 1874 – Durante - hypothesis of cancer origin
from a rare population of normal cells with
stem cell properties
• 1875 – Cohnheim - embryonal rest theory
FIRST EXPERIMENTS
• 1956 – Makino - Further evidence favoring the concept of the
stem cell in ascites tumors of rats.
• 1963 - Bruce & Van Der Gaag - A quantitative assay for the
number of murine lymphoma cells capable of proliferation in
vivo.
• 1967 – Pierce - Teratocarcinoma: model for a developmental
concept of cancer.
• 1977 - Hamburger and Salmon - hypothesis that some cancers
contain a small subpopulation of cells that are similar to
normal stem cells
THE NEW ERA
AACR (American Association for Cancer Research)
Workshop on Cancer Stem Cells 2006
DEFINITION
„cell within a tumor that possess the capacity
to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous
lineages of cancer cells that comprise the
tumor”
AACR Workshop on Cancer Stem Cells 2006
DEFINITION
CSC „can thus only be defined experimentally
by their ability to recapitulate the generation
of a continuously growing tumor”
AACR Workshop on Cancer Stem Cells 2006
DETECTING METHOD
STEM CELL MARKERS
Cancer Stem Cells - The Cutting Edge, Edited by Stanley Shostak, 2011
ORIGIN OF CSC
- somatic stem cells
- adult progenitor cells
- adult somatic cells
CSC FEATURES
• self-renewal
• diverse progeny
• immortality
asymmetric mitosis
ASYMMETRIC MITOSIS
IMMORTALITY
TELOMERASEACTIVITY
British Journal of Cancer (2007) 96(7)
SIGNIFICANCE IN CLINICS
• metastases formation
• chemotherapy resistance
• radiotherapy resistance
• reccurence
METASTASES
PRIMARY TUMOR METASTASIS
THERAPY RESISTANCE AND RECCURENCE
Cancers 2011, 3(1), 319-339
PERSPECTIVES
• THERAPY
• DIAGNOSTICS
TARGETED THERAPY
PROGNOSTIC MARKERS
• breast cancer - a high prevalence of CSCs was
associated with higher biological and molecular
heterogeneity, as well as with less differentiated
tumours
PROGNOSTIC MARKERS
• brain tumours - the ability of tumour cells to
propagate neurospheres in culture and high CD133
expression associated with a reduced time of
disease-free survival and overall survival
PROGNOSTIC MARKERS
• pancreatic cancer CD133+ CSCs that simultaneously
displayed CXCR4 expression were directly involved in
the occurrence of metastasis
CAVEATS
• some tumors consists mainly of tumorigenic cells
• CSC model tested on only a small subset of cancers
• currently used methods underestimate the frequency of
human cancer cells with tumorigenic potential
• tumors contain neoplastic as well as non-neoplastic stromal
and immune cells
• debris from dying cells and necrotic tissue can appear
indistinguishable from live cells by flow cytometry

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CANCER STEM CELLS

Editor's Notes

  1. przedstawić się od minionego 10-lecia – temat intensywnych badań idea jest stara, ale o tym później dlaczego zainteresowałem się tym – na następnym slajdzie
  2. W tym momencie przypomnijmy sobie etapy karcinogenezy inicjacja – I mutacja promocja – utrwalenie mutacji poprzez proliferację, zm. przednowotwor. } progresja – kolejne mutacje prowadz. do powst. npl } płynna granica
  3. W tym momencie przypomnijmy sobie etapy karcinogenezy inicjacja – I mutacja promocja – utrwalenie mutacji poprzez proliferację, zm. przednowotwor. } progresja – kolejne mutacje prowadz. do powst. npl } płynna granica
  4. Różne koncepcje progresji – próba wyjaśnienia przyczyn heterogenności ewol. klonalna – selekcja naturalna klonów wg. Darwina, potwierdzona w licznych badaniach – model stochastyczny fenotyp mutator. (def. genu mutatorowego) – w większości badań jest wykluczony, ponieważ można wykazać populacje kom. wykaz. podobieństwo CSC – toczy się walka pomiędzy tą a ewol. koncepcją, jedna nie wyklucza drugiej obydwie mogą być prawdziwe i współwystępować lub wyst. w różnych nowotworach
  5. głowne założenie CSC – tylko niektóre kom. , a stochastic wszystkie/większość zdolne do inicjacji guza (tumorigenic) leukemia – ostatni przykład – wszystkie kom. zdolne do inicjacji guza, inny typ temat na osobny referat
  6. na początku wspominałem – idea CSC od ok. 10 lat, ale nie jest ona nowa I poł. XIX w. – kom. raka wygl. jak kom. embrionalne – Conheim (uczeń Virchowa) od samego początku patologii zwracano uwagę na heterogenność kom., również Virchov pojęcie STEM CELL po raz pierwszy – początek XX w. – hematopoetyczne, tylko teoretycznie do poł. XX w. – porzucono teorie CSC i górą była teoria dedifferentiation poł. XX w. – rozwój badań nad STEM CELL – powiązanie ich z nowotworami
  7. grupa kom. nowotw. - 10^6- może zainicjować nowy nowotwór identyczny do pierwotnego z cechami heterogen. Pierce’s group concluded that cancers are essentially CARICATURES of normal tissues
  8. ability of a small population of cells to originate a new malignant neoplasia was demonstrated in a classic experiment utilising transplantation of cells from human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) that expressed certain cell surface markers associated with normal haematopoietic stem cells (Lapidot et al., 1994). The authors showed that these transplanted cells could initiate leukaemia in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice, while other isolated cells could not. assay has become the standard method for determining whether cell populations isolated from solid tumours are CSCs
  9. schematy? często mylna definicja – kom. nowotw. powstałe z prawidł. stem cells
  10. FACS – fluorescence-activated cell sorting były inne metody: efflux Hoechst 33342, tworzenie sfer w kolonii, ALDH activity ale to jest złoty standard
  11. tabelka z 1 publikacji do każdego z tych nowotw. są różne markery w różnych badaniach Side Population – w cytometrii, przez niektórych uważana za synonim CSC
  12. schematy dedifferentiation (analogia do dośw. Yamanaki)
  13. jak zwykłe stem cells
  14. schemat – chemio i radioterapia – mech. działania- na intensywnie proliferujące kom.– jak ścinanie trawy, która i tak odrasta
  15. rozbić na odrębne slajdy
  16. rozbić na odrębne slajdy
  17. rozbić na odrębne slajdy